A Grammar of Southern Yauyos Quechua1
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A GRAMMAR OF SOUTHERN YAUYOS QUECHUA1 DRAFT Aug. 17, 2014 Aviva Shimelman 1This document was prepared with the support of two National Endowment for the Humanities-National Science Foundation Documenting Endangered Languages fellowships (FN-50099-11, FN-50109-12). Any views, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of the National Endowment for the Humanities and the National Science Foundation. Thanks to Willem Adelaar for extremely helpful comments . Thanks, too, to my consultants Eudosia Alvarado, Delfina Chullunkuy, the late Martina Guerra, Esther Madueño, and Hilda Quispe as well as the many others, acknowledged in section 1.3.2, who volunteered recordings and assisted along the way. Any errors remaining are my responsability alone. CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1.1 The Dialects of Yauyos 1.1.2 A Note to Quechuanists and Typologists 1.2 Language 1.2.1 Classification 1.2.2 Broader Interest 1.2.1 Typology and Semantics - Evidentials 1.2.2 Language Contact - Aymara 1.2.3 Endangerment 1.2.4 Existing Documentation 1.3 Fieldwork 1.3.1 Recordings 1.3.2 Participants 1.3.3 Technical details 1.4 Presentation 1.4.1 Structure and Conventions 1.4.2 Glosses and Morpheme Codes 2. PHONOLOGY 2.1 Syllable Structure and Stress Pattern 2.2 Phonemic Inventory and Morphophonemics 2.3 Spanish Loan Words 2.3.1 Restructuring 2.3.2 Orthography 3. SUBSTANTIVES 3.1 Parts of Speech 3.2 Substantive Classes 3.2.1 Nouns 3.2.1.1 Regular Nouns 3.2.1.2 Time Nouns 3.2.1.3 Gender Nouns 3.2.1.4 Locative nouns 3.2.2 Pronouns 3.2.2.1 Personal Pronouns ñuqa, qam, pay 3.2.2.2 Demonstrative Pronouns -kay, chay, wak 3.2.2.2.1 Excurisis: Determiners 3.2.2.3 Dependent Pronouns kiki, kuska, llapa, sapa 3.2.3 Interrogative-Indefinites 3.2.4 Adjectives 3.2.4.1 Regular Adjectives 3.2.4.2 Uninflected Adverbial Adjectives 3.2.4.3 Gender Adjectives 3.2.4.4 Preadjectives 3.2.5 Numerals 3.2.5.1 General Numerals 3.2.5.2 Ordinal Numerals 3.2.5.3 Time Numerals and Prenumerals 3.2.5.4 Numerals with Allocation Affixes 3.2.5.5 huk 3.2.6 Multiple-class Substantives 3.2.7 Dummy Noun na 3.3 Substantive Inflection 3.3.1 Allocation 3.3.2 Number 3.3.3 Case 3.3.3.1 Individual Case Affixes 3.3.3.1.01 Comparative -hina 3.3.3.1.02 Limitative -kama 3.3.3.1.03 Allative, Dative -man 3.3.3.1.04 Genitive, Locative -pa 3.3.3.1.05 Ablative, Benefactive, Purposive -paq 3.3.3.1.06 Genitive, Locative -pi 3.3.3.1.07 Exclusive -puRa 3.3.3.1.08 Causative -rayku 3.3.3.1.09 Accusative -ta 3.3.3.1.10 Instrumental, Commitative -wan 3.3.3.2 Possible Combinations 3.3.3.4 More Specific Noun-Noun Relations 3.3.3.5 Prepositions 3.4 Substantive Derivation 3.4.1 Substantives Derived from Verbs 3.4.1.1 Nominalizing -na 3.4.1.2 Agentive -q 3.4.1.3 Perfective -sHa 3.4.1.4 Infinitive -y 3.4.2 Substantives derived from Substantives 3.4.2.1 Non-exhaustivity -kuna 3.4.2.2 Accompaniment -nti(n) 3.4.2.3 Multi-possessive -sapa 3.4.2.4 Possessive -yuq 3.4.2.5 Partnership -masi 3.4.2.6 Restrictive -cha 4. VERBS 4.1 Verb Stems 4.2 Types of Verbs 4.2.1 Transitive Verbs 4.2.2 Instransitive Verbs 4.2.3 Equational Verbs 4.2.4 Onomatopoetic Verbs 4.3 Verb Inflection 4.3.1 Person and Number 4.3.1.1 Subject and Allocation Affixes 4.3.1.2 Actor and Object Reference 4.3.2 Tense 4.3.2.1 Simple Present 4.3.2.2 Future 4.3.2.3 Past 4.3.2.3.1 Simple Past -RQa 4.3.2.3.2 Quotative Simple Past Tense -sHQa 4.3.2.3.3 Perfect -sHa 4.3.2.3.4 Iterative Past 4.3.3 Conditional 4.3.3.1 Regular Conditional -man 4.3.3.2 Excursis: Modality 4.3.3.3 Alternative Conditional -waq and -chuwan 4.3.3.4 Past Conditional (Irrealis) 4.3.4 Imperative and Injunctive 4.3.4.1 Imperative -y 4.3.4.2 Injunctive -chun 4.3.5 Aspect 4.3.5.1 Progressive -ya 4.3.5.2 Durative -chka 4.3.5.3 Perfective -(Ra)-ri 4.3.5.4 Perfective -ku 4.3.6 Subordination 4.3.6.1 Different Subjects -pti 4.3.6.2 Identical Subjects -shpa 4.3.6.3 Identical Subjects, Adverbial -shtin 4.3.6.4 Limitative -kama 4.4. Verb Derivation 4.4.1 Verbs Derived from Substantives 4.4.1.1 Factive -cha 4.4.1.2 Reflexive -ku 4.4.1.3 Simulative -tuku 4.4.1.4 Inchoative -ya 4.4.1.5 'To Do' na- 4.4.1.6 Sensual or psychological necessity naya- 4.4.2 Verbs derived from verbs 4.4.2.1 Distribution of Modal affixes 4.4.2.2 Morphophonemics 4.4.2.3 Individual Derivational and Complementary Affixes 4.4.2.3.01 Diminutive -cha 4.4.2.3.02 Causative -chi 4.4.2.3.03 Passive/accidental -ka 4.4.2.3.04 Frequentive -katra 4.4.2.3.05 Reflexive, middle, medio-passive, passive -kU 4.4.2.3.06 Limitative -lla 4.4.2.3.07 Cislocative -mu 4.4.2.3.08 Reciprocal -na 4.4.2.3.09 Sensual or psychological necessity -naya 4.4.2.3.10 Repetitive -pa 4.4.2.3.11 Joint action -pa(:)ku 4.4.2.3.12 Translocative/Benefactive -pU 4.4.2.3.13 Mutual Benefit -pUkU 4.4.2.3.14 Uninterrupted action -Ra 4.4.2.3.15 Inceptive -ri 4.4.2.3.16 Urgency/Personal Interest -RU 4.4.2.3.17 Accompaniment -sHi 4.4.2.3.18 Irreversible change -tamu 4.4.2.3.19 Intensive -ya 4.4.2.3.20 Exceptional -YkU 5. PARTICLES 5.1 Interjections 5.2 Assenters and greetings 5.3 Prepositions 5.4 Adverbs 6. ENCLITICS 6.1 Sequence and possible combinations 6.2 Individual Enclitics 6.2.01 Emphasis -Á 6.2.02 Interrogation, negation, disjunction -chu 6.2.03 Limit -lla 6.2.04 Discontinuity -ña 6.2.05 Inclusion -pis 6.2.06 Certainty, precision -puni 6.2.07 Topic -qa 6.2.08 Continuity -Raq 6.2.09 Sequence -taq 6.2.10 Emotion -ya 6.2.11 Evidence 6.2.11.1 Direct -mI 6.2.11.2 Reportative -shI 6.2.11.3 Conjectural -trI 6.2.11.4 Evidential Modification 6.2.11.4.1 -ari 6.2.11.4.2 -ik and -iki 6.2.11.4.2.1 -ik and -iki with -mI 6.2.11.4.2.2 -ik and -iki with -trI 6.2.11.4.3 A Sociolinguistic Note 6.2.11.5 Evidentials in questions 7. SYNTAX 7.01 Constituent Order 7.02 Sentences 7.03 Coordination 7.04 Comparison 7.05 Negation 7.06 Interrogation 7.07 Reflexives and Reciprocals 7.08 Equatives 7.09 Possession 7.10 Topic 7.11 Emphasis 7.12 Complementization 7.13 Relativization 7.14 Subordination BIBLIOGRAPHY List of Tables Table 1. Use of QI , QII and Local Structures in the Five SYQ Dialects Table 2. List of Archived Recordings Table 3. Morpheme Codes (sorted by code) Table 4. Morphemes codes (sorted by morpheme) Table 5. Vowel Inventory Table 6. Consonant Inventory Table 7. Morphophonemics Table 8. Personal Pronouns Table 9. Interrogative-Indefinites Table 10. Allocation (Substantive) Affixes Table 11. Case Affixes with Examples Table 12. Verbal Affixes with Different Realizations in SYQ Dialects Table 13. Verbal Inflection Paradigm Table 14. Person Affixes by Environment Table 15. Actor-Object Inflection Table 16. Present Tense Inflection Table 17. Future Tense Inflection Table 18. Past Tense Inflection Table 19. Inflection of -sHa Table 20. Iterative Past Inflection Table 21. Regular Conditional Inflection Table 22. Modal System Table 23. Past Conditional Inflection Table 24. Subordinating Affixes Table 25. -pti Inflection Table 26. Affixes Deriving Verbs from Substantives, with Examples Table 27. "Modal" (Verb-Verb Derivational) Affixes, with Examples Table 28. Default order of Modal Affixes Table 29. Modal Affixes – Morphophonemics Table 30. Enclitic Affixes, with Examples Table 31. Evidential Schema 1. INTRODUCTION Yauyos (ISO 639-3: [qux]) is a critically endangered Quechuan language spoken in the Province of Yauyos, Department of Lima, Peru. Yauyos manifests a dialectical profusion unparalleled in the Quechua-speaking world (Taylor 1990:2), counting eight dialects; this grammar describes the five southern dialects only. 1.1.1 The Dialects of Yauyos The province is located on the border between the two large, contiguous zones where languages belonging to the two great branches of the Quechua language family are spoken; the "Quechua I" (Torero) or "Quechua "B" (Parker) languages are spoken in the north; the "Quechua II" or "Quechua A" languages in the south. For reasons detailed in section 1.2.1, the model that divides the Quechuan family tree into two principal branches doesn’t apply very well to Yauyos (Taylor 1978:171), as its different dialects manifest different characteristics of both. Taylor (2000), Torero (1974), and Ethnologue (Lewis 2011) propose slightly different classifications of the languages of the region. Taylor (2000:105) counts seven varieties of Yauyos Quechua, dividing these into two groups along a north-south axis.