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A Grammar of Yauyos Quechua A grammar of Yauyos Quechua Aviva Shimelman language Studies in Diversity Linguistics 9 science press Studies in Diversity Linguistics Chief Editor: Martin Haspelmath Consulting Editors: Fernando Zúñiga, Peter Arkadiev, Ruth Singer, Pilar Valen zuela In this series: 1. Handschuh, Corinna. A typology of marked-S languages. 2. Rießler, Michael. Adjective attribution. 3. Klamer, Marian (ed.). The Alor-Pantar languages: History and typology. 4. Berghäll, Liisa. A grammar of Mauwake (Papua New Guinea). 5. Wilbur, Joshua. A grammar of Pite Saami. 6. Dahl, Östen. Grammaticalization in the North: Noun phrase morphosyntax in Scandinavian vernaculars. 7. Schackow, Diana. A grammar of Yakkha. 8. Liljegren, Henrik. A grammar of Palula. 9. Shimelman, Aviva. A grammar of Yauyos Quechua. 10. Rudin, Catherine & Bryan James Gordon (eds.). Advances in the study of Siouan languages and linguistics. 11. Kluge, Angela. A grammar of Papuan Malay. 12. Kieviet, Paulus. A grammar of Rapa Nui. 13. Michaud, Alexis. Tone in Yongning Na: Lexical tones and morphotonology. ISSN: 2363-5568 A grammar of Yauyos Quechua Aviva Shimelman language science press Aviva Shimelman. 2017. A grammar of Yauyos Quechua (Studies in Diversity Linguistics 9). Berlin: Language Science Press. This title can be downloaded at: http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/83 © 2017, Aviva Shimelman Published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Licence (CC BY 4.0): http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ISBN: 978-3-946234-21-0 (Digital) 978-3-946234-22-7 (Hardcover) 978-3-946234-23-4 (Softcover) ISSN: 2363-5568 DOI:10.5281/zenodo.376355 Cover and concept of design: Ulrike Harbort Typesetting: Sebastian Nordhoff, Aviva Shimelman Illustration: Sebastian Nordhoff Proofreading: Alan Scott, Alec Shaw, Charlotte van Tongeren, Conor Pyle, Eitan Grossman, Jo-Anne Ferreira, Mario Bisiada, Martin Haspelmath, Siri Tuttle, Siva Kalyan, Tamara Schmidt Fonts: Linux Libertine, Arimo, DejaVu Sans Mono Typesetting software:Ǝ X LATEX Language Science Press Unter den Linden 6 10099 Berlin, Germany langsci-press.org Storage and cataloguing done by FU Berlin Language Science Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party Internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. For my father Contents Acknowledgments ix Notational conventions xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Location ............................... 2 1.2 Endangerment ............................ 3 1.3 Existing documentation ....................... 5 1.4 The dialects of Yauyos ........................ 5 1.5 Classification ............................. 7 1.6 Presentation ............................. 13 1.7 Fieldwork ............................... 14 1.8 A note to Quechuanists and typologists .............. 16 1.9 Broader interest ........................... 18 1.9.1 Semantics – evidentials .................. 18 1.9.2 Language contact – Aymara ................ 18 2 Phonology and morphophonemics 21 2.1 Introduction and summary ..................... 21 2.2 Syllable structure and stress pattern ................ 23 2.3 Phonemic inventory and morphophonemics ........... 24 2.4 Spanish loan words ......................... 26 2.4.1 Spanish loan word restructuring ............. 26 2.4.2 Loan word orthography .................. 28 3 Substantives 31 3.1 Parts of speech ............................ 31 3.2 Substantive classes ......................... 32 3.2.1 Nouns ............................ 32 3.2.2 Pronouns .......................... 36 3.2.3 Interrogative-indefinites pi, ima, imay, imayna, mayqin, imapaq, ayka ........................ 45 Contents 3.2.4 Adjectives .......................... 55 3.2.5 Numerals .......................... 59 3.2.6 Multiple-class substantives ................ 64 3.2.7 Dummy na ......................... 64 3.3 Substantive inflection ........................ 66 3.3.1 Possessive (person) ..................... 67 3.3.2 Number -kuna ........................ 70 3.3.3 Case ............................. 72 3.4 Substantive derivation ....................... 98 3.4.1 Substantive derived from verbs .............. 98 3.4.2 Substantives derived from substantives .......... 112 4 Verbs 121 4.1 Verb stems .............................. 121 4.2 Types of verbs ............................ 121 4.2.1 Transitive verbs ....................... 121 4.2.2 Intransitive verbs ...................... 123 4.2.3 Copulative/equational verbs ................ 124 4.2.4 Onomatopoetic verbs .................... 126 4.3 Verb inflection ............................ 129 4.3.1 Summary .......................... 129 4.3.2 Person and number ..................... 138 4.3.3 Tense ............................ 148 4.3.4 Conditional ......................... 168 4.3.5 Imperative and injunctive ................. 181 4.3.6 Aspect ............................ 186 4.3.7 Subordination ........................ 191 4.4 Verb derivation ........................... 202 4.4.1 Suffixes deriving verbs from substantives ......... 202 4.4.2 Verbs derived from verbs .................. 209 5 Particles 241 5.1 Interjections ............................. 241 5.2 Assenters and greetings ....................... 243 5.3 Prepositions ............................. 244 5.4 Adverbs ................................ 245 5.5 Particles covered elsewhere ..................... 248 vi Contents 6 Enclitics 249 6.1 Sequence ............................... 250 6.2 Individual enclitics ......................... 250 6.2.1 Emphatic -Yá ........................ 252 6.2.2 Interrogation, negation, disjunction -chu ......... 253 6.2.3 Restrictive, limitative -lla ................. 257 6.2.4 Discontinuative -ña ..................... 259 6.2.5 Inclusion -pis ........................ 260 6.2.6 Precision, certainty -puni ................. 263 6.2.7 Topic-marking -qa ..................... 264 6.2.8 Continuative -Raq ..................... 265 6.2.9 Sequential -taq ....................... 267 6.2.10 Emotive -ya ......................... 269 6.2.11 Evidence ........................... 270 7 Syntax 283 7.1 Constituent order .......................... 283 7.2 Sentences ............................... 284 7.3 Coordination ............................. 284 7.4 Comparison ............................. 287 7.5 Negation ............................... 289 7.6 Interrogation ............................. 291 7.7 Reflexives and reciprocals ...................... 294 7.8 Equatives ............................... 296 7.9 Possession .............................. 297 7.10 Topic ................................. 299 7.11 Focus ................................. 300 7.12 Complementation (infinitive, agentive, indicative and subjunc- tive clauses) ............................. 300 7.13 Relativization ............................ 302 7.14 Subordination ............................ 305 Appendix A: Analysis of the Southern Yauyos Quechua lexicon 309 Appendix B: Further analysis of evidential modifiers 317 B.1 The EM’s and the interpretation of propositions under direct -mI 317 B.2 The EM’s and the interpretation of propositions under conjec- tural -trI ............................... 319 B.3 A sociolinguistic note ........................ 323 vii Contents References 325 Index 329 Name index ................................. 329 Language index .............................. 331 Subject index ................................ 333 viii Acknowledgments It is a joy for me to be able to acknowledge all the people and institutions who have helped me in the course of this project. I owe thanks, first, to Willem Ade- laar, who read the manuscript with extraordinary care and offered me invaluable comments which saved me from numerous, numerous errors. Many thanks are due, too, to Rodolfo Cerrón-Palomino for comments and advice, as well as to Andrés Chirinos Rivera for orientation. Also offering orientation as well as gen- erous and very enjoyable hospitality were Carmen Escalante Gutiérrez and Ri- cardo Valderrama Fernández. Paul Heggarty – an intrepid Andean hiker – joined me in the field in the course of his own research; he also found me much-needed support to complete this grammar as well as its accompanying lexicon. Three anonymous reviewers offered extensive, wise comments. Limitations on my time and abilities kept me from incorporating all the changes they suggested. Selfless proofreaders also offered advice for which I am very grateful. Teachers andcon- sultants in Yauyos number more than one hundred; they are acknowledged – insufficiently – in§1.7. In addition to these, there are many, many people in Yauyos and especially in Viñac who are owed thanks for all manner of help and, above all, for friendship. Requiring special mention among these are my prin- cipal teacher, Delfina Chullukuy, my principal translator, Esther Madueño, and my ñaña and turi Hilda Quispe and Ramón Alvarado. Thanks go, too, to Elio A. Farina for helpAT withL EX. Finally, I honestly don’t know how to express my gratitude to Sebastian Nord- hoff and Martin Haspelmath, above all for their wisdom and patience. The fieldwork upon which the grammar and dictionary are based enjoyedthe support of several institutions. I am grateful to San Jose State University which of- fered support in the form of a faculty development that enabled me to initiate the project. Support at the conclusion came from the Max Planck Institute for Evo- lutionary Anthropology; it is thanks to the MPI that I was able to turn a ragged draft into a
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