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Localization and Internationalization Unicode TEX Pdftex Luatex Xetex Babel Version 3.63 2021/07/22 Localization and internationalization Johannes L. Braams Original author Javier Bezos Current maintainer Unicode TEX pdfTEX LuaTEX XeTEX Contents I User guide 4 1 The user interface 4 1.1 Monolingual documents ............................ 4 1.2 Multilingual documents ............................ 6 1.3 Mostly monolingual documents ........................ 8 1.4 Modifiers ..................................... 8 1.5 Troubleshooting ................................. 8 1.6 Plain ....................................... 9 1.7 Basic language selectors ............................ 9 1.8 Auxiliary language selectors .......................... 10 1.9 More on selection ................................ 11 1.10 Shorthands .................................... 12 1.11 Package options ................................. 16 1.12 The base option ................................. 18 1.13 ini files ...................................... 18 1.14 Selecting fonts .................................. 26 1.15 Modifying a language .............................. 28 1.16 Creating a language ............................... 29 1.17 Digits and counters ............................... 33 1.18 Dates ....................................... 34 1.19 Accessing language info ............................ 35 1.20 Hyphenation and line breaking ........................ 36 1.21 Transforms .................................... 38 1.22 Selection based on BCP 47 tags ......................... 40 1.23 Selecting scripts ................................. 41 1.24 Selecting directions ............................... 42 1.25 Language attributes ............................... 46 1.26 Hooks ....................................... 46 1.27 Languages supported by babel with ldf files ................. 47 1.28 Unicode character properties in luatex .................... 49 1.29 Tweaking some features ............................ 49 1.30 Tips, workarounds, known issues and notes ................. 49 1.31 Current and future work ............................ 50 1.32 Tentative and experimental code ....................... 51 2 Loading languages with language.dat 51 2.1 Format ...................................... 51 3 The interface between the core of babel and the language definition files 52 3.1 Guidelines for contributed languages ..................... 53 3.2 Basic macros ................................... 54 3.3 Skeleton ..................................... 55 3.4 Support for active characters ......................... 56 3.5 Support for saving macro definitions ..................... 57 3.6 Support for extending macros ......................... 57 3.7 Macros common to a number of languages .................. 57 3.8 Encoding-dependent strings .......................... 57 4 Changes 61 4.1 Changes in babel version 3.9 .......................... 61 1 II Source code 62 5 Identification and loading of required files 62 6 locale directory 62 7 Tools 63 7.1 Multiple languages ............................... 67 7.2 The Package File (LATEX, babel.sty) ...................... 68 7.3 base ........................................ 69 7.4 Conditional loading of shorthands ....................... 72 7.5 Cross referencing macros ............................ 73 7.6 Marks ....................................... 76 7.7 Preventing clashes with other packages ................... 77 7.7.1 ifthen ................................. 77 7.7.2 varioref ................................ 77 7.7.3 hhline ................................. 78 7.7.4 hyperref ................................ 78 7.7.5 fancyhdr ................................ 78 7.8 Encoding and fonts ............................... 79 7.9 Basic bidi support ................................ 81 7.10 Local Language Configuration ......................... 84 7.11 Language options ................................ 84 8 The kernel of Babel (babel.def, common) 88 8.1 Tools ....................................... 88 9 Multiple languages 89 9.1 Selecting the language ............................. 91 9.2 Errors ....................................... 100 9.3 Hooks ....................................... 103 9.4 Setting up language files ............................ 105 9.5 Shorthands .................................... 107 9.6 Language attributes ............................... 116 9.7 Support for saving macro definitions ..................... 118 9.8 Short tags ..................................... 119 9.9 Hyphens ..................................... 120 9.10 Multiencoding strings .............................. 121 9.11 Macros common to a number of languages .................. 128 9.12 Making glyphs available ............................ 128 9.12.1 Quotation marks ............................ 128 9.12.2 Letters ................................. 130 9.12.3 Shorthands for quotation marks ................... 131 9.12.4 Umlauts and tremas .......................... 132 9.13 Layout ...................................... 133 9.14 Load engine specific macros .......................... 133 9.15 Creating and modifying languages ...................... 134 10 Adjusting the Babel bahavior 155 11 Loading hyphenation patterns 157 12 Font handling with fontspec 161 2 13 Hooks for XeTeX and LuaTeX 166 13.1 XeTeX ....................................... 166 13.2 Layout ...................................... 168 13.3 LuaTeX ...................................... 169 13.4 Southeast Asian scripts ............................. 175 13.5 CJK line breaking ................................ 177 13.6 Arabic justification ............................... 179 13.7 Common stuff .................................. 183 13.8 Automatic fonts and ids switching ....................... 183 13.9 Bidi ........................................ 188 13.10 Layout ...................................... 190 13.11 Lua: transforms ................................. 193 13.12 Lua: Auto bidi with basic and basic-r .................... 202 14 Data for CJK 212 15 The ‘nil’ language 213 16 Support for Plain TEX(plain.def) 213 16.1 Not renaming hyphen.tex ........................... 213 16.2 Emulating some LATEX features ......................... 214 16.3 General tools ................................... 215 16.4 Encoding related macros ............................ 218 17 Acknowledgements 221 Troubleshoooting Paragraph ended before \UTFviii@three@octets was complete ........... 5 No hyphenation patterns were preloaded for (babel) the language ‘LANG’ into the format ........................................ 6 You are loading directly a language style ....................... 8 Unknown language ‘LANG’ ............................... 9 Argument of \language@active@arg” has an extra } ................. 12 Package fontspec Warning: ’Language ’LANG’ not available for font ’FONT’ with script ’SCRIPT’ ’Default’ language used instead’ ................. 28 Package babel Info: The following fonts are not babel standard families ..... 28 3 Part I User guide What is this document about? This user guide focuses on internationalization and localization with LATEX and pdftex, xetex and luatex with the babel package. There are also some notes on its use with e-Plain and pdf-Plain TEX. Part II describes the code, and usually it can be ignored. What if I’m interested only in the latest changes? Changes and new features with relation to version 3.8 are highlighted with New X.XX , and there are some notes for the latest versions in the babel site. The most recent features can be still unstable. Can I help? Sure! If you are interested in the TEX multilingual support, please join the kadingira mail list. You can follow the development of babel in GitHub and make suggestions; feel free to fork it and make pull requests. If you are the author of a package, send to me a few test files which I’ll add to mine, so that possible issues canbe caught in the development phase. It doesn’t work for me! You can ask for help in some forums like tex.stackexchange, but if you have found a bug, I strongly beg you to report it in GitHub, which is much better than just complaining on an e-mail list or a web forum. Remember warnings are not errors by themselves, they just warn about possible problems or incompatibilities. How can I contribute a new language? See section 3.1 for contributing a language. I only need learn the most basic features. The first subsections (1.1-1.3) describe the traditional way of loading a language (with ldf files), which is usually all you need. The alternative way based on ini files, which complements the previous one (it does not replace it, although it is still necessary in some languages), is described below; go to 1.13. I don’t like manuals. I prefer sample files. This manual contains lots of examples and tips, but in GitHub there are many sample files. 1 The user interface 1.1 Monolingual documents In most cases, a single language is required, and then all you need in LATEX is to load the package using its standard mechanism for this purpose, namely, passing that language as an optional argument. In addition, you may want to set the font and input encodings. Another approach is making the language a global option in order to let other packages detect and use it. This is the standard way in LATEX for an option – in this case a language – to be recognized by several packages. Many languages are compatible with xetex and luatex. With them you can use babel to localize the documents. When these engines are used, the Latin script is covered by default in current LATEX (provided the document encoding
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