The Australian Development Studies Centre Notional University Monograph no.4 Chimbu: issues in development Diana Howlett, R. Hide & Elspeth Young with J. Arbo, H. Bi & B. Kaman Chimbu: issues in development Errata On �2e line should read xvi 1 District Advisory Committees District Advisory Councils xxix 12 Ressettlement Resettlement xxxvii 4 V nereal Venereal 332, 17. province district ****** 39 Table 3.6 Row 17 should read: East New Britain 1.3 1.8 1.3 -0.1 15.2 1.0 Row 19 should read: PAPUA NEW GUINEA 2.5 9.5 2.7 2.2 7.9 2.5 ****** 52 Figure 3.2 key have never migrated • have migrated Chimbu: issues in development The Development Studies Centre has been set up within the Australian National University to help foster and co-ordinate development studies within the University and with other Institutions. The work of the Centre is guided by an executive committee under the chairmanship of the Vice Chancellor. The Deputy Chairman is the Director of the Research School of Pacific Studies. The other members of the committee are: Professor H.W. Arndt Dr W. Kasper Dr C. Barlow Professor D.A. Low Professor J.C. Caldwell (Chairman) Mr E.C. Chapman Dr R.J. May Dr R. K. Darroch Dr T.G. McGee Dr C. T. Edwards Dr S.S. Richardson Mr E.K. Fisk Dr L.T. Ruzicka Professor J. Fox Professor Silcock Mr J. L. Goldring Dr R.M. SundrumT.H. Professor D.M. Griffin Professor Wang Gungwu Professor B. L.C. Johnson (Dep. Chairman) Dr G.W. Jones Professor R.G. Ward Development Studies Centre Monograph no. 4 Chimbu: issues in development A report to the Central Planning Office, Papua New Guinea Diana Howlett, R. Hide & Elspeth Young with J. Arbo, H. Bi & B. Kaman Series editor E.I<. Fisl-; The Australian National University Canberra 1976 Diana Howlett and the several authors 1976 © This work is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism, or review, no part may be reproduced by any process without written permission. Inquiries should be made to the publisher. National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-publication entry Chimbu, issues in development. (Development Studies Centre monograph series; no. 4). ISBN 0 909150 14 1 1. Chimbu (New Guinean people) - Social life and customs. I. Howlett, Diana. 11. Papua New Guinea. Central Planning Office. (Series: Australian National University, Canberra. Development Studies Centre. Monograph series; no. 4). 301.2995 Printed and manufactured in Australia by The Australian National University Economic development is something much wider and deeper than economics ... Its roots lie outside the economic sphere , in education , organisat ion , discipline and , beyond that, in political independence and a national consciousness of self-reliance . It cannot be 'produced ' by skilful grafting operations carried out by foreign technicians or an indigenous elite that has lost contact with the ordinary people Success cannot be obtained by some form of magic produced by scientists, technicians , or economic planners . It can come only through a process of growth involving the educat ion , organisation , and discipline of the whole population . Anything less than this must end in failure . E.F. Schumacher, 1974. v < ...... MANUS N � __ r---1.__j J ,/ EAST SEPIK " R EAST NEW' BRITAIN J): () � � , \ BOUGAINVILLh� 100 200 3JJ kilometres BAY '<!<:::) c:::::::i - - - - - - Province boundary PA PUA NEW GUINEA Map 11 vii CHIMBU PROVINCE N ,' YONGGAMUGL _ __ __ 9'�UNDIAWA DOM �-�-ND-IAWA,, ._.___ ,-.' / SINASINA I DChuave .,..__ .. CHUAVE ... Gumine0 '--1 ---CHUAVE,i�,,.,�AMBAIYUFA ........... MARIGL I G ELIMBARI I (J / '11 SALT I BOMAI KARIMUI 0 Karimu1 I -. ._ - _,.. ·• I K R Province.boundary ,... District boundary ------- Census division boundary 10 15 20 25 D District headquarter k1lo111etrw. Map 1.2 Contents � Preface xv Acknowledgements xxi Terms of reference xxv Summary of recommendations xxvii 1. Introduction 1 2. Colonial history 9 3. Society, population and demography 18 Appendix 1: Populat ion data 66 4. Physical environment 69 5. People and land 90 6. Physical infrastructure 131 7. Social infrastructure 144 8. Politics and administration 182 9. The economy 210 Appendix 2: Employment data 304 Appendix 3: Costs for maket raun 311 10. Urban development 3 15 11 . Conclus ion 335 Appendix 4: The rural workshops 339 Appendix 5: The Chimbu planning workshop 357 Bibliography 373 ix x Maps and figures 1.1 Ch:imbu Province vi 1.2 Papua New Guinea vii 2.1 Spread of government and mission influence 10 3.1 Languages 19 3.2 Chimbu migrants, 1966 44 3.3 Chimbu migrants , 1971 46 3.4 Migration rates , 1971 48 3.5 Migration survey : sample centres 49 3.6 Location of absentees , 1974-75 57 4.1 Physiographic zones 70 4.2 Altitudinal zones 72 4.3 Terrain types 76 4.4 Annual rainfall 80 5 .1 Population density 92 5.2 Population density below 2400 m. 95 5.3 Potential resettlement areas 121 6 .1 Roads and airfields 132 6.2 Accessibility to Kundiawa , 1975 137 7.1 Incidence of malaria, 1975 148 7.2 Health services , 1975 150 7.3 Schools , 1975 159 7.4 Primary school enrolment , PNG, 1975 161 7.5 High school enrolment, PNG, 1975 163 7.6 Primary school enrolment , Chimbu, 1975 165 7.7 High school enrolment , Chimbu, 1974 167 xi 8.1 Local government council income , 1974-75 188 8.2 Local government council expenditure , 1974-75 189 9.1 Chimbu Coffee Co-operative : shareholding 230 9.2 Produce markets 238 9.3 Origin of sellers at Kundiawa market , 1975 240 9.4 PNG Development Bank loans, 1971-75 (loans per census division) 246 9.5 PNG Development Bank loans, 1971-75 (kina per capita) 248 9.6 PNG Development Bank loans , 1971-75 (type of proj ect) 249 9.7 Chimbu Savings and Loan Society membership 253 9.8 Monetary sector workforce , 1971 (absentees : in-migrants) 9.9 Monetary sector workforce , 1971 (% locally employed) 10.1 Central places in Chimbu 10.2 Kundiawa 10.3 Kerowagi Figures 3.1 Indigenous population , Chimbu and PNG (1966 and 1971) 32 3.2 Migration survey 1974-75 : migration experience 52 3.3 Migrat ion survey 1974-75: age and sex of migrants 60 4.1 Temperature characteristics, Kundiawa 82 7.1 Health services in PNG, 1974 152 9.1 Chimbu Co ffee Co-operative : coffee purchases 231 9.2 Kundiawa market gate receipts, 1973-75 242 9.3 PNG Development Bank loans , 1967-75 245 xii A note on nomenclature Maj or changes in nomenclature were made between September 1975 and January 1976. This report adopts the current terminology for administrative positions and areas , and for government departments , except in historical contexts. The former and present terminology relevant to this report are set out below : pre-Septemb er 1975 current Dist rict Province Sub-district District Patrol post Sub-district District Connnissioner Provincial Connnissioner Deputy District Connnissioner Deputy Provincial Connnissioner Department of Agriculture , Stock and Fisheries Department of Primary Industry Department of Lands Department of Natural Resources Department of Public Health Department of Health Department of Public Works Department of Transport, Works and Supply * * * * * * * * * * * Abbreviations used AN GAU Australian New Guinea Administrative Unit ANU Australian National University CCC Chimbu Coffee Co-operative CILM Connnission of Inquiry into Land Matters CILMS Connnission of Inquiry into Land Matters , Submissions CPO Central Planning Off ice CSLS Chimbu Savings and Loan Society CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific Industrial and Research Organisation DASF Department of Agriculture , Stock and Fisheries xiii DDA Department of District Administration DPI Department of Primary Industry DCC District Co-ordinating Committee LGC Local Government Council MCH Maternal and Child Health NBC National Broadcasting Connnission NGAR New Guinea Annual Reports OBD Office of Business Development OPAC Off ice of Planning and Co-ordination PNGDB Papua New Guinea Development Bank PNGFSLS Papua New Guinea Federation of Savings and Loan Societies PHD Public Health Department PMV Public Mo tor Vehicle PWD Public Works Department RIP Ru ral Improvement Progrannne UPNG University of Papua New Gu inea Preface This report is not a conventional development plan , but rather it sets the foundation on which area planning may be based . We have made a numb er of recommendations which we believe will contribute to improvement in the province and in the lives of its people : the present condition in Chimbu is such that these reconunendations refer as much to social development as economic development . With one or two exceptions , we have not suggested priorities or programmes for implementation procedures , believing that decisions on these matters should be made by the people themselves . It seems appropriate, therefore, to outline briefly the back­ ground and present status of planning within the province , and to set the context in which the study team carried out its terms of reference . In conunon with all provinces, Chimbu has had a series of advisory and co-ordinating bodies in the past decade which have been intended to assist provincial-planning. In 1965-66, District Co-ordinating Conunittees (now known as Provincial Co-ordinating Committees) were established throughout the country to co-ordinate Administration programmes within the Districts, a role which was strengthened in later years by the widening of departmental representat ion . The Chimb u body is chaired by the Provincial Conunissioner and its memb ership comprises the Deputy Provincial Conuniss­ ioner and the senior officer in the province of the Depart­ ments of Health, Primary In dustry, Education , Business Development and Public Works . In 1973, this Committee assisted in the preparation of a Chimbu District Draft Economic and Social Programme for the Office of Programming and Co-ordination . On becoming a separate District in 1966 , a District Advisory Council was also established in Chimbu.