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Mycorrhizal Mushrooms Associated with Tree Species in Shaki District of Azerbaijan

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Mycorrhizal Mushrooms Associated with Tree Species in Shaki District of Azerbaijan Plant & Fungal Research (2020) 3(2): 8-19 © The Institute of Botany, ANAS, Baku, AZ1004, Azerbaijan http://dx.doi.org/10.29228/plantfungalres.72 December 2020 Mycorrhizal mushrooms associated with tree species in Shaki district of Azerbaijan Elgun H. Mustafabayli1 EM fungi may increase water flow by bridging the gap Institute of Botany, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, between the soil and the root. Badamdar 40, Baku, AZ1004, Azerbaijan There are many claims that mycorrhizal plants are Mykola P. Prydiuk M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, National Academy of Sciences more resistant to diseases caused by pathogenic fungi of Ukraine, 2, Tereshchenkivska st., Kyiv, 01004, Ukraine and bacteria than nonmycorrhizal ones. EM ensures the Dilzara N. Aghayeva transfer of carbon, nitrogen and phosphate nutrients from Institute of Botany, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, soil to plant and from plant to plant, creating common Badamdar 40, Baku, AZ1004, Azerbaijan mycorrhizal network. This association has impact on photosynthesis productivity, so this factor is higher in Abstract: Based on the latest taxonomic and mycorrhizal plants in comparison with nonmycorrhizal nomenclature changes totally 59 mushroom taxa ones. According to these facts mycorrhizal fungi play (55 species, three forms, one variations) belonging crucial role in ecosystem services, such as transport, to 27 genera, 13 families and seven orders from the store, release and cycle of nutrients [Eom et al., 2000; phyla Ascomycota (Pezizales) and Basidiomycota Koide, Mosse, 2004]. Notably, plants can survive and (Agaricales, Boletales, Cantharellales, Gomphales, even grow in the absence of AM fungi, but AM fungi are Russulales, Thelephorales) were registered in Shaki obligate symbionts or obligate biotrophs. Development district of Azerbaijan. Boletus, Lactarius and Russula of highly ramified arbuscules within reprogrammed are dominant genera by their species number in the cortical cells of roots allows efficient exchange of study area. Occurrence of mycorrhizal mushrooms nutrients between symbionts [Kamel et al., 2017]. according to the altitude, seasonality and taxonomic The present study encompasses report of 59 structure was analysed. Amanita crocea (Quél) Singer, mycorrhizal fungi in Shaki district, their taxonomic Lactarius citriolens Pouzar and L. pyrogalus (Bull.) Fr. composition and host specialization. We also provide represent new records for Azerbaijan. extensive information about altitudinal and seasonal Key words: elevation, fungus, plant, seasonality, occurence of mycorrhizal fungi. Three new records of specialisation, species these mushrooms in Azerbaijan were also reported INTRODUCTION MATERIAL AND METHODS A mycorrhiza is an association between plant and Extensive sampling was conducted during period of fungus. The term “mycorrhiza” was first introduced by fruit body formation in 2016-2019s from the various A.B. Frank in 1885 [Koide, Mosse, 2004]. Mycorrhizal places of Shaki district. The altitude range of mushroom fungi are an important component of ecosystems and collecting points covers 670-2100 m above sea level (a. about 50.000 fungi were recorded to form such kind of s. l.). Collected specimens were air dried and deposited associations with 250.000 terrestrial plants. The well in the Mycological herbarium of the Institute of Botany, known mycorrhiza types are arbuscular mycorrhiza ANAS (BAK). The fungi were collected in following (AM) formed by Glomeromycota with 74% of all plant sites: Khan Yaylaghi (1900-2200 m a. s. l.); Mustafabey species, and the ectomycorrhiza (EM) formed by many oak-beech, chestnut-beech forest (820-930 m a. s. l.); Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes. There are also orchid Markhal resort complex (960-1000 m a. s. l.); Naringala mycorrhizas formed between Basidiomycetes and orchid pine forest (1100 ± 50-70 m a. s. l.); surroundings of plants, and ericoid mycorrhizas formed between mainly Shaki Khans’ Palace (750 ± 50-70 m a. s. l.); in vicinity Ascomycetes and some Basidiomycetes in association of Kungut village (740 m a. s. l.) (Fig. 1). with plants of the family Ericaceae [Van der Heijden Specimens at first were examined visually using et al., 2015]. Unlike for AMs, large mycelial strands of magnifying lens. Macromorphology (shape, size, and 1E-mail: [email protected] Received 17.08.2020; Received in revised form 17.11.2020; Accepted 26.11.2020 8 Mustafabayli et al.: Mycorhizal mushrooms of Shaki Figure 1. Sites of mushroom collected in Shaki district: A. Naringala pine forest; B: Markhal resort complex; C. Mustafabey oak-beech, chestnut-beech forest; D. KhanYaylaghi; E. Yukhari- bash historical reserve; F. in vicinity of Kungut village. 9 Plant & Fungal Research features of fruit body, peculiarities of flesh including Murrill and S. queletii (Schulzer) Vizzini, Simonini taste, smell and colour, as well as its change after damage, & Gelardi), and Xerocomus (X. chrysenteron (Bull.) presence of milky juice (lactate), etc.) was observed Šutara. and X. subtomentosus (L.) Quél.). Remaining [Prance, Fechner, 2017]. Micromorphological features genera of this family were found to encompass a species were investigated with help of the light microscope (Vert. of each. These were Caloboletus (C. radicans (Pers.) A1, Carl Zeiss, Axion Imager, Göttingen, Germany) Vizzini), Hemileccinum (H. depilatum (Redeuilh) using sterile water for mounting of preparates. Those Šutara), Hortiboletus (H. rubellus (Krombh) Simonini, were dyed with Congo red for better visibility of details Vizzini & Gelardi), Imleria (I. badia (Fr.) Vizzini), of microscopic structures (basidia, cystidia, spores, Leccinum (L. crocipodium (Letell.) Della Magg. & etc.) of mushrooms [Prance, Fechner, 2017]. Minimum Trassin.), Neoboletus (N. erythropus (Pers.) C. Hahn), 20 measurements of each type of structure were Rheubarbariboletus (R. armeniacus (Quél.) Vizzini, taken. Both the size and shape of basidiospores were Simonini & Gelardi). considered and the results are estimated as the average. Four taxa from the genus Suillus from the family Identification was carried out with help of the available Suillaceae distributed in Shaki. It was presented by three literature [Pilát, 1969; Dermek, Pilát, 1974; Zerova et species (Suillus collinitus (Fr.) Kuntze, S. granulatus al., 1979; Wasser, 1980; Determ..., 1985; Arora, 1986; (L.) Roussel, and S. luteus (L.) Roussel), and one form Dudka, Wasser, 1987; Breitenbach, Kränzlin, 1995; (S. luteus f. albus Wasser & Soldatova). Gomphidius Bondartseva, 1998; Grunert, Grunert, 2002; Ladurne, roseus (Fr.) Fr. from the family Gomphidiaceae was Simonini, 2003; Muñoz, 2005; Šutara, 2008; Hills, 2009; collected. Heluta, Akulov, 2012; Funga Nodrica, 2012; Klofac, Following the biggest order is Russulales with 2013; Boddy et al., 2013; Richard et al., 2015; Prance, 15 species from genera Lactarius and Russula Fechner, 2017; Heluta et al., 2019]. Nomenclature and (Russulaceae). Seven species belong to the genus taxonomy corresponds to Index Fungorum Partnership Lactarius (L. acris (Bolton) Gray, L. citriolens Pouzar, and MycoBank Database. L. deliciosus (L.) Gray, L. piperatus (L.) Roussel., L. pyrogalus (Bull.) Fr., L. volemus (Fr.) Kuntze, L. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION zonarius (Bull.) Fr.) and eight to the genus Russula In total 59 taxa (55 species, three forms and one variation) (R. albonigra (Krombh) Fr., R. delica Fr., R. foetens of mycorrhizal fungi belonging to 27 genera, 13 families Pers., R. olivacea (Schaeff.) Fr., R. minutula Velen, R. and seven orders of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota sanguinaria (Schumach.) Rauschert., R. turci Bres and were identified (Tab. 1). The most of taxa belong to R. virescens (Schaeff.) Fr.). the Basidiomycota. Boletales is the largest order in Another large order of the Basidiomycota is number of species within Basidiomycota. It includes Agaricales, which is represented by nine species of three families: Boletaceae (22 species, 2 forms and one mycorrhizal mushrooms from the families Amanitaceae, variation), Gomphidiaceae (1), and Suillaceae (4). From Cortinariaceae, Hymenogastraceae, Inocybaceae and the family Boletaceae the genus Boletus must be firstly Lyophyllaceae. Four of them belong to Amanitaceae mentioned. It includes four species: B. aereus Bull., (Amanita): A. crocea (Quél) Singer, A. pantherina B. edulis Bull., B. purpureus Pers., and B. reticulatus (DC.) Krombh., A. rubescens Pers., and A. vaginata Schaeff. Besides, B. edulis is represented by two forms (Bull.) Lam. Other five species are from the families (f. quercicola Vassilkov, and f. betulicola Vassilkov) Inocybaceae (Inosperma maculatum (Boud.) Matheny and one variation (var. arenarius H. Engel, Krieglst. & & Esteve-Rav. and Pseudosperma rimosum (Bull) Dermek). The second genus Rubroboletus includes three Matheny & Esteve-Rav), Cortinariaceae (Cortinarius species (R. legaliae (Pilát & Dermek) Della Magg. & triumphans Fr.), Hymenogastraceae (Hebeloma Trassin., R. lupinus (Fr.) Costanzo & Gelardi, Simonini sinapizans (Paulet) Gillet), Lyophyllaceae (Calocybe & Vizzini and R. satanas (Lenz) Kuan Zhao & Zhu gambosa (Fr.) Donk). L.Yang). Each genus listed below was presented by two The other orders are minor and include one or two species: Butyriboletus (B. appendiculatus (Schaeff.) D. species: Cantharellales (Cantharellus cibarius Fr. Arora & J.L. Frank and B. pseudoregius (Helnr. Huber) and C. subalbidus A.H. Sm. & Morse), Gomphales D. Arora & J.L. Frank), Leccinellum (L. griseum (Quél.) (Clavariadelphus pistillaris (L.) Donk), and Bresinsky
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