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The Informal German Radium Research Center Brunswick- Wolfenbüttel at the Beginning of the 20 Th Century
The informal German Radium Research Center Brunswick- Wolfenbüttel at the beginning of the 20 th century Siegfried Niese, Wilsdruff, Germany Summary After discovery of radio-active elements by Henry Becquerel, Pierre and Marie Curie German scientists started with investigations, which resulted in the discovery of new radioactive elements and the character and the effects of radioactivity. Very productive have been a circle of friends with Justus Elster, Hans Geitel and Friedrich Giesel in Brunswick and Wolfenbüttel, who have mostly done the scientific work beside their professional duties. This interdisciplinary center was successful working before institutional governmental radium institutes in Vienna, Paris, and other places are founded. They delivered other researcher all over the world with radioactive preparations that they could start their research about radioactivity as well as instruments and glassware. Introduction In this paper the important achievements in radium research in the first decade after the discovering of radioactivity of a circle of friends in Brunswick and Wolfenbüttel, which are working as grammar teachers, chemist in a factory, doctors in their own praxis or founders of mechanical or glassware factories is presented. In some cases they had done their research work beside the duties in their appointments. They started their work immediately after the discovery of radioactivity by Henry Becquerel. This group represents all branches of nuclear research which we can find as departments of a nuclear research center in the second half of the 20 th century. The scientists and the workshops were in close contact with most of the colleagues all over the world and their achievement were appreciated and cited in the literature. -
Otto Hahn Otto Hahn
R.N. 70269/98 Postal Registration No.: DL-SW-1/4082/15-17 ISSN : 0972-169X Date of posting: 26-27 of advance month Date of publication: 24 of advance month May 2017 Vol. 19 No. 8 Rs. 5.00 Otto Hahn Discoverer of Nuclear Fission Editorial: Consolidating 35 science communication activities in our country Otto Hahn: Discoverer of 34 Nuclear Fission Keep Your Eyes Healthy 31 Phenol: A Serious 30 Environmental Threat Accidental Discoveries in 28 Medical Science Cures for haemorrhoids— 24 Simple treatments and Surgeries Recent developments 21 in science and technology 36 Editorial Consolidating science communication activities in our country Dr. R. Gopichandran It is well known that the National Council of Science Museums of India’s leadership in science technology and innovation (STI) across the Ministry of Culture, Government of India, the National Institute the bilateral and multilateral framework also. The news feature service of Science Communication and Information Resources (NISCAIR) and the portal activity have well defined action plans to reach out to of CSIR, the National Council for Science and Technology fellow institutions and citizens with suitably embellished platform Communication (NCSTC) of the Department of Science and and opportunities for all to deliver together. Technology (DST), Government of India and Vigyan Prasar, also While these are interesting and extremely important, especially of DST, have been carrying out excellent science communication because they respond to the call to upscale and value add science activities over the years. It cannot be denied that the reach has been and technology communication, it is equally important to document quite significant collectively. -
Appendix E Nobel Prizes in Nuclear Science
Nuclear Science—A Guide to the Nuclear Science Wall Chart ©2018 Contemporary Physics Education Project (CPEP) Appendix E Nobel Prizes in Nuclear Science Many Nobel Prizes have been awarded for nuclear research and instrumentation. The field has spun off: particle physics, nuclear astrophysics, nuclear power reactors, nuclear medicine, and nuclear weapons. Understanding how the nucleus works and applying that knowledge to technology has been one of the most significant accomplishments of twentieth century scientific research. Each prize was awarded for physics unless otherwise noted. Name(s) Discovery Year Henri Becquerel, Pierre Discovered spontaneous radioactivity 1903 Curie, and Marie Curie Ernest Rutherford Work on the disintegration of the elements and 1908 chemistry of radioactive elements (chem) Marie Curie Discovery of radium and polonium 1911 (chem) Frederick Soddy Work on chemistry of radioactive substances 1921 including the origin and nature of radioactive (chem) isotopes Francis Aston Discovery of isotopes in many non-radioactive 1922 elements, also enunciated the whole-number rule of (chem) atomic masses Charles Wilson Development of the cloud chamber for detecting 1927 charged particles Harold Urey Discovery of heavy hydrogen (deuterium) 1934 (chem) Frederic Joliot and Synthesis of several new radioactive elements 1935 Irene Joliot-Curie (chem) James Chadwick Discovery of the neutron 1935 Carl David Anderson Discovery of the positron 1936 Enrico Fermi New radioactive elements produced by neutron 1938 irradiation Ernest Lawrence -
Gdch-Fachgruppe Geschichte Der Chemie, 4 (1990), S.46-47
Mitteilungen Nr. 23 (2013) Beiträge G. Lattermann Vor- und frühgeschichtliche biopolymere (Werk-)Stoffe .................. 3 G. Görmar Jacob Waitz und Basilius Valentinus im Kloster Walkenried: Legende und Wirklichkeit ................................................................ 31 K.D. Röker Die „Jedermann-Chemie“ des Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge .............. 52 G. Schwedt C. R. Fresenius’ Mineralwasseranalytik am Beispiel der historischen „Mineralquelle zu Niederselters“ ................................. 71 H. Andreas Reinhold Hoffmann und sein Kommilitone August Kekulé ............ 86 D. Braun Marcelin Berthelot als erster Polymerforscher des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts ...................................................................................... 96 A. Martin Döbereiner und das Platin ............................................................... 107 S. Niese Die Entdeckung des Actiniums ...................................................... 129 R. Kießling Die Chemische Gesellschaft der DDR: Teil I ................................ 145 P. Hallpap Die Chemie an der Universität Jena in der Wende ......................... 176 Dokumentation und Information A. Kraft Alles aus Plaste – eine Ausstellung zum Kunststoffzeitalter ......... 198 Aus dem Fachgebiet ................................................................................................... 201 Stipendien und Preise ................................................................................................. 202 Eingesandte Neuerscheinungen .. ............................................................................... -
Recollections and Reconstructions
@ ? Editor's Note: The Society's Nuclear Pioneer Citationfor 1977 goes not to an individual but to a distinguished group of individuals: those who took part in the epochal “ChicagoPile―experiment of Dec. 2, 1942, which produced thefirst successful atomicpile chain reaction. The 42 members ofthe Chicago Pilegroup are listed on page 591. One ofthose named, Harold M. Agnew, now Directorofthe Los Alamos Scient@flc Laboratory, is the Nuclear Pioneer Lecturerfor the 24th Annual Meeting. The guidingforce behind the Chicago Pile experiment was Enrico Fermi, recipient of the Nuclear Pioneer Citation of 1963. In the artick which follows, Laura Fermi recreates the excitement and mystery that surrounded the work ofher husband's research team in the early 1940s in Chicago. @. The FirstAtomic Pile: Recollections and Reconstructions by Laura Fermi @ . @ / - .-i@ ‘@:@ Enrico FermIat work, ca. 1942. As far as I can remember at the distance ofalmost 35 Perhaps not all husbands adhered as strictly as years, the first guests to arrive at our party on that Enrico to the rules of secrecy when talking to their beastly cold December night were the Zinns. Wally wives. He couldn't have been more tight-lipped. Once! and Jean. As they shook the snow off their coats, related some gossip to him: “Peoplesay that you stamping their feet on the floor, Wally turned to scientists at the Met Lab are seeking a cure for Enrico and said: “Congratulations!― I was surprised; cancer. .““Arewe?―he asked with his usual for Enrico had given me no hint that anything unusual imperturbable expression. -
MIT-NSE by the 1930S It Was Time to Discover Fission. We Knew About Isoto
Prelude to the Manhattan Project Michael V. Hynes – MIT-NSE By the 1930s it was time to discover fission. We knew about isotopes. The Curies and Becquerel had discovered radioactivity. Rutherford had discovered the nucleus. Chadwick had discovered the neutron. Einstein had discovered special relativity and the famous equation E=mc2. Bethe was even publishing about fusion as the source of energy for the Sun. So, it was time. By the 1930s a human drama was unfolding in Europe and in the Pacific – the rise of fascism. The events of this drama engulfed the world in war and created a need on all sides for weaponry that could defeat the enemy by whatever means. The intersection of scientific inevitability and war created the environment for the advent of nuclear weapons. Science was practiced was very differently in the 1920s and 1930s than today. In that era science was highly specialized and compartmentalized. If you were a metallurgist for example it was unlikely that you would have anything to do with a physicist – that all changed in the1940s. In 1933 Leo Szilard (Fig. 1), a Hungarian physicist who took refuge in London from Nazi Germany, read a paper by Rutherford that ridiculed the idea of getting energy from nuclear transmutations. Szilard realized that if you could find an element which is split by neutrons and which would emit two neutrons in the process, then a chain reaction could be started. This is the basic idea of a nuclear weapon -- to generate energy from the chain reaction. Szilard was a chemist by training and knew about the idea of a chemical chain reaction. -
RBRC-32 BNL-6835.4 PARITY ODD BUBBLES in HOT QCD D. KHARZEEV in This ~A~Er We Give a Pedawwicalintroduction~0 Recent Work Of
RBRC-32 BNL-6835.4 PARITY ODD BUBBLES IN HOT QCD D. KHARZEEV RIKEN BNL Research Center, Br$ookhauenNational Laboratory, . Upton, New York 11973-5000, USA R.D. PISARSKI Department of Physics, Brookhaven National Laboratoy, Upton, New York 11973-5000, USA M.H.G. TYTGAT Seruice de Physique Th&orique, (7P 225, Uniuersitc4Libre de Bruzelles, B[ud. du !t%iomphe, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium We consider the topological susceptibility for an SU(N) gauge theory in the limit of a large number of colors, N + m. At nonzero temperature, the behavior of the topological susceptibility depends upon the order of the reconfining phrrse transition. The meet interesting possibility is if the reconfining transition, at T = Td, is of second order. Then we argue that Witten’s relation implies that the topological suscepti~lfity vanishes in a calculable fdion at Td. Ae noted by Witten, this implies that for sufficiently light quark messes, metaetable etates which act like regions of nonzero O — parity odd bubbles — can arise at temperatures just below Td. Experimentally, parity odd bubbles have dramatic signature% the rI’ meson, and especially the q meson, become light, and are copiously produced. Further, in parity odd bubbles, processes which are normally forbidden, such as q + rr”ro, are allowed. The most direct way to detect parity violation is by measuring a parity odd global seymmetry for charged pions, which we define. 1 Introduction In this .-~a~er we give a Pedawwicalintroduction~0 recent work of ours? We I consider an SU(IV) gau”ge t~e~ry in the limit of a large number of colors, N + co, This is, of course, a familiar limit? We use the large N expansion I to investigate the behavior of the theory at nonzero temperature, especially for the topological susceptibility. -
Mitteilungen, Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker / Fachgruppe Geschichte Der Chemie (Frankfurt/Main), Bd 23 (2013) ISSN 0934-8506 Die Anfangsjahre Der Radiochemie
Die Entdeckung des Actiniums Prof. Dr. habil. Siegfried Niese, Am Silberblick 9, 01723 Wilsdruff <[email protected]> In einer 2012 erschienenen Übersicht der Isotope der Elemente vom Actinium bis zum Uranium und deren Entdeckung lesen wir, dass Friedrich Oskar Giesel (1852-1927) im Jahr 1902 in Uranmineralen eine radioaktive Substanz beobach- tet hat, die er zwei Jahre später als ein neues Element mit dem Namen Emanium bezeichnet und die sich später als 227Ac herausgestellt hat.1 So schreibt auch Ad- loff, dass wahrscheinlich Giesel der tatsächliche Entdecker des Actiniums ist.2 Bis heute wird noch häufig der französischen Chemiker André-Louis Debierne (1874-1949) als Entdecker des Actiniums angesehen. Er beschrieb im Jahre 1899 die Entdeckung eines neuen radioaktiven Körpers, den er zusammen mit den Hy- droxiden von Eisen und Aluminium mit Ammoniaklösung aus einer Lösung der Pechblende gefällt und ihm Ähnlichkeiten mit dem Titan zugeschrieben hatte.3 Ein Jahr später schrieb er diesem radioaktiven Körper eine Ähnlichkeit mit dem Thorium zu und bezeichnet ihn als ein neues radioaktives Element, das er Actini- um nannte. Actinium ist wegen seiner hohen Radiotoxizität, Allgegenwart als Zerfallspro- dukt des Urans, hohen Mobilität bei chemischen Prozessen, besonders im Zu- sammenhang mit der Gewinnung von Uran, relativ guten Aufnahme in die Nahrungskette und chemischen Ähnlichkeit mit dem sehr langlebigen, bei der Kernenergiegewinnung in den Brennstoffen entstehendem Americium, wieder mehr in den Blickpunkt der Radiochemiker gerückt. Deshalb wird hier etwas ein- gehender auf die Geschichte der Entdeckung mit dem Ziel eingegangen, Giesel mehr als bisher als Entdecker des Actiniums zu würdigen, so wie es auch auf sei- nem Grabstein in Braunschweig steht, wofür sich besonders Rudolf Fricke aus Wolfenbüttel eingesetzt hat.4 Das fällt uns umso leichter, wenn wir die entspre- chenden, vor mehr als 100 Jahren erschienenen, Publikationen lesen, woraus in den folgenden Abschnitten Auszüge vorgestellt und kommentiert werden. -
Character List
Character List - Bomb Use this chart to help you keep track of the hundreds of names of physicists, freedom fighters, government officials, and others involved in the making of the atomic bomb. Scientists Political/Military Leaders Spies Robert Oppenheimer - Winston Churchill -- Prime Klaus Fuchs - physicist in designed atomic bomb. He was Minister of England Manhattan Project who gave accused of spying. secrets to Russia Franklin D. Roosevelt -- Albert Einstein - convinced President of the United States Harry Gold - spy and Courier U.S. government that they for Russia KGB. Narrator of the needed to research fission. Harry Truman -- President of story the United States Enrico Fermi - created first Ruth Werner - Russian spy chain reaction Joseph Stalin -- dictator of the Tell Hall -- physicist in Soviet Union Igor Korchatov -- Russian Manhattan Project who gave physicist in charge of designing Adolf Hitler -- dictator of secrets to Russia bomb Germany Haakon Chevalier - friend who Werner Reisenberg -- Leslie Groves -- Military approached Oppenheimer about German physicist in charge of leader of the Manhattan Project spying for Russia. He was designing bomb watched by the FBI, but he was not charged. Otto Hahn -- German physicist who discovered fission Other scientists involved in the Manhattan Project: Aage Niels Bohr George Kistiakowsky Joseph W. Kennedy Richard Feynman Arthur C. Wahl Frank Oppenheimer Joseph Rotblat Robert Bacher Arthur H. Compton Hans Bethe Karl T. Compton Robert Serber Charles Critchfield Harold Agnew Kenneth Bainbridge Robert Wilson Charles Thomas Harold Urey Leo James Rainwater Rudolf Pelerls Crawford Greenewalt Harold DeWolf Smyth Leo Szilard Samuel K. Allison Cyril S. Smith Herbert L. Anderson Luis Alvarez Samuel Goudsmit Edward Norris Isidor I. -
Hitler's Uranium Club, the Secret Recordings at Farm Hall
HITLER’S URANIUM CLUB DER FARMHALLER NOBELPREIS-SONG (Melodie: Studio of seiner Reis) Detained since more than half a year Ein jeder weiss, das Unglueck kam Sind Hahn und wir in Farm Hall hier. Infolge splitting von Uran, Und fragt man wer is Schuld daran Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran, So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn. So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn. The real reason nebenbei Die energy macht alles waermer. Ist weil we worked on nuclei. Only die Schweden werden aermer. Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran, Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran, So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn. So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn. Die nuclei waren fuer den Krieg Auf akademisches Geheiss Und fuer den allgemeinen Sieg. Kriegt Deutschland einen Nobel-Preis. Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran, Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran, So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn. So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn. Wie ist das moeglich, fragt man sich, In Oxford Street, da lebt ein Wesen, The story seems wunderlich. Die wird das heut’ mit Thraenen lesen. Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran, So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn. So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn. Die Feldherrn, Staatschefs, Zeitungsknaben, Es fehlte damals nur ein atom, Ihn everyday im Munde haben. Haett er gesagt: I marry you madam. Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran, Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran, So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn. So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn. Even the sweethearts in the world(s) Dies ist nur unsre-erste Feier, Sie nennen sich jetzt: “Atom-girls.” Ich glaub die Sache wird noch teuer, Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran, Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran, So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn. -
Rutherford and Radon
Rediscovery of the Elements Rutherford and Radon U transmutation of the elements. He was to be (1877-1956) he developed the "transformation U acknowledged as the "leading explorer of the theory" which showed radioactivity was a vast, infinitely complex universe within the nuclear property. From thorium Rutherford atom, a universe that he was the first to pene- observed a gaseous radioactive product, which trate."3 he called "emanation"-he had discovered the Ernest Rutherford, the son of a flax farmer in element radon.' New Zealand, gained his undergraduate train- The British method of developing explicit ing in his native country. In 1895 he moved to descriptive models to explain nature was per- England, where he attended Cambridge Univ- fect for the advance of nuclear chemistry at this ersity; he was entering the scientific scene in moment in history; Lord Kelvin (William Europe just as radioactivity was discovered in Thomson, 1824-1907) said he could not reason 1896 by Henri Becquerel (1852-1908) of Paris. "without making a visualizable picture" of the His first research involved hertzian (radio) phenomenon he wanted to describe. J. J. James L. Marshal, beta Eta 1971, and waves, but he then moved on to the study of Thomson of the Cavendish Laboratory at Virginia R. Marshall, Beta Eta 2003, uranium rays with J. J. Thomson (1856-1940) at Cambridge was using the idea of charged cor- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge. Rutherford showed that these ion- puscles to explain cathode rays, and he viewed North Texas, Denton,TX 76203-5070, izing rays consisted of two main types, which the atom as a dynamic, moving mixture of pos- he called alpha and beta "for simplicity."2 itive and negative charges. -
From the Natural Transmutations of Uranium to Its Artificial Fission
O T T O H AH N From the natural transmutations of uranium to its artificial fission Nobel Lecture, December 13, 1946 The year 1946 marked a jubilee in the history of the chemical element, ura- nium. Fifty years earlier, in the spring of 1896, Henri Becquerel had discov- ered the remarkable radiation phenomena of this element, which were at that time grouped together under the name of radioactivity. For more than 100 years, uranium, discovered by W. H. Klaproth in 1789, had had a quiet existence as a somewhat rare but not particularly interesting element. After its inclusion in the Periodic System by D. Mendeleev and Lothar Meyer, it was distinguished from all the other elements in one partic- ular respect: it occupied the highest place in the table of the elements. As yet, however, that did not have any particular significance. We know today that it is just this position of uranium at the highest place of the then known chemical elements which gives it the important properties by which it is distinguished from all other elements. The echo of Becquerel’s fundamental observations on the radioactivity of uranium in scientific circles was at first fairly weak. Two years later, how- ever, they acquired an exceptional importance when the Curies succeeded in separating from uranium minerals two active substances, polonium and ra- dium, of which the latter appeared to be several million times stronger than the same weight of uranium. It was only a few years before the first surprising property of this "ra- diating" substance was explained.