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Gdch-Fachgruppe Geschichte Der Chemie, 4 (1990), S.46-47

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Gdch-Fachgruppe Geschichte Der Chemie, 4 (1990), S.46-47 Mitteilungen Nr. 23 (2013) Beiträge G. Lattermann Vor- und frühgeschichtliche biopolymere (Werk-)Stoffe .................. 3 G. Görmar Jacob Waitz und Basilius Valentinus im Kloster Walkenried: Legende und Wirklichkeit ................................................................ 31 K.D. Röker Die „Jedermann-Chemie“ des Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge .............. 52 G. Schwedt C. R. Fresenius’ Mineralwasseranalytik am Beispiel der historischen „Mineralquelle zu Niederselters“ ................................. 71 H. Andreas Reinhold Hoffmann und sein Kommilitone August Kekulé ............ 86 D. Braun Marcelin Berthelot als erster Polymerforscher des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts ...................................................................................... 96 A. Martin Döbereiner und das Platin ............................................................... 107 S. Niese Die Entdeckung des Actiniums ...................................................... 129 R. Kießling Die Chemische Gesellschaft der DDR: Teil I ................................ 145 P. Hallpap Die Chemie an der Universität Jena in der Wende ......................... 176 Dokumentation und Information A. Kraft Alles aus Plaste – eine Ausstellung zum Kunststoffzeitalter ......... 198 Aus dem Fachgebiet ................................................................................................... 201 Stipendien und Preise ................................................................................................. 202 Eingesandte Neuerscheinungen .. ................................................................................ 204 Mitteilungen, Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker / Fachgruppe Geschichte der Chemie (Frankfurt/Main), Bd 23 (2013) ISSN 0934-8506 Mitteilungen Nr. 23 (2013) Herausgegeben von der Fachgruppe „Geschichte der Chemie“ in der Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker ISSN 0934-8506 Varrentrappstraße 40-42, D-60486 Frankfurt am Main Postfach 900440, D-60444 Frankfurt am Main <http://www.gdch.de/geschichte> Vorstand: Prof. Dr. Christoph Meinel (Regensburg), Vorsitzender Prof. Dr. Dietmar Linke (Berlin), stellv. Vorsitzender Ralf Hahn, M.A. (Berlin) Priv.-Doz. Dr. Peter Hallpap (Jena) Dipl.-Ing. Renate Kießling (Liederbach) Christine Nawa, M.A. (Tübingen) Dr. Heinrich Schönemann (Neukirchen-Vluyn) Schriftleitung: Prof. Dr. Christoph Meinel, Universität Regensburg, Lehrstuhl für Wissenschaftsgeschichte, D-93040 Regensburg Tel. (0941) 943-3661/3659, Fax (0941) 943-1985 E-Mail: [email protected] unter Mitarbeit von Dr. Tanja Schedlbauer (Regensburg) Die Mitteilungen der Fachgruppe „Geschichte der Chemie“ erscheinen in loser Folge etwa einmal im Jahr. Fachgruppenmitglieder erhalten die Mitteilungen im Rahmen ihres Mitgliedsbeitrags, Nichtmitglieder und Institutionen können sie gegen eine Unkostenbeteiligung (€ 10 für GDCh-Mitglieder, sonst € 20) von der Geschäftsstelle anfordern. Autoren der Mitteilungen erhalten Belegexemplare des jeweiligen Heftes, jedoch keine Sonderdrucke. Sie haben das Recht, ihren Beitrag für eigene Zwecke zu vervielfältigen, sofern dies unter Nennung der Quelle geschieht. Die Beiträge der Mitteilungen werden regelmäßig in Chemical Abstracts, der Isis Current Bibliography on the History of Science und der bibliographischen Datenbank History of Science, Technology & Medicine (EBSCO) referiert. Mitteilungen, Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker / Fachgruppe Geschichte der Chemie (Frankfurt/Main), Bd 23 (2013) ISSN 0934-8506 Vor- und frühgeschichtliche biopolymere (Werk)-Stoffe Dr. Dr. h.c. Günter Lattermann, Grüner Baum 32, 95448 Bayreuth <[email protected]> / Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kunststoff- geschichte dgkg <www.dg-kunststoffgeschichte.de> Die ältesten Zweige frühester ‚Chemie‘ sind verbunden mit Ledergerbung, Tex- tilherstellung und -färberei, Töpferei, Metallgewinnung und -verarbeitung, Glasherstellung und Bier- bzw. Weinbereitung. Die Anfänge weisen weit in die vorgeschichtliche Zeit hinein. Dasselbe gilt auch für die hierbei vielfach auftre- tenden polymeren Stoffe, die bis vor gut hundert Jahren alle natürlichen Ur- sprungs, also Biopolymere waren. Ohne solche frühen Polymere ist die Mensch- heitsentwicklung und ihre Materialgeschichte nicht denkbar. Hier werden zu- nächst biopolymere Stoffe besprochen, die auf natürliche Weise vor Millionen von Jahren entstanden, zwar nicht direkt als Werkstoffe dem Menschen dienten, aber als „Urahnen“ moderner Polymere gelten können. Danach wird eine Serie biopolymerer Werkstoffe beschrieben, ohne allerdings die große Gruppe der Tex- tilfasern zu berücksichtigen. Das „Affenhaar“: fossiles cis-1,4-Polyisopren Das sogenannte „Affenhaar“, ein fossiler Kautschuk, zählt hinsichtlich seiner Entstehungszeit zu den ältesten polymeren Materialen, die bislang bekannt wur- den (s. Abb. 1). Seit langem fand man in Schichten der älteren Braunkohle (Eo- zän, ca. 55-35 Mio. Jahre v.h.) des mitteldeutschen Braunkohlereviers um Köthen, Nachterstedt, Geiseltal und Oberröbling des Öfteren eine Art Fladen von gelblich-hellbraunem, fein-faserigem Material, dem die Bergleute den Namen „Affenhaar“ gegeben hatten.1 1848 wurde diese „Faserkohle“ erstmals von T. Hartig erwähnt und als Fäden fossiler Milchsaftgefäße beschrieben.2 Später wur- den sie aber als Bastfasern aus Pflanzenstängeln eingeordnet und als „Fascikuli- tenkohle“ (Bastbündelkohle) bezeichnet.3 Dieser neuen Einordnung widersprach aber zunächst schon die Farbe der Fasern. Als Bastfasern müssten sie aus Zellu- lose und verholzender Substanz bestehen und eine dunkelbraune bis schwarze Farbe angenommen haben. Erste analytische Untersuchungen wurden 1924 vor- – 3 – Mitteilungen, Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker / Fachgruppe Geschichte der Chemie (Frankfurt/Main), Bd 23 (2013) ISSN 0934-8506 JHQRPPHQ =XQlFKVW]HLJWHQHLQIDFKH%UHQQSUREHQGDVVGLH)DVHUQ±LP*H JHQVDW]]X=HOOXORVH±VHKUVFKQHOOXQGPLWDURPDWLVFKHP*HUXFKDEEUHQQHQLP *HUXFKHULQQHUQGDQ+DU]XQGYHUEUDQQWHV*XPPL&KHPLVFKH8QWHUVXFKXQJHQ GXUFK([WUDNWLRQHQPLW$FHWRQDONRKROLVFKHU1DWURQODXJHXQG%HQ]ROHUJDEHQ GDVV GLH HLQ]HOQHQ HQWKDU]WHQ )lGHQ VLFK QLFKW DXIJHO|VW KDWWHQ VRQGHUQ QDFK 7URFNQXQJHODVWLVFKJHZRUGHQZDUHQXQGVRPLWGQQHQ*XPPLIlGHQJOLFKHQ 'LH (OHPHQWDUDQDO\VH ]HLJWH GLH $QZHVHQKHLW YRQ NQDSS 6FKZHIHO DQ 'HU 1DFKZHLV DOV .DXWVFKXN ZXUGH GXUFK HLQH 8QWHUVXFKXQJ YRQ 5 :HLO YRP /DERU GHU &RQWLQHQWDO .DXWVFKXN XQG *XWWDSHUFKD .RPSDJQLH +DQ QRYHU GXUFKJHIKUW $QDORJ +DU ULHV VHW]WH HU GDV 0DWHULDO]X.DX WVFKXN2]RQLG XP $OOHUGLQJV ZXUGHGLHWDWVlFKOLFKH.RQVWLWXWLRQ GLHVHU9HUELQGXQJDOVKRFKPROHNX ODUHV 2]RQLG HUVW HLQ -DKU VSlWHU GXUFK6WDXGLQJHUEHZLHVHQ 'LH 8QWHUVXFKXQJHQ DP Ä$IIHQ KDDU³ZDUHQGDPDOVDOVRKRFKDNWX HOO XQG ILHOHQ JHQDX LQ GHQ =HLW UDXPGHU(UVWHOOXQJGHV.RQ]HSWHV E]Z 1DFKZHLVHV GHU 0DNURPROH NOH8QWHUVXFKXQJHQGLH-DKUH VSlWHUDQ3UREHQHEHQIDOOVDXVGHP PLWWHOGHXWVFKHQ %UDXQNRKOHQJHELHW YRUJHQRPPHQ ZXUGHQ EHVWlWLJWHQ GXUFK &105GDV9RUOLHJHQYRQ $EE Ä$IIHQKDDU³ 9XONDQLVLHUWHU .DXWVFKXN FLV3RO\LVRSUHQ6WUXNWXUHQ DOV ,QKDOW YRQ /DWH[IKUHQGHQ 5|KUHQ IRVVLOHU .DXWVFKXNElXPH (R]lQ FD 0LR -DKUH DQDORJ VROFKHQ LP .DXWVFKXNEDXP YK )RWR'/LQNH%HUOLQ +HYHD EUDVLOLHQVLV 5DVWHUHOHNWUR QHQ0LNURVNRSLH 6(0 HUJDEHLQH 'LFNHGHU(LQ]HOIlGHQYRQFDȝPEHLHLQHU/lQJHYRQYLHOHQ=HQWLPHWHUQ 'HU6FKZHIHOJHKDOWYDULLHUWHEHLGLHVHQ3UREHQ]ZLVFKHQELV,QVJHVDPW ZXUGHVRGLH$QQDKPHGDVVHVVLFKEHLÄ$IIHQKDDU³XPGLH5HVWHIRVVLOHU0LOFK U|KUHQGKYHU]ZHLJWHUPLOFKVDIWIKUHQGHU*HIlV\VWHPHYRQ%HGHFNWVDPHUQ $QJLRVSHUPHQ KDQGHOWJHVLFKHUW'LH3IODQ]HQDUWVHOEVWNRQQWHQLFKWEHVWLPPW ZHUGHQ(LQH9HUZHQGXQJLVWQLFKWEHNDQQW ±± Mitteilungen, Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker / Fachgruppe Geschichte der Chemie (Frankfurt/Main), Bd 23 (2013) ISSN 0934-8506 Siegburgit, Beckerit, Krantzit: fossiles, biopolymeres Polystyrol Dieser fossile Harztyp stammt ebenfalls aus dem Eozän (ca. 55-35 Mio Jahre v.h.).9 Über Siegburgit wurde erstmals 1875 von Arnold von Lasaulx berichtet.10 In den Sanden über den eigentlichen Flözen der Siegburger und Troisdorfer Braunkohle fanden sich knollige, grauweiße Klumpen (s. Abb. 2). Sie waren den Arbeitern schon seit langem dadurch aufgefallen, dass sie beim Anzünden einen stark aromatischen Geruch abgaben. Als „Mergelmännchen“ und „brennbare Steine“ wurden sie zum profanen Kartoffelrösten und Kaffeewärmen gebraucht, aber auch zu heiligeren Zwecken in den Weihrauchkesseln benachbarter Kirchen verbrannt. Siegburgit fand sich weiterhin im Braunkohletagebau des Bitterfelder Raumes.11 1884 wurden in ersten chemischen Untersuchun- gen des Siegburgits nach trockener Destillation Sty- rol und Zimtsäure nach- gewiesen,12 Produkte, die z.B. im Baltischen Bern- stein nicht auftreten. Neue Untersuchungen, zusam- men mit Referenzproben von rezentem Storaxharz (Styrax) von liquidamber orientalis und einem ana- logen, fossilen, nordame- Abb. 2: Siegburgit, fossiles Polystyrol, Eozän (ca. 55-35 Mio rikanischen Harz (Squan- Jahre v.h.) (Foto: Naturkundliches Museum Mauritianum, kum) mit Gaschromato- Altenburg). graphie/Massenspektrome- trie (GC/MS, Py/GC/MS) und Gelchromatographie (SEC) ergaben, dass in Siegburgit noch ein gewisser Gehalt an niedermolekularen triterpenoiden Verbindung vorhanden ist. Die THF- lösliche Fraktion weist Polystyrole mit Molmassen von mindestens 1.000.000 Da auf. Ansonsten besteht das Material zu ca. 80% aus ataktischem, über verschie- dene Gruppen vernetztem Polystyrol.13 Der aus dem Tagebau Goitzsche stammende Beckerit14 wurde später ebenfalls als Siegburgit eingestuft.9 Das als Krantzit bezeichnete fossile Harz aus dem Braun- kohleabbau von Latorf bei Nienburg (Saale)15 ist gleichfalls dem Siegburgit in der Struktur
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