Care International Ethiopia Emergency Market Mapping and Analysis Final

CARE INTERNATIONAL ETHIOPIA

EMERGENCY MARKET MAPPING AND ANALYSIS

FINAL REPORT

OCTOBER 2018

EMMA ASSESSMENT – Filtu woreda in Somali Region, Ethiopia – August 2018

Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... 3 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ...... 4 LIST OF TABLES ...... 5 LIST OF FIGURES ...... 6 I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 7 II. Summary of Key Recommendations ...... 8 III. Emergency Context and Background ...... 8 IV. Aims and objectives of the EMMA Study ...... 10 V. EMMA Methodology ...... 10 VI. Limitations ...... 12 1. Limited Capacity ...... 12 2. Seasonal Calendars Illustrating Key Features of Livelihoods ...... 12 VII. Critical Market System ...... 14 VIII. Market System Maps ...... 14 Market System Analysis ...... 16 IX. Study Findings ...... 17 1. Demographic Information of Respondents...... 17 2. Households Status, Status of Movement and Reasons of Moving for the Past 6 Months 19 3. Participation in Different Activities...... 20 4. Situation Analysis between 2017 and 2018 ...... 21 5. Comparison of Expenditures for year 2017 and 2018 ...... 22 6. Food Security and Nutrition ...... 23 7. Modalities of Intervention ...... 25 8. Water Supply and Hygiene Promotion Services ...... 29 X. Conclusions and Main Recommendations ...... 32 References...... 34

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EMMA ASSESSMENT – Filtu woreda in Somali Region, Ethiopia – August 2018

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The completion of this EMMA evaluation was as a result of support from several stakeholders. We wish to express our sincere gratitude to CARE International in Ethiopia, for providing an opportunity to conduct the program EMMA evaluation.

I also very much appreciate their patience and the support provided to us throughout the entire assignment. To this end, I extend our sincere gratitude to Elizabeth Milten – the Emergency Program Coordinator, Serkalem Getachew– Emergency Food security and Livelihood Advisor , Yohannes Eshetu the Emergency LDM Manager and Yonatan Million for his valuable input especially during development of the tools. Special thanks to the project implementation team in Firtu namely Mohamed Hassan, Hussien Abdibure, Abdulfata Mohamed and all community facilitators for their role during fieldwork.

We are overwhelmingly indebted to the members of the households and stakeholders whom we interviewed for their invaluable time and information that made the study possible. Additionally, we offer our gratitude to the enumerators and supervisors who participated in the evaluation for their diligence in data collection. We thank the drivers and field guides who provided vital, services throughout the evaluation process.

Thanks to you all.

Benson Mutuku – Gender Advisor, Program and policy manager

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EMMA ASSESSMENT – Filtu woreda in Somali Region, Ethiopia – August 2018

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS CBI Cash Based Initiatives CBOs Community Based Organizations CFW Cash for Work

CT Cash Transfer

CTP Cash Transfer Programmes

EMMA Emergency Markets Market Mapping

FBOs Faith Based Organizations

FGD Focus Group Discussions

HH Household

INGO International Non-Governmental Organisation

NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations

POS Point of Sale

SDGs Sustainable Development Goals

WASH Water, Sanitation and Hygiene

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EMMA ASSESSMENT – Filtu woreda in Somali Region, Ethiopia – August 2018

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Seasonal Calendar for Somali region ...... 13 Table 2 comparison of Expenditures for year 2017 and 2018 ...... 23 Table 3. What was the quantity of the food eaten in your home in the last one week from the following sources? ...... 24 Table 4. Water Sources ...... 29 Table 5. Who owns the water supply source ...... 30 Table 6. How much water do you need (in litters) per household per day (both drinking and domestic/ personal hygiene use) to meet your daily needs? ...... 31 Table 7. Treatment of Water for Safer Drinking ...... 31 Table 8. What do you usually do to the water to make it safer to drink? (Record all items mentioned) ...... 31

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EMMA ASSESSMENT – Filtu woreda in Somali Region, Ethiopia – August 2018

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Filtu critical Food Market system Map ...... 15 Bar Chart 1. Region/Zone...... Error! Bookmark not defined. Bar chart 2. Age of Household members ...... 18 Bar chart 3. HH Head/status of movement ...... 19 Pie chart 1 Reasons for relocating in past 6 months ...... 19 Bar chart 3. Different activities engaged in by participants ...... 20 Bar chart 4. Modalities of intervention ...... 26 Bar chart 5. Cash credit institutions ...... 27 Bar chart 6. If there was support, what would you prefer? ...... 28 Bar chart 7. If one was to buy commodities, what is the best place to buy from? ...... 29 Bar chart 8. How much do you pay for water ...... 30

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EMMA ASSESSMENT – Filtu woreda in Somali Region, Ethiopia – August 2018

I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

CARE conducted an Emergency Market Mapping and Analysis (EMMA) assessment in Filtu zone, Somali region, Ethiopia from the 30th of July – 10th of August, 2018. The assessment was organized as a response to the hunger and conflict crisis resulting from the prolonged drought being experienced in the region currently. The EMMA methodology was adapted for this chronic emergency that has seen a steady escalation over the last year and focused on markets that could meet immediate food needs quickly. The EMMA methodology focused on markets that could meet the urgent food needs of the target population.

The food security, three critical market systems were chosen for this analysis: Sorghum, maize and beans. These market systems were identified as playing important roles in ensuring food security and the survival of households. Maize was selected as the most commonly consumed staple food item. Beans were selected as the preferred source of protein after meat, which is currently limited and expensive. For the WASH Market, water supply was selected because of the appreciation of the use of safe water, sanitation facilities, and good hygiene which can improve nutritional outcomes by addressing both immediate and underlying causes of malnutrition. Soap was also selected as a market due to its role in enhancing good hygiene practices. Use of safe water, sanitation facilities, and good hygiene can improve nutritional outcomes by addressing both immediate and underlying causes of malnutrition.

The target population’s main sources of income are derived primarily from sale of livestock, and petty trade like sale of charcoal and firewood as well as small kiosks and village shops. The survey indicated that food and water are the most significant and immediate needs. The key findings of the gap analysis were that households are eating fewer and smaller meals with limited diversity compared with one year ago. Most households, especially in more rural locations, have low dietary diversity, dominated by staple foods, due to low milk production and limited availability of fruits and vegetables. In addition, food aid targeting through cash transfer programmes has limited coverage as it is based on targeted approach mainly for households that are most vulnerable. The main concern is that almost all households are affected by the drought and it is very hard to differentiate between vulnerable households from those that are not. The result of this targeting is that those who benefit are forced to share with their neighbours who are equally needy.

The key findings of the market analysis were that major trade networks have been minimally affected by the drought to date. Traders in Filtu continue to source food items from Filtu, Dekasuftu, Bokolmayo and Doloado; Mandera, Hawasa, Moyale to a lesser extent, selecting items based on price and availability. However, the combination of reduced income, strained credit systems and decreasing purchasing power has reduced demand. Strong local credit systems that usually allow households to borrow food from retailers and traders until their income allows them to make payments have been stretched by lack of repayments, forcing some smaller retailers to close and traders to start limiting sales on credit. Strained credit systems are also threatening food accessibility in the future if traders further tighten credit availability.

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EMMA ASSESSMENT – Filtu woreda in Somali Region, Ethiopia – August 2018

Key recommendations for improving food security, water supply and hygiene related products include both immediate and medium term interventions. Access to food can easily be increased through vouchers and cash transfers for households since markets are robust enough to absorb an increase in demand. Dietary diversity could also be improved through vouchers for households and supporting traders to increase supplies of milk, fruit and vegetables for a guaranteed market.

To supplement the dietary nutrition of the communities, initiatives could be established to encourage small vegetable and fruit gardens at the borehole sites to be run by men and women within the target locations. This could make better use of water spillages and waste water which could otherwise become mosquito breeding grounds and a health hazard.

Based on the described market environment, target population needs, and cash transfer response options, Cash Based Initiatives (CBI) at a large scale is highly recommended. Considering the potential benefits of CBI response to beneficiary recipients and the community at large, we suggest exploration of cash vouchers and Cash for Work (CFW) initiatives. Both options will require engagement with local traders and the need to build their capacities to deliver.

II. Summary of Key Recommendations The following are the key recommendations of the study:

1. Considering the target population needs, and cash transfer response options, the implementation of CBI at a large scale is highly recommended. 2. Considering the potential benefits of CBI response to beneficiary recipients and the community at large, we suggest exploration of vouchers and Cash for Work (CFW) initiatives. 3. Considering the fact that the preconditions for CBI programming mentioned in the report need to be monitored regularly in order for a timely switch to and scale up of CBI, when appropriate, monitoring of key market indicators (key commodities, prices, number of importers and traders, volume flows, security conditions in the roads among others) is necessary.

4. Design for adequate training and capacity building for traders in carrying out the CBI to ensure smooth operations and foster transparency and accountability and longer term sustainability of the programme. 5. Design also cash for work (CFW) programmes alongside rehabilitations of water supply for targeted vulnerable groups and households 6. Design for large scale cash transfer programmes as an immediate response to the food and water needs of the target populations and to avert food security deterioration. 7. Design for in-kind distributions for inputs like large water storage containers of 100 litres at household level as these are not currently available in the local markets. 8. Monitor the market-driving forces (volumes, prices, actors) and adjust the CBI upwards when the market performance improves

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EMMA ASSESSMENT – Filtu woreda in Somali Region, Ethiopia – August 2018

9. Consider supplementing dietary needs by establishing small vegetable and fruit gardens within the water supply facilities to make use of waste water spillage as medium to longer term measure. 10. Support the community towards food security so to avoid full dependence on external market. 11. Consider providing necessary product for water treatment for safer drinking

III. Emergency Context and Background The food security and nutrition situation in southeastern Ethiopia is deteriorating, with some households in parts of severely drought-affected Somali Region experiencing food insecurity, according to the USAID-funded Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET)1. Relief actors, including USAID/OFDA and USAID/FFP are monitoring the evolving food security and nutrition situation and scaling up ongoing humanitarian interventions. According to the Humanitarian and Disaster Resilience Plan for Ethiopia, there were two previous years of consecutive drought, compounded with weak rains at the end of 2017 which led to hundreds of thousands destitute in southern and south-eastern Ethiopia. Poor pasture regeneration and limited water source replenishment for livestock and this resulted to acute humanitarian needs and hence reduction to traditional recovery processes among pastoralist households. Consequently, the food security situation in the lowland agro-pastoral areas is not expected to improve significantly in 2018. Overall, the good harvest in highland areas, is expected to reduce large scale needs in the northern highlands, however reduced harvest and crop loss were experienced due to erratic rainfall in some potential areas. The Somali Region is the most eastern and second largest of the nine Ethiopian regions. About 86% of the population lives in rural areas, with mainly pastoralists and, to a lesser extent, agro pastoralists. The area has been characterized by underdevelopment, poor service delivery, frequent livelihood crises, and insecurity. Despite ongoing decentralization, the local government system in the region still faces many challenges, often lacking in budget, qualified personnel, and being subject to clan influences. At the beginning of 2017, the Government in 2017 indicated that humanitarian requirement document stated that in the region 1.7 Million (31%) of region’s population require food assistance. To address the drought situation, CARE Ethiopia, through CARE Canada and support from Government of Canada, have partnered through an initiative ” Emergency WASH and Livelihood Support in the Somali region, Ethiopia, 2018-2019” to address the drought emergency in Liben zone in Somali region. The broad goal of this initiative is to meet the immediate needs of the most vulnerable children, women and men affected by drought and conflict. This will be accomplished by meeting their basic humanitarian needs focusing on food

1 The Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) is a standardized tool that aims to classify the severity and magnitude of food insecurity. The IPC scale, which is comparable across countries, ranges from Minimal—IPC 1—to Famine—IPC 5. A Famine classification applies to a wider geographical location, while the term Catastrophe—IPC 5— refers to an extreme lack of food at the household level even with full employment of coping strategies. Famine is determined when more than 20 percent of households in an area are classified as experiencing Catastrophe, when the global acute malnutrition (GAM) level exceeds 30 percent, and when the crude mortality rate exceeds two people per 10,000 persons per day

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EMMA ASSESSMENT – Filtu woreda in Somali Region, Ethiopia – August 2018 security and livelihoods, nutrition as well as access to safe water for the drought affected population in most affected locations of the Liben zone, Somali region. It is envisioned that this support will help households and affected communities to recover and rebuild long-term resilience to future shocks.

IV. Aims and objectives of the EMMA Study The main aim of the EMMA study is to inform, adapt and intervene on cash transfer for livelihoods and water, sanitation and hygiene services in the Somali region, in Ethiopia and specifically to;- - Cultivate program recommendations and inform current programming - Recommend the most appropriate WASH programming modalities to meet different WASH and food security needs for men and women. - Identify ways in which local stakeholders might better support food nutrition and WASH service delivery based on the results of the EMMA - Contribute to CARE’s understanding of how to reduce risk of doing harm in the critical market

V. EMMA Methodology EMMA is used after assessments have identified current (and future) needs and when agencies have potential responses, objectives, target populations and intervention areas in mind. EMMA helps agencies to identify appropriate response modalities and intervention entry points in which the target population are direct and/ or in-direct beneficiaries. Methodology was adapted from another study carried out in Kenya.

EMMA uses tools commonly used in the humanitarian sector (seasonal calendars, household profiles and response frameworks) coupled with a market mapping tool (used widely in value chain analysis in the development sector) within an analytical framework that allows a step by step approach to market analysis. EMMA encourages and empowers its users to consider direct and indirect responses within a wider market system, which would have a positive impact (directly or indirectly) on the affected/ targeted population. EMMA can be used in all sectors; food security, shelter, water, sanitation, health or others.

The EMMA assessment was conducted in Filtu and concentrating mainly in the CARE Operational areas from August 2-9, 2018. The methodology used in this context is both qualitative and quantitative. Therefore, a quick but sufficiently representative sample for the purpose of the EMMA was used. This sample size was selected based on the judgement of CARE experts who have been working with the target population, and because it allowed data saturation. It is important to note that the EMMA tool is built to be applied in a crisis environment. Therefore, in terms of sampling, it does not follow the rigorous steps of research. EMMA also relies on triangulation of information from different sources

The analysis used both secondary data from previous reports and primary data obtained from communities in within Filtu and especially those within CARE’s operational areas, as well as traders

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EMMA ASSESSMENT – Filtu woreda in Somali Region, Ethiopia – August 2018 and transporters with operations in Filtu. A comparison was made between the market systems within one year i.e. August 2017 and August 2018 during the crisis time. The EMMA team was comprised of 12 members comprising CARE Staff and 10 local enumerators with the advantage being that they could communicate in the local language. The exercise was facilitated by Benson Mutuku (Gender Advisor). The areas covered by the assessment was Filtu, in the somali region.

By using 10 enumerators, it was possible to undertake the market analysis survey in a short period of time, while reaching the desired number of people and locations. Before starting the assessment, a two-day training was held in Filtu, between 5th and 6th August 2018.

Initial market maps for the commodities (Wheat, Sorghum, Maize consumed in the area were drawn during the training which were later updated, after the collection of data from the field assessment. August 2017 was used as a baseline to illustrate the changing patterns of the market systems as a result of the impact of the ongoing drought crisis.

Photo: Team coming up with the initial maps

Interviews included a sample selected from households, traders, transporters, and key informants, including local chiefs and village opinion leaders, international non-governmental organization (INGO) staff among others as well as focus group discussions with women and men. In order to adequately capture the needs of those surveyed, separate questionnaires were designed for use with households, traders, transporters and money transfer agents, and semi-structured interviews were undertaken with key informants. In total, 389 households, 5 traders (both wholesalers and retailers), 5 transporters; and 3 focus groups (Men, Women and mixed). The situation on the ground had tension and therefore we could not get more groups for interviews

More women were targeted, because women and children are often the most at a higher risk compared to other community members. However, making sure that the needs of both men and women are captured also ensures that households are able to sustain their livelihoods and contribute to the wellbeing of their children, including both girls and boys, if provided with adequate support.

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EMMA ASSESSMENT – Filtu woreda in Somali Region, Ethiopia – August 2018

After the market assessment, some of the initial findings were discussed with the country office teams which also provided suggestions on potential response options all of which are discussed in this report.

VI. Limitations

1. Limited Capacity Even though the support team received the training, this was the primary time that the majority of the data collectors were undertaking a market survey. This meant that they needed more support on how to capture the responses. The region was as well experiencing conflict and data collection was interrupted. This then led to a number of missing entries in the data.

2. Seasonal Calendars Illustrating Key Features of Livelihoods The seasonal calendar below illustrates major weather patterns and livelihood activities in Somali region per month. The rainy season is expected from April to June and October until December. The rains are expected to bring milk production from enduring livestock that are healthy enough. August and January are usually the peak livestock trading season.

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Table 1: Seasonal Calendar for Somali region

Events Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

Rainfall season months * * * * * *

Dry season months * * * * * *

High Livestock Prices * * * * * *

Low Livestock Prices * * * * * *

High food prices * * * * *

Low food prices * * *

Labor migration * * * * * *

EMMA ASSESSMENT – Filtu woreda in Somali Region, Ethiopia – August 2018

VII. Critical Market System The selection of critical market systems forms the foundation of the EMMA assessment. For this assessment, the selected market systems for the food security and nutrition were maize, sorghum and beans, while the one for water supply focused on price of water for domestic consumption as well as access and affordability of specific hygiene products.

In considering these criteria, it is important to first understand that a ‘staple’ purchase constitutes the main expenditure for target consumers. This EMMA selected the critical food market items of Wheat, maize and beans. Food items were preferred in order to respond to the immediate needs of the hunger crisis. Maize is consumed as staple food by some households. Rice is currently bought in higher quantities than Maize in majority of the households interviewed. Beans were selected as the preferred source of protein after meat, which is currently limited and expensive. Meat and milk is not always available or affordable. Fruit and vegetables are also not readily available in the markets.

The assessment considered August 2017 as the baseline period and August 2018 as the drought crisis period. The timing was chosen to ensure the periods compared share the same seasonal events and activities. The seasonal calendar, as shown above, illustrates the critical events and activities for the assessment area.

1. Market System Maps The maps below show the interactions between the different environmental factors, market chain actors and infrastructure, and support services within the market chain. The figures provided are the EMMA team’s best estimate after five days of data collection. They were not exhaustively verified and should be taken as approximates, however, conclusions are drawn on the basis of triangulation of all available data including secondary data reviewed.

EMMA ASSESSMENT – Filtu woreda in Somali Region, Ethiopia – August 2018

Figure 1. Filtu critical Food Market system Map

Filtu Critical Food Market System Map (Wheat, Maize and Beans) Symbol Key

Critical issue X Trade and industry Market taxes X Major disruptions Market environment: office/ Pastoralist ! office X Partial disruptions Decreasing / Local credit purchasing power Seasonal factors! system X X Drought The market chain: ______

Food Aid distributions – Brokers?? Village Traders NGOs and Government Household Distributers – Addis X consumers Ababa, Negelle Borena X Dekasuftu, Bokolmayo X Retailers Wholesalers X and Doloado; Mandera, X Hawasa, Moyale ______Key infrastructure: Transporters – Color Keys

Trucks; vans; Banks and Micro- Roads! Primary market sources pickups; Motor financial agents X cycles; donkey Secondary market sources carts X Main Target groups

EMMA ASSESSMENT – Filtu woreda in Somali Region, Ethiopia – August 2018

2. Market System Analysis in Firtu Distributers These actors buy and distribute food items that are either imported through entry points, Addis or produced in Ethiopia. The main mode of transportation was the public means and to a lesser extent the 10 ton trucks. Some of the factors cited for price settings included: buying price at the original market; transportation costs; distance from the original market and taxes. Some of the key challenges and limitations they face included: changeability of price of commodities at the original market, high transportation cost, and poor road network especially while supplying goods to villages in the interior

Wholesalers: These are suppliers of large quantity of foods to retailers. These traders are located in major towns in the Somali region and purchase food items from distributers for sale to retailers. Some wholesalers also have retail shops connected with their businesses. These are the key actors to focus on in working to build local market systems since they maintain trade networks in all directions and supply the retailers selling to the target population.

Retailers:

Consider as one of food suppliers to the community in the region. Sellers of small quantity of food to the community. These are the actors from which the target population purchases food. They usually stock a variety of dry and packaged food items, including rice, maize and beans.

Village traders: They are the Last distributors of food in local market chain system before reaching out to households/ consumers. Village retailers are the main entry point for (vulnerable) households. They are few and their stocks are few and limited. They normally rely on motorcycles and donkey carts to transport goods from retailers and other big markets in towns. Their biggest constraint is the amount of accumulated debt they accrue. Credit is provided to households as is traditional practice and which allows households to access food during difficult times. Some villages don’t have any shop and they are forced to travel to larger trading centers and towns to access most of the goods.

Consumers (Households): This is the target population – households in Firtu who buy their food from retailers. All households reported that they have difficulties to manage to pay for the amount of food that they need to buy for their families. Among food items procured, maize, rice, oil, beans and sugar were most often mentioned. Vegetables and fruits are not commonly consumed.

EMMA ASSESSMENT – Filtu woreda in Somali Region, Ethiopia – August 2018

VIII. Study Findings 1. Demographic Information of Respondents This section presents gender, region and zone, age bracket of respondents where the study was carried out.

Pie Chart 1. Gender of Respondents

Gender

11.3%

87.7%

Female Male

A total number of 389 respondents were selected randomly and responded to the questionnaire. Out of 389, 88% were females while 11.3% were males, 4 respondents did not respond to the question. The study selected more females than males to seek to understand the role that they do play in contributing the country/region economy.

The research was carried out in Ethiopia, namely in the Somali region. Out of the respondents who responded to the questionnaire the overwhelming percentage (99%) were from Somali region. The region is a zone of operation of the project that is being implemented.

According Madey, there are seven hundred households in his village, one thousand five hundred households in Adilali’s village, one thousand one hundred households in Farhija’s village, seven hundred and sixty households in Aann’s village and also seven hundred and sixty in Sam’s village. In total, in the area of the study, there is a total of four thousand eight hundred and twenty households. Furthermore, in average, the size of households in the community is of six people per household.

EMMA ASSESSMENT – Filtu woreda in Somali Region, Ethiopia – August 2018

Bar chart 2. Age of Household members

Household Members age group (n=816)

Above 55 Yrs 6.7%

46-55 Yrs 4.7%

36-45 Yrs 12.3%

26-35 Yrs 23.2%

16-25 Yrs 20.8%

0-15 Yrs 32.4%

The research sought to know the age bracket of members of respondents’ households. The analysis of data revealed that 48.8% have family members of age bracket between 26 -35 years old, 43.9% have family members of age bracket between 16 to 25 years old, 25.8% have family members with age bracket between 36 – 45 years, 9.8% of respondents have family members of age between 46-55 years, 14.2% have family members of age bracket over 56 years and 68.2 % have family members who are aged 15 years and below.

EMMA ASSESSMENT – Filtu woreda in Somali Region, Ethiopia – August 2018

2. Households Status, Status of Movement and Reasons of Moving for the Past 6 Months

Bar chart 3. HH Head/status of movement HH Head/ If moved in the last 6 months 75.2%

68.6%

Female Male

The research targeted both male and female headed households. From the total number of respondents, a big percentage were female headed households (73%) while 27% were male headed households.

Majority of male respondents (75.2%) indicated to have moved in the past 6 months against (68.6%) of female respondents who said to have moved in same duration period. When seeking to understand causes that made the majority to move in the past six months.

Pie Chart 1 Reasons for relocating in past 6 months

Reasons for relocating in past 6 months 9.4% 0.4%

90.2%

Conflict Drought Other

EMMA ASSESSMENT – Filtu woreda in Somali Region, Ethiopia – August 2018

Conflict is indicated to be the major cause for their moving in the region for the majority (90.2%) while drought is the cause of movement for the minority (9.4%).

1. Participation in Different Activities.

Bar chart 3. Different activities engaged in by participants Diffrent activities angeged in by partispants

Charcoal sale 29.4% Clothes and shoes trade 28.2% Firewood sales 24.3% Livestock trader 22.0% Cereal food crop production 20.4% Rearing an selling of animals 19.7% Purchase of livestock/agricultural input 19.7% Water sales 11.6% Root crops or pulses production 7.9% Salaried job 7.8% Fruits andn vegetable production 6.3% Rearing and selling chicken and eggs 4.5% Beekeeping and honey sales 1.6%

The research sought to understand whether the respondents are pastoralists and do sell animals in the two regions, majority of the respondents (29.4%) engage in charcoal sale, 28.2% engage in Clothes and shoes trade, 24.3% engage in Fire wood sales. only a few number of respondents are involved bee keeping , rearing and selling chickens and eggs

When asked to indicate the main sources of income in this village during the ongoing drought, the view of respondents is that livestock selling, firewood collection, support from relatives, labor marketing, food aid, government support are considered as main sources of income for households.

The analysis of these findings shows a similar trend. A very few number of respondents are involved in the above mentioned activity. The reason that can be given to this background could result from the fact that, as found in the previous question, conflict and drought are the two reasons as why respondents have not been involved the majority of activities mentioned. Findings revealed that respondents have been forced to move from their places because of conflict (90.2%)

EMMA ASSESSMENT – Filtu woreda in Somali Region, Ethiopia – August 2018 and drought (9.4%). The situation of conflict has been confirmed by OCHA2 that more people have been displaced by conflict along the Somali-Oromia regional boundary since DTM 10. In May 2018, renewed violence between the Borana (Oromo) and Garre (Somali) communities living in Moyale has led to new internal displacement and protection concerns. According to a multi- agency assessment that visited the conflict-affected areas on 26 May, 15,645 households/ families (93,870 individuals) were displaced by this latest incident, including 3,702 IDP children. Separately, The National Disaster Risk Management Commission (NDRMC) estimates that some 700,000 people are displaced by the West Guji (Oromia) - Gedeo (SNNP) inter-communal violence since April 20183.

On drought CARE Ethiopia confirmed that the continued drought has negatively impacted women, men, boy and girls differently, however women, have been disproportionately affected by the drought. During drought, men migrate with their animals in search of pasture and water, while women stay in behind to look after their family.

This was confirmed by a KI who indicated that

A part from drought, other challenges facing the community/ traders in regards to in meeting the food demands of the consumers include Exchange, government regulation, poor infrastructure, high price of acquiring goods, high tax, high transportation price, market monopoly where just few people control the market ( the market is not free) and high inflation rate. The other challenge facing food security in the area is that according traders in this village/town do not have the capacity to meet the increased food (maize; sorghum; wheat) demands of the consumers (Interview August, 2018)

In addition to this to these challenges, KIs’ view

Is that the government is the main duty bearer in helping to address them. They proposed that the government should control the market and make it a free one. One way of doing so is to organize discussions between the government and the communities. Other solution include help the community with food aid, cash injection and cash transfer (Interview, August, 2018)

On the other hand, some other actors such as international NGOs are also on the ground in the search for solution to different challenges facing the community/households. According to KIs, World Food Program is indicated to be the only main and key player that continue to support the community in response to drought and other related challenges affecting them.

2. Situation Analysis between 2017 and 2018 The study sought to assess the situation of different variables in comparison of year 2017 and year 2018. When asked to indicate the main foods that are being currently consumed in their

2 OCHA, Ethiopia: Oromia – Somali Conflict-Induced Displacement Situation, Report No. 4, 20 June, 2018 3 Idem

EMMA ASSESSMENT – Filtu woreda in Somali Region, Ethiopia – August 2018 villages/towns, responses from KIs reveals that maize, rice, sugar, sorghum, spaghetti, vegetable, beans, flour, pasta, beans, pasta, oil and wheat are the foods of the community in the two regions under review.

The analysis of quantitative data reveals that except for charcoal sale, the rest of variables animal rearing and selling, Rearing and selling chickens and eggs, Beekeeping and honey sales He analysis of the mean, Cereal food crop production, Root crops or pulses production, Fruits and vegetable production, the analysis of the different means reveals that the year 2018 has score better on average than the year 2017.

This means that in 2018 many respondents have been involved in animal rearing and selling, rearing and selling of chickens, beekeeping and honey sales. The analysis of the mean, Cereal food crop production, root crops or pulses production and Fruits and vegetable production. The different was not much for beekeeping and honey sales whereby only 10 more respondents got involved compared to 2017 where data indicated that the number of respondents involved in beekeeping were less. The increment in number of respondents in Fruits and vegetable production was not much significant in 2018 compared to 2017. Only 59 people got involved in fruit and vegetable production.

The study indicates significant increment of respondents in Root crops or pulses production in 2018 compared to 2017. This could mean that conflict and drought have had very negative impact on the people in the region in 2017 and the situation shows significant improvement across the variables in 2018. This is also confirm the fact that conflict always has a negative impact on the socio economic fabric of nay society.

3. Comparison of Expenditures for year 2017 and 2018

Analysis of table 2 below reveals that in most items studied, respondents have spent more in year 2018 than in 2017. It is notably the case of livestock agriculture inputs, medical expenses, water, fuel and other household items, school fees and house rent. However there is a decreased in spending on food. Despite challenges related to food security in the region, decreased spending on food can be explained by the fact that by increased spending on livestock and agriculture inputs allowed the community to become somewhere food secure by producing own food than reeling on market. Furthermore, the increase spending in school fees could be explained by the fact that by settling in the region, many parents have sent their children to school in 2018 than 2017, while more spending on medical expenses could be explained by the fact that many families have been sick and were in need for medical services.

EMMA ASSESSMENT – Filtu woreda in Somali Region, Ethiopia – August 2018

Table 2 comparison of Expenditures for year 2017 and 2018 Expenditure item Baseline situation- August Current situation- August 2017 2018

Amount per month (Birr) Amount per month (Birr) Purchase of livestock/ Agricultural 1571 1704 inputs Medical expenses 910 1004 Food 2338 2301 Water 668 979 Fuel and other household items 910 1811 School fees 851 1148 Rent 460 524

Furthermore, findings previously indicated that majority of respondents had moved as a result of conflict. It is obvious that in the process of settling in, there is a cost implication. This explains increased spending on purchasing of household items and daily expenditure on fuel for domestic use. Findings also reveal that respondents have spent more on fuel and other household items in 2018 than 2017. As far as spending on water is concerned, findings reveals an increased in water spending in 2018 for the simple reason that being an essential commodity in a semi-arid region, households cannot afford to live without water. Hence increased daily purchase of water. Finally as far as rent is concerned, the analysis of findings reveals that more respondents are renting houses in 2018 compared to 2017.

The above analysis is confirmed by responses from KIs. When asked to indicate three key main things that most households spend their income on, all KIs unanimously agreed that households spend their money on food, school, Quran, medicine and clothing (Interview, August, 2018).

Furthermore, when asked to indicate their view of market price, all KIs were unanimously of the view that market price is always high with an exchange rate that fluctuating. Market price which is always high is set by merchants, traders and business men in a market which is not free (Interview, August, 2018).

4. Food Security and Nutrition Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)4 explains that food security is a multi-faceted concept, variously defined and interpreted. At one end of the spectrum food security implies the availability of adequate supplies at a global and national level; at the other end, the concern is with adequate nutrition and well-being. Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food which

4 Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO), Trade reforms and Food Security, Conceptualizing the Linkages, Rome, 2003

EMMA ASSESSMENT – Filtu woreda in Somali Region, Ethiopia – August 2018 meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. Household food security is the application of this concept to the family level, with individuals within households as the focus of concern. Food insecurity exists when people do not have adequate physical, social or economic access to food as defined above5. On the other hand, International Fertilizer Organization6 explains that nutrition security means access by all people at all times to the adequate utilization and absorption of nutrients in food, in order to be able to live a healthy and active life.

On the other hand (Good) nutrition means human body gets all the nutrients, vitamins, and minerals it needs to work its best. Good nutrition can help reduce the risk of some diseases, including heart disease, diabetes, stroke, some cancers, and osteoporosis, reduce high blood pressure, lower high cholesterol, improve well-being, improve ability to fight off illness, improve ability to recover from illness or injury, increase energy level.7

The research sought to understand the status of food and nutrition security in Firtu. A number of food item were presented to the respondents and the study sought to understand which among them respondents have eaten in the past last week and how they do access the food consumed. The types of food included sorghum, Maize, wheat, peas and wheat, rice, meat, milk, vegetables and fruits.

Table 3. What was the quantity of the food eaten in your home in the last one week from the following sources?

Food/Source Own Production Purchased from Food Aid Gift Other sources the market Sorghum - 98.9% 1.05% 0.3% 0 Maize 0.86% 96.9% 3.44% 0.6% 0 Wheat 0.9% 97.79% 1.77% 0 0.44% Peas 0 98.4% 1.63% 0 0 Rice 0 98.5% 1.5% 0 0 Meat 0.4% 97.83% 1.3% 0 0.9% Milk 0 98.1% 1.95% 0 0 Vegetables 0.45% 97.8% 1.34% 0 0.45 % Fruit 0.6% 98.36% 0.6% 0 0.5%

5 Idem 6 International Fertilizer Organization, What is food and nutrition security, https://www.fertilizer.org/FoodNutritionSecurity, (Accessed on 3 September, 2018)

7 Tufts Healt Plan, The Importance of Good Nutrition. https://www.tuftsmedicarepreferred.org/healthy-living/expert- knowledge/importance-good-nutrition (Accessed on 25/09/2018)

EMMA ASSESSMENT – Filtu woreda in Somali Region, Ethiopia – August 2018

Respondents were asked to indicate the quantity of the food eaten in your home in the last one week from the following sources. Findings reveal that 99% of sorghum eaten by respondents are from the market, the same goes for maize (97%), wheat (98%), peas (98%), rice (99%), meat (98%), milk (98%) and fruits (98%).

The analysis of these data reveals that respondents have been able to access and eat all the food mentioned in the survey and data show that the overwhelming majority of food eaten were purchased from the market. Market is therefore the main source of provision of food the community. This means that the population of the region are not involved in food production, rather depend on provision of the market. Data also revealed that a part from provision from the market, the population of the region are provided with food from other sources which are yet to be identified. This means that the day market will not exist in the two provinces, there will not be any provision of food. This therefore brings up the question of food security.

5. Modalities of Intervention Cash Transfer Programming (CTP) is any form of humanitarian or development programming where individuals, households, or communities receive money either in place of or in addition to in-kind goods or services. This type of programming enables crisis-affected people to fulfil their needs in a more dignified manner, while contributing to the local economy8. There are several possible ways to deliver cash to people in need. Delivery mechanisms can include debit cards, mobile money platforms, through local banks or transfer companies, vouchers, or through direct distributions of cash in envelopes – whichever is deemed most appropriate for the local context. Whatever the mechanism, the money distributed allows people access to the products, medicines, food, services, or materials they need.

CTP may include spending restrictions, require actions to be met before disbursal of funds, or be given to anyone in need and spent at their discretion. Local markets and vendors also play crucial roles in CTP success, as they provide affected communities access to needed goods and services. Because of this, CTP is only an option in locations with functioning markets and reliable vendors. The study sought to understand the status of cash transfer Programming in the regions.

8 Care International, Talking Points: Care & Cash Transfer Programming, September, 2018 (unpublished)

EMMA ASSESSMENT – Filtu woreda in Somali Region, Ethiopia – August 2018

Bar chart 4. Modalities of intervention Modalities of Intervention

Do you have access to credit 16.2%

Do you have any concerns about these types of programs 35.0% Would you be interested in participating in a voucher program 57.1% Could these types of programs have any benefit for you 26.7% Have you participated in any cash/voucher intervention recently 5.4% Do you know about cash transfer 3.6%

Do you know Voucher Program 2.3%

Cash based assistance are a successful tool for responding to emergencies for several reasons. Cash is one of the most dignified ways to deliver aid to affected people, as it enables them to prioritize their own needs, something that people often prefer to other assistance modalities9.

Cash-based approaches can also be more cost-efficient and effective than in-kind distribution. For example, in Ethiopia, the World Food Programme found that delivering money is 25 – 30% cheaper than distributing items, as it eliminated the need for complex transportation, delivery, and storage logistics.

CTP implemented at scale also includes indirect market impacts. Purchasing power within the community increases due to CTP, allowing more people to spend money in local markets. Increased profits mean locally owned businesses can expand, buy new assets, or hire more staff – all of which are indirect multiplier effects.

When asked to know whether respondents are aware of voucher program, findings revealed that the overwhelming majority of respondents (97.2%) were not aware about voucher program. Findings reveals the same trend for cash transfer system whereby an overwhelming majority (93.1%) also does not know about it. The situation was not different when asked to indicate whether they have participated in cash/voucher intervention recently, overwhelming percentage 93.8% have not participated in such program. Despite the fact that respondents are ignorant of these program and have never participated before, 42.2% are not interested in participating in a voucher program against 57.1% who are willing to participate.

Furthermore, the majority of respondents (63.8%) indicated not to have any concern about these types of programs against a few (35%) who said to have some concerns on the same. The study

9 Care International, Talking Points: Care & Cash Transfer Programming, September, 2018 (unpublished)

EMMA ASSESSMENT – Filtu woreda in Somali Region, Ethiopia – August 2018 indicates that the majority of respondents don’t have access to credit, against few who said to have access to credit (16.2%). Among those who have access to credit, a very few number (1.8%) said to have credit with the bank while the same percentage (1.8%) have credit with mobile transfer.

Bar chart 5. Cash credit institutions Cash credit institutions

96.4%

1.8% 1.8%

Don’t have/No Bank Mobile transfer response

The study indicates that the majority of respondents don’t have access to credit, against few who said to have access to credit (16.4%). Among those who have access to credit, a very few number (1.8%) said to have credit with the bank while the same percentage (1.8%) have credit with mobile transfer while a larger population (96.4%) indicted that they don’t have access to a credit institution .

EMMA ASSESSMENT – Filtu woreda in Somali Region, Ethiopia – August 2018

Bar chart 6. If there was support, what would you prefer? If there was support , would you prefer?

Voucher 0.5%

In-kind distributions 28.5%

Cash and voucher 5.7%

Cash 64.0%

No response 1.3%

Finally in relation with the use voucher/cash transfer respondents were asked whether any support to respondent should be in kind distributions, cash or vouchers. The majority (64%) prefer to be given cash followed by 28.5% who prefer in-kind distributions, 5.7% prefer cash and voucher, while 0.5% prefer voucher. The analysis of these findings is that respondents prefer cash based programs to other services. The researcher therefore sought to understand whether there is any advantages of using it as opposed to distribution of aid in-kind.

Explanations provided by Madey, Adilali, Farhija, Aann and Sama, all are Kebele leaders was that cash can be used for different households needs, to cope with mechanisms, the mechanisms is easy and allow them to buy kinds of food, pay medicine. In bring cash all them to buy different things.

They continue to explain that

Cash based program does also have some challenges. According to respondents, cash transfer is has less challenges than in aid kind, when cash is received, the demand and the price of food increase. Furthermore, respondents indicated that aid in kind is difficult because community receive what they don’t want (Interview, August, 2018).

Findings from this study go along with those of Lebanon where 80% of people receiving humanitarian assistance in Lebanon prefer money over in-kind aid10. Families have the freedom to choose what they need, including medicine and clothing. This also saves money as organizations don’t risk choosing good people don’t need.

10 Care International, 6 Facts Showing Why Cash Assistance in Humanitarian Crises Works, July, 2018

EMMA ASSESSMENT – Filtu woreda in Somali Region, Ethiopia – August 2018

Bar chart 7. If one was to buy commodities, what is the best place to buy from? If one was to buy commodities, best place to buy from 85.6%

23.5% 20.8%

Retailers Wholesaler brokers

The source of maize and wheat that community buy every week come from retailers (85.6%) wholesaler (23.5%) and from brokers (20.8%). This to say that there is a combination of source of provision as far as maize and wheat are concerned in the region under study. Among those who buy maize and wheat every week, the majority get them from retailers (85.6%)

6. Water Supply and Hygiene Promotion Services In the regions under study, the main sources of water are dwelling/plot, public tap/standpipe, borehole, protected dug well, water pan, rainwater collection, tanker-truck, water from vendors, pond and rivers. Table 4. Water Sources No response No Yes Are the source you have mentioned above 23.1% 1.4% 45.5% functional at all times during the year (rainy and dry season) Does the source provide enough water 53.7% 45.8% throughout the year? Weekly Daily Every 2 to 3 days How often do you fetch water?) (Tick one) 1.5% 84.1% 14.4%

The study also sought to know how often people do fetch water to respond to family needs. Findings in the table reveal that respondents in the two region fetch water on daily basis despite the fact that the sources of water remain functional at all time during the year, findings from the grounds reveal that they do not provide enough water. When asked to know whether the sources of water provides enough water throughout the year, findings reveal that the simple majority of respondents (54%) respondents to the negative, against a minority of 46% who responded to the positive

EMMA ASSESSMENT – Filtu woreda in Somali Region, Ethiopia – August 2018

Bar chart 8. How much do you pay for water How much do you pay for water 57.0% 51.2%

31.0% 25.9%

8.8% 9.0% 9.1% 8.1%

10 to 20 birr 20-30 birr Less than 10 birr More than 10 birr 2017 2018

In buying water, the study sought to know how much the community do pay to get water by comparing how much they par in Birr between year 2017 and year 2018. Findings show that the prices have increased in 2018 compared to 2017. This therefore indicates that respondents had to pay more for water.

Table 5. Who owns the water supply source Table who owns the water supply source n % Natural resources 49 12.6% Community 11 2.8%

Government 329 84.6% Total 389

The analysis of findings reveals that there are three sources of water. Water is fetched from natural resources (12.6%), from the community (2.8%) or from the government. Furthermore, findings also reveal that a simple majority of respondents do not treat water in a way that makes it safer to drink, while 40.6% indicated that they do treat water to make it safer to drink. A small percentage did not respond to the questionnaire.

EMMA ASSESSMENT – Filtu woreda in Somali Region, Ethiopia – August 2018

Table 6. How much water do you need (in litters) per household per day (both drinking and domestic/ personal hygiene use) to meet your daily needs? Number % 10 litters 9 2.3% 15 litters 11 2.8% 20 litters 53 13.6%

25 litters 68 17.5% More than 25 litters 248 63.8% Total 389

The need for water depends on the family size and from one family to another. The majority of households need more that 25 litters of water from drinking. Domestic and personal hygiene use, followed by 25 litters for 17.5% households, 20 litters for 13.6% households and finally by 15 and 10 litters respectively for 2.8% and 2.3% householders.

Table 7. Treatment of Water for Safer Drinking Yes Do you treat your water in any way to make it safer to drink? 40.6% Do you receive any water treatment product (e.g. Aqua tabs, PUR, water guard, etc. 14.7%

Water sanitation s key to one’s well-being. Findings revealed that overwhelming majority of households do not receive any water treatment product, against just 14% who do receive. This explains the fact that a big number of households do not treat water to make it safer for drinking. According to the findings in the table 47.6% do not treat water, 40% do treat water while 11.8% I not respond to the question. Table 8. What do you usually do to the water to make it safer to drink? (Record all items mentioned) n % Add bleach/chlorine strain it through a cloth 18 4.6% Use a water filter (ceramic, sand, composite, etc.) 24 6.2% 389

When asked to indicate what they normally do to treat water , what they use to make water safer to drink only a small number of respondents revealed that they add chlorine strain it through a cloth (4.6%) and another small number who use water filter (ceramic, sand. Composite, etc. to make water safer to drink (6.2%).

EMMA ASSESSMENT – Filtu woreda in Somali Region, Ethiopia – August 2018

IX. Conclusions and Main Recommendations In conclusion, major trade networks in the FIltu region have been minimally affected by the drought to date. Traders continue to source food items from Filtu, Dekasuftu, Bokolmayo and Doloado; Mandera, Hawasa, Moyale to a lesser extent, selecting items based on price and availability. However, the combination of reduced income, strained credit systems and decreasing purchasing power has reduced demand. Strong local credit systems that usually allow households to borrow food from retailers and traders until their income allows them to make payments have been stretched by lack of repayments, forcing some smaller retailers to close and traders to start limiting sales on credit. Strained credit systems are also threatening food accessibility in the future if traders further tighten credit availability.

Furthermore, majority of community members are interested in participating in voucher programs for the simple reason that very few have participated before or know about it. However due to challenges facing cash credit institutions whereby the majority of respondents indicated not having access to credit, findings reveals that the majority prefer cash to voucher, in kind distribution or cash and voucher.

Finally overwhelming percentage of food quantity eaten by the community depends on the market network and this remains a key challenge for food security in Filtu region. As far as sanitation is concerned overwhelming majority of households do not receive any water treatment product and as a result, a big number of households do not treat water to make it safer for drinking.

Recommendations

Based on the above findings, the study proposes the following recommendations for intervention in the region:

1. Considering the target population needs, and cash transfer response options, the implementation of CBI at a large scale is highly recommended. 2. Considering the potential benefits of CBI response to beneficiary recipients and the community at large, we suggest exploration of vouchers and Cash for Work (CFW) initiatives. 3. Both options will require engagement with local traders and the need to build their capacities to deliver. The preconditions for CBI programming mentioned in the report need to be monitored regularly in order for a timely switch to and scale up of CBI, when appropriate. Monitoring key market indicators (key commodities, prices, number of importers and traders, volume flows, security conditions in the roads among others) is necessary.

EMMA ASSESSMENT – Filtu woreda in Somali Region, Ethiopia – August 2018

5. Design also for cash for work (CFW) programmes alongside rehabilitations of water supply for targeted vulnerable groups and households 6. Design for large scale cash transfer programmes as an immediate response to the food and water needs of the target populations and to avert food security deterioration. 7. Design for in-kind distributions for inputs like large water storage containers of 100 litres at household level as these are not currently available in the local markets. 8. Monitor the market-driving forces (volumes, prices, actors) and adjust the CBI upwards when the market performance improves 9. Consider supplementing dietary needs by establishing small vegetable and fruit gardens within the water supply facilities to make use of waste water spillage as medium to longer term measure. 10. Support the community towards food security so to avoid full dependence on external market. 11. Consider providing necessary product for water treatment for safer drinking

EMMA ASSESSMENT – Filtu woreda in Somali Region, Ethiopia – August 2018

References  Care International, Talking Points: Care & Cash Transfer Programming, September, 2018 (unpublished)  Care International, 6 Facts showing why Cash Assistance in Humanitarian Crisis Works, July, 2018  Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO), Trade reforms and Food Security, Conceptualizing the Linkages, Rome, 2003  International Fertilizer Organization, What is food and nutrition security, https://www.fertilizer.org/FoodNutritionSecurity, (Accessed on 3 September, 2018)  OCHA, Ethiopia: Oromia – Somali Conflict-Induced Displacement Situation, Report No. 4, 20 June, 2018  Tufts Healt Plan, The Importance of Good Nutrition. https://www.tuftsmedicarepreferred.org/healthy-living/expert-knowledge/importance- good-nutrition (Accessed on 25/09/2018)