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Microfilm Collection of Manuscripts on Cultural Anthropology START MICROFILM COLLECTION OF MANUSCRIPTS ON CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY FORMERLY: MICROFILM COLLECTION OF MANUSCRIPTS ON AMERICAN INDIAN CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY AND MICROFILM COLLECTIONS OF MANUSCRIPTS ON THE MIDDLE AMERICAN CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY Series: LIU No: 282 i- Photographed by: Department of Photoduplication - The Joseph Regenstein Library University of Chicago - Chicago, III. 60637 REDUCTION RATIO: 12 Report on "An Exploratory Study of Linguistic Usages The Mapping-of Linguistic Patterns on the Domain of Social Roles" (carried out with the Tzeltal Indians of Aguacatenango, Chiapas) by Duane Gerald Metzger and Terrence S. Kaufman with Mariano Juárez Aguilar (1961) MICROFILM COLLECTION OF MANUSCRIPTS ON CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY No. 282 Series LIII University of Chicago Library Chicago, Illinois October 1, 1977 Index pp. Table of Contents 1 Abstract of Project „ 2 Tzeltal Phonemes o Jk Vocabulario Tenejapa de palabras no bien conocidas ° . 38 Tzeltal Dictionary: Aguacatenango Dialect „ 69 Tzeltal Numerals (and Numeral Classifiers) 113 A Sketch of Tzeltal Syntax 130 Tzeltal Phonemes and Morphophonemes and Rand-IBM Symbols 162 Master Glossary Card Format l6k The Tzeltal Grammar Code 166 Stages in the Computer Analysis of the Tzeltal Textual Material 178 Codes for the Plant Classification 186 The Mapping of Single Perceptual Dimensions on Plant Parts 202 Informants Participating in Conversations 217 The Relation between the Social Characteristic Scales and the Texts 220 Notes on the Use of Wells and Washing Spots by Women in Aguacatenango 226 Map of Aguacatenango 229 Personnel for the Project 230 Tzeltal Derivation 231 Tzeltal Proper Names (Towns, Barrios,. Parajes, Festivals, Months) 2h6 Tzeltal Kinship Terms 250 Tenehapa Dictionary (by Content Category) 251 Preliminary List of Tzeltal Plants 28U Mammals 291 Birds 29I4- Color Terms . 297 X TABLE OF CONTENTS Q 1 • Abstract Z« Basic Assumptions 3. Organization of the Research 4' The Coding Problem: Form 5i The Coding Problem: Meaning 6» Correlating Message Structure with Message Environment 7< Plans for the Continuation of the Research 8» Acknowledgments APPENDICES: 1 • Tzeltai Phonemes 2. Tzeltai Dictionary 3. Taeltal Numeral Classifiers 4 o Tzeltai. Syntax 5' IBM Equivalent of Tzeltai Phonemes: For Gomputer Analysis 6o Master Glossary Card Format: For Computer Analysis 7. Grammar Code for Form Glossary: For Computer Analysis 1Gb 3* Simulated Computer Processing of Textual Materials 9« Codes for the Plant Classification 10 • Exemplification of the Plant Classification 11 • Tzeltai Speakers Who Participated in the Conversations SUV 12 » Social Characteristic Codes for Tzeltai Informants A$0 13 • Map of Aguacatenango Showing Wells and Washing Spots 14 < Persons Who Participated in the Research a3o 1, Abstract &> This is a report of work done on NSF" Grant G10931 entitled "An Exploratory Study of Linguistic Usages: The Mapping of Linguistic Patterns on the Domain of Social Roles." The work was carried out in Aguacatenango, a village of about 1200 Tzeltal Indians in the highlands of Chiapas, Mexico. The main bulk of data consists of 83 two-person interviews about illness carried on in Tzeltal by a trained Tzeltal informant • These interviews were tape-recorded and then transcribed. Additional data collected includes: 1. Information about social structural variables and other variables on each of the 83 informants; 2. Systematic infor- mation about plant characteristics from each of six informants; 3» Recordings of informants playing a 20-question game collected to reveal information about cognitive categories. The interview data Í3 being subjected to linguistic analysis by computer. The following results have been realized and are included in this report: 1. Coding procedures have been developed to code the material for analysis by an IBM 7090. 2» The phonemic system of Aguacatenango has been analyzed and stated» 3. A preliminary dictionary of Tzeltal ha3 been prepared as a basis for further analysis of the materials. 4. A preliminary formulation of the grammar and syntax has been made. 5. A first run has been made on 25, 000 running words of interview material using a machine translation program developed at the RAND Corporation under the direction of D« G« Hays* A second corpus of data is ready for processing» The first four items above are available for use by others» We plan further work on the application of computers to the analysis of anthropological and linguistic materials • During the preparation of the remainder of the texts for the computer,, we have begun a portion of the sociocultural analysis manually with interesting results. We have found a positive relationship betv/een the length of the conversation and 1) amount of similarity between the two participants in degree of bilinguality and in dress; 2) degree of acquaintance; 3) degree of liking of one participant for the other; 4) membership in different aub-committees; and 5) absolute age of one participant, the other being constant. We have elicited some informant-judgments of degree of bilingualness of informants and have found control of Spanish to be least among women of the oldest age grades and greatest among men and women in the fourth through eighth • age grades (of a total of nine). Bilinguality of the second of five degrees is modal for the sample and is evenly distributed by age and sex. Good control of Spanish is associated with acculturation in style of dress among men in the middle and younger age grad© s, but older bilinguals dress relatively conservatively, as do equally bilingual women at any age level» Supplementing the conversations asa source of information on the segmentation of the world by Tzeltal speakers is a framework (elicited from a native speaker of Tzeltal) for classifying several dozen locally known plants» The scheme uses plant parts, perceptual dimen- sions, attributive values of these dimensions and the environments in which the plant occurs as criteria for grouping items» It is interesting not only in the manner of grouping of the plants, but also in the nature of the criteria themselves» 2. Basic Assumptions We have attempted to ascertain the manner and degree to which messages or, more generally, speech events show patterning in specified structural segments which are associated with specifiable events outside the medium of vocal gesture. In particular, our hypothesis Ü-J was that a series of selected two-person conversations would display 1) the degree and kind of participation of the speakers in a common social structure; 2) the absolute and relative positions o£ the speakers in this social structure; and 3} the modes in which speakers of a Mayan language segment their 'life space' (at least as reflected in the language). The underlying assumption about the nature of mes sages which makes the investigation interesting is that speech events (or messages) fulfil a series of functions which (among other things) continually clarify and certify those aspects of the relationships between speakers which endure beyond the length of the interaction itself. We suppose, following Jakobson (Sebeck I960), that the message functions which are available for this process include (among others) the emotive, Conative, metalingual, poetic, phatic, and referential. We suppose that the structural analysis of messages in terms of levels of patterning in the speech act (i.e., phonemics, morphemics, and syntax), each level containing units whose functional properties and interrelationships are those of contrast, complementation, free variation, pattern congruence, and elegance (cf« McQuown 1954), provide appropriate stable and formally defined segments in which the communication of positions in the ¿ocial structure -- absolute and relative -- take place. We have chosen these structural segments, revealed by linguistic analysis, to sort out the message functions and thence the speakers' positions in the social structure» We suppose that the linguistic inventory of segments is suf- ficiently responsive to selection and combination that speakers in making such selections say something about themselves, the situations, and the persons with whom they are conversing. We suppose that there are structural segments of the speech event which are not included in the segments used at present (cf. Trager 1958), but we believe that this in no way vitiates the attempt to perform the analysis in terms of the segments for which research routines are now available» fb. 3. Organisation of the Research In our approach to the research, we undertook to specify a series of related goals which, when chained together, would produce the desired results. We divided our effort into the following tasks; 1) the eliciting of unstructured textual material, presupposing the recruiting of informants; 2) tape recording technology; 3) the training of a corps of Tzeltal-speákers to perform restricted parts of the analytic procedures, principally the phonemic transcription and translation into Spanish of textual material (either recorded materials or accounts v/hich they composed; 4) the linguistic analysis of the transcribed material; 5} the development of grammar and 'function' codes which would be suitable for computer analysis of the material; 6) the preparation of segmented textual material for punch card operation; 7) the revision of the grammar and function codes as the material was machine-processed and returned to us for post editing. (See flow chart which appears on following page) 4. The Coding Problem: Form Since we proposed
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