Cleri Aparecida Brandt Regime Nazista: As Teorias Ideológicas E

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Cleri Aparecida Brandt Regime Nazista: As Teorias Ideológicas E UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA “JÚLIO DE MESQUITA FILHO” INSTITUTO DE BIOCIÊNCIAS - RIO CLARO LICENCIATURA PLENA EM PEDAGOGIA CLERI APARECIDA BRANDT REGIME NAZISTA: AS TEORIAS IDEOLÓGICAS E EDUCACIONAIS MOLDANDO A FORMAÇÃO DO INDIVÍDUO NAZI Rio Claro 2011 CLERI APARECIDA BRANDT REGIME NAZISTA: AS TEORIAS IDEOLÓGICAS E EDUCACIONAIS MOLDANDO A FORMAÇÃO DO INDIVÍDUO NAZI Orientador: Prof. Dr. Jorge Luís Mialhe Co-orientador: Prof. Dr. Wagner Montanhini Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso apresentado ao Instituto de Biociências da Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” - Câmpus de Rio Claro, para obtenção do grau de Licenciado em Pedagogia. Rio Claro 2011 379.2 Brandt, Cleri Aparecida B821r Regime nazista: as teorias ideológicas e educacionais moldando a formação do indivíduo nazi / Cleri Aparecida Brandt. - Rio Claro : [s.n.], 2011 206 f. : il., figs. Trabalho de conclusão de curso (licenciatura - Licenciatura Plena em Pedagogia) - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências de Rio Claro Orientador: Jorge Luís Mialhe Co-Orientador: Wagner Montanhini 1. Educação e Estado. 2. Educação pública. 3. Nazismo. 4. Ideologia. I. Título. Ficha Catalográfica elaborada pela STATI - Biblioteca da UNESP Campus de Rio Claro/SP Dedico este trabalho ao meu amado pai – in memorian – que não teve tempo para ver a conclusão desta caminhada. – Pai, este trabalho é para você e por você. O seu caráter e o seu senso de humanidade foram e sempre serão o exemplo norteador dos meus passos. Muito obrigada! AGRADECIMENTOS Este trabalho não estaria completo se nele não expressasse a minha mais terna gratidão a todos aqueles que, de uma forma ou de outra, contribuíram para que a jornada fosse concluída de maneira significativa. Durante os quatro anos de curso foram muitos os encontros e desencontros, alguns amigos se foram em meio à caminhada enquanto outros amigos chegaram, porém todos deixaram suas marcas, as quais me acompanharão por toda a vida sendo, por este motivo, merecedores de minha gratidão e muito embora não encontrem seus nomes grafados nesta página, estejam certos de sua presença. Os agradecimentos a se fazer são muitos, contudo, acredito que o primeiro deve ser para aquele que permitiu a realização desta caminhada até sua reta final: Deus. Os amigos abnegados do Plano Maior também não podem ser esquecidos, afinal estiveram presentes em todos os momentos, me enviando inspiração e força necessárias. Agradeço com um grande sorriso no coração ao meu mestre inspirador e, talvez, meu maior incentivador: meu pai, que infelizmente não conseguiu chegar comigo nesta etapa final. Contudo, sei que a sua ausência é apenas física, pois a sua presença é parte integrante do meu coração e sei também, que, onde estiver ele continua acompanhando e incentivando meus passos. Com este mesmo sorriso, agradeço a minha mãe que, no auge de sua impaciência, se encheu de paciência para suportar meus estresses e que, sempre esteve ao meu lado, confiando e valorizando minha capacidade, me dando um alento nos momentos de crise e me fortalecendo com suas preces. Agradecimentos mais que especiais às minhas filhotas, sem as quais, provavelmente esta caminhada sequer teria começado. Estejam certas de que o incentivo, o companheirismo e a confiança de vocês fizeram toda a diferença. Não poderia deixar de agradecer ao Prof. Dr. Jorge Luís Mialhe, meu orientador na tarefa de construção deste trabalho, pela disponibilidade, paciência e atenção que sempre me dispensou e, principalmente, pelo incentivo para a realização desta complexa pesquisa e pela confiança que sempre depositou em minha capacidade. Agradecimentos também, ao meu co- orientador Prof. Dr. Wagner Montanhini pelo suporte durante a realização deste trabalho. Por fim, agradeço a todos os funcionários do Departamento de Educação, da Seção Técnica de Graduação e da Biblioteca deste campus universitário pela colaboração nesta empreitada e, em especial aos professores e professoras que contribuíram para o meu crescimento intelectual e humano. [...] Quem são aqueles que, alguns anos antes, foram recém-nascidos inocentes e frágeis como todos os recém-nascidos, e depois bebês sorridentes e palradores como todos os bebês do mundo, e depois meninos de escola em alegres disputas como todos os meninos de escola do mundo, e depois adolescentes cujo coração deve ter batido com o primeiro “amo-te” como todos os adolescentes do mundo? Que turbilhão, que cataclismo fez destes ex-recém-nascidos, ex-bebês, ex-meninos de escola e ex-adolescentes monstros disparadores de balas e cravadores de farpas? (HANNOUN, 1997, P. 10). Caro professor, Sou Sobrevivente de um campo de concentração. Os meus olhos viram o que nenhum homem deveria ver: Câmaras de gás construídas por engenheiros experimentados; Crianças envenenadas por médicos educados; Bebês mortos por enfermeiras treinadas; Mulheres e bebês executados e queimados por diplomados de colégios e universidades. Por tudo isto, desconfio da educação. O meu pedido é o seguinte: ajudem os vossos alunos a tornarem-se seres humanos. Os vossos esforços não deverão, nunca, produzir monstros educados, psicopatas qualificados, Eichman experimentados. A leitura, a escrita, a aritmética só são importantes se servirem para tornar as nossas crianças mais humanas. (Carta de um diretor de um liceu americano, sobrevivente os campos de concentração nazistas, enviada à seus professores no início de cada ano letivo) (HANNOUN, 1997, p. 233). RESUMO O período correspondente ao Terceiro Reich alemão (1933-1945), quando a Alemanha esteve sob o domínio do Regime Nazista, foi caracterizado pelo alto grau de violência, de dominação e de exterminação em massa, e, também, pelo envolvimento “voluntário” de crianças e jovens na luta por um ideal que não lhes pertencia, as quais foram, desde a mais tenra idade, doutrinadas para matar e morrer em nome desse ideal. Para atingir esse fim, teorias, supostamente comprovadas, foram concebidas e incorporadas a educação de modo a fazer dela o grande veículo condutor da dominação que se pretendia. Por este motivo, o seu estudo se torna de grande importância para se pensar na educação – do presente e do futuro -, no sentido de sua utilização para atingir fins que não possuem como premissa a formação do sujeito livre e emancipado, capaz de agir de forma reflexiva e autônoma no mundo em que vive. No presente trabalho, pretende-se apresentar o resultado de uma pesquisa desenvolvida a partir da revisão bibliográfica, sobre o contexto histórico, social, econômico e educativo da Alemanha nazista com a finalidade de proceder ao levantamento e a análise de dados e informações em torno dos principais fatores que contribuíram para a ascensão do Partido Nazista, na figura de seu líder, Adolf Hitler. O objetivo maior deste trabalho foi buscar argumentos que possibilitassem a compreensão em torno dos motivos que levaram os jovens e as crianças a seguirem Hitler e o seu ideal até as últimas consequências. Como metodologia utilizou-se a pesquisa bibliográfica, com base qualitativa e em caráter historiográfico e exploratório. O material bibliográfico analisado trouxe diversas possibilidades que, apesar de não conclusivas, permitiram a compreensão em torno da eficácia dos mecanismos educativos utilizados pelos nazistas para atingir o fim pretendido, efetivando o processo de doutrinação do inconsciente das crianças e dos jovens alemães que viviam à época sob a égide do nazismo. Palavras-chaves: Nazismo. Ideologia. Educação SUMÁRIO 1. INTRODUÇÃO ...................................................................................................................... 7 2. CONTEXTUALIZAÇÃO HISTÓRICA: A história de um povo. ....................................... 13 2.1. Constituição da Nação-Estado e do habitus alemão .......................................................... 16 2.2. Contexto histórico político alemão .................................................................................... 19 2.2.1. Primeiro e Segundo Reich .............................................................................................. 19 2.2.2. O império alemão no pós Primeira Guerra ..................................................................... 21 2.2.3. A República de Weimar e o advento do nazismo ........................................................... 27 2.2.4. A Alemanha no Terceiro Reich (1933-1945) ................................................................. 43 3. NAZISMO: UMA DOUTRINA PARA ALÉM DA POLÍTICA ......................................... 47 3.1. Adolf Hitler: o Führer do nazismo. ................................................................................... 49 3.1.1. Origem e formação ......................................................................................................... 50 3.1.2. A leitura como formação ................................................................................................ 54 3.2. Nazismo: fundamentos de uma doutrina ........................................................................... 60 3.2.1. Teorias nazistas............................................................................................................... 63 3.2.2. Linguagens nazistas como forma de aliciamento e dominação ...................................... 76 4. JUVENTUDE HITLERISTA: OS JOVENS À SERVIÇO DO TERCEIRO REICH ......... 84 4.1. Movimentos juvenis alemães ............................................................................................ 87 4.2. Movimentos juvenis nazistas: o nascimento da Juventude Hitlerista
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