*+,- '() / (%)  "#
 ! /   /     
   

4
 8 #.9 
567  6!

 . (  / '0 12 .34 (Astacus leptodactylus) ;.! %:

 *
A F @. +
46 '.! 6. C*6 6 E F46 CD@

A 4B C*<=' > .?( G 4 . '

6=# C;.O! %: 4
 8 #.9 IPQ)
 (6N
 G  + CD C* C.MN) (  / '0 .J >  .B H:
 I(J K6  LJE) ;4 .'F *VV 4'E Y7) .) Y7) *U
 .5 XW,  ;?7  4
 8 #.9 6 *UV
T  ;6 .6! R74 C Astacus leptodactylus <4[ 4 \.7 C(WG)  <4[ 4 .T7  Z9! ;?7 <4 ;4
 .676.5  
Y7) . 44 I 6 *V 4.)   (%: ? ! (SR) 
567  (FER) .B H:
 C(BI) ^ <4[ 4 C(SGR) ] 6!
\.7 C(LIR)  <4[ 4 \.7 C(WIR)  CO <4[ 4 \.7 ;?7 C <4[ 4 \.7 ;?7 C <4[ 4 ;?7 a4.Q) I 4 ._ .5
4.` 
4 
 / '0 
 )
 .6.5 
: . 

 6N
 V/DXWV/*D  6N
 *U/++W-/Uc C6N
 DG/UGWX/,* C .5 */G-WV/cU b).) I ] 6!
\.7 ;?7 ; 4 C674 7 4
.'" F  7 6!
(6N
 GW+) (  d _T e >  .B  6! IPQ) 4
 8 #.9 I#.5 _T e <4[ 4 a44 I 4
  8 #.9 ^ ._!467 B 
4  
: Kf'94 / '0 
 )
 Z9! ;4 ;?7 >  .B  6! IPQ) ? !
 ( .5** /-U ) ^ <4[ 4
46J ;.' I 
 I . 46A <4[ 4 .B
 (  .6O.5 IOE 6N
 +/G g .J) .B
 (  % 2 4[ C broken-line .5
[F7: ^4 . .6.5 6 (  6N
 G (  6N
 G > .B
 ( 6N
 U-/-c ) :
46J ;.'  (  6N
 D > .B
 (6N
 +V) 
567 4[ ;.'  6O74 O
4O  Kf'O94 4
4 
O: hOEF IO /O '0 O
 )
 4
 O 8 #.9 
567 4[ ;?7 .6: _ I fO I .
4 a
.@ ;.! %: 4
  8 #.9 .B I (  . I @4 6
 .T7 I LJE) ;4 i'7 I IB)  .(P< V/VU)
 (O  bO  4[O .O5 O " A 4PF  I'!4 4> ;4 IPQ)
 4
.'" g'(7 H:
 (  d .J >  .B .! I' .5 .T7
 6N
 +/UW+ ? ! 6! IF.  .B

Astacus leptodactylus C;.! %: 4
 8 #.9 C(  C .B :6    j4

  )$ *  #+ ,-./     !" #$% &'(             . 1234 ,-4 #+  5 #$% ,  !"  .0 12 )$ *  #+  5 #$% ,  !"  .
1 ?@ 1'A B( $; , ' 5> #+ ( :; <;  )  7 8      .6

 *+,- '() / (%)  "#
 ! /   /     
   

CaCo3 & N4 N 1 H *`  1$ KS! #$Q" T` I6J *NN H 5 ]N.^ & NJ MN .  NJ N H  ,$N- MN( O> 5 ?D EF GH 1I J  KL,!" N+? MN  .NA ,N OPJ #   H ,$-  5$ ?  A ,PL ?5 J ,Q R.S #$(  &"'/ *8NA & N4 N ( %0q $N;) ,$N-  N 5 $U .(00  0 C  
) $N( , )  $J M ,(H Gastroliths RN.U (

)  N( ,N #Fm #$- , $^ T`  ( ) 5 N?DNEF ,PNL ?5   ,I T 1$UI sF eV ? T > / 5 < !V & 4 a 1> 5 %
q  N.8 .() *N #N $NV  1> GH -  R ?W 5 K$N^ N H 1 N" N aN #$N , ^N %q #$ NA t( 5 DNEF N? N A 5 ,XN- PY  GH Z [F 5 oNH .NA ,N sNF N 1$N  5DNEF ) <N;   N\;' ] ^ &UUV Cherax destructor $  *3N  N\ KS! M i  $$( I 5$ * H  PY _!` ? .J   ,UUV ME . *   5N  N KSN! 5 ,` .  J $$J  H 1$( K%V MN  .() $N# $NA aNQ N A MN #NJ ?5  #$NN( #NNFm KSNN! 5 #3NN NN $NNI MNN NN  NN N  N( ,N <N. , AN A b$N? ,  * &-8c  ,JNF   5 KS! M i ,8 . (, M i ? *8A N? #NJ ,PNL G5 >N :5 $N &N." 2> 5 ,F .(
0 
) *  F  *Q? 5  M *NV N #$( 8 I ? #J  ,-./ , F  ; 5>  , N ]%N( KSN!  :  ,JF . j ,N( f$ (, # ,(H & ; #$( < e(  . NA OPNJ N? T > / 5 $ ,  $( , O>  1> .  A$  $( @ g  h F G F ?PL pH pH N $ N  .*N v K S!u OPJ  O> c  M $NN   Q  ,N M iN  )NH NN NA DN  #$NA N/ 5 1> OPNJ *N! ^ O>  KSN!u N *N8'; ]8 .()  SU &-8c  J #J j O` MEK? !N N $N  ,N KS! #'" .() $ , TaI 2 > NN  1NN H *`NN NN NN: [NN" jNN KSNN! .(0w) NA M i N aN ,N( A N N/ 5 OPNJ  PL ]N ^ TNU [N" MN .$N( , , QS! *!%  1 J  ]N; jN & N4 N MN( O> + #( ,$- *!%  5$N * H  #k 1 H *` ,; <Q"  ,2J   1> $N, N ]NQ" ? ]+ 5 S    ,QF xIV $N(  1 NF 1$N( N`8  ,NQ KS ,   aQ K\ 1E%NN(   NNF oNNJ KNN? ,%NN% & $NN4 ]NN U  N/ 5 eNUI 1 NJ MN  $(  , > 5 .$Q, l 3 GNH KSN! 5 UI O>   , 5 ? ,? .$, *\IV  N N 5N 5$N *N H N?  $I, B3 5$ * H N/ 5  5  KS! 5 ,2J  ] ^ U $^ $ , $N( gN *N MN%Q KSN! 1$NUI P8  KS! ,JF  $NI M ,3  
 ? .J  ,8;  $Q OPJ PL #$N( #Fm KS! @ ? *\!L . $ $V  1 H *` .() * #$ y` O F 5DEF Z [F  .(C) $N`  .2 R$$(  $( g $ , 1$ ? *I  N *N M%Q eV  KS! *\!L GH e(   N/ N MN( O> 5DNEF GNH e(   *-./ *N( J  $ .8   ( # @ j?> OL 1 I: oNH  N^ < N!V KS! MH ? *\!L n-  % &'%N  # 5 a? $ , ,?  * ME  $NV [" j 1 " * M%Q KS!   Q $ $ jNN7 8  zNNV8 5 M NN .(6) > NN NN  NN+ N? *N-QJ #$?N . $ ]Q" 5 DEF $8   $( #$  .Q 5 $U E  M 1 Q !- ,(H  j7 8 aI  NA,N! 6p
) KSN! 5 UI ? 1%   $( $^I PNL N/ 5 KSN! OPNJ ! $ , O>  KS! .() $ $[  * U  #$ M $ , (8

C ... 4
 8 #.9 
567  6!

 . (  / '0 12 .34

 N5  N/ N &N; J  pH < !V 1kS ] ( O> .$( , ,;  K2 S A 1.J 6 N? *  & &3SI KS! ] ,` $ + ,X-  MN( O> 5DEF GH 5 J  #5   N GNH N? j  ,  }: ;  j%3 .% 5  ,$NE &N"'/ N  * #$( b c- ," [ e( #NFm }N: ; O> &; J  M+ .$IA ^ T  N 1 NJ MN ," [N #J  KS!  1a  NJ0q/w± /~6 0±0/0C N N GNH N? j O> jNNNNNN <NNNNNN+E 5DNNNNNEF NNNNNN A #kNNNNN ±/C #NFm }: ;  O> < !V 1kS e  . A, UV M P8 .$( ,Q )  (Astacus leptodactylus) ,? N? c^ *8;  GH ? j   8  A,! w/
KSN! _!` | c  ? #J ,{> SU b$?  *N  pH M+N .$NA >N N8  A,! w/±/
~  N A MN ,PNL #NJ  KS! O !c $U MQ`  N? j   #Fm }: ;  O> ] ,`  KS! &3SI .* #$   PL a? T?  $8  TaI  q/q00± q/q

mg/l /q6± q/0
NNNNN NNNNN GNNNNNH l
 4  0/±/Cw mg/l wC/6
± 6/~ mg/l q/± q/q
~ mg/l q/± q/qC mg/l q/qC± q/q0 mg/l /C± q/60 : a74> NNU .$NN > *NN NN 0~0/0± w/ mg/l w/
± 6/q0 mg/l MN( O> 5 N?DNEF } 5 T 5> M    GNH N?jN  #NFm }N: ;  O> ,3 ? yF( 5 ,N 5> &N ; .$N( #3N NA p~ ,N5 N   .* # . &3 1$E aN > #$%?kH S   $3 ,'( &UUV #+S 15 N $N" q $N- ,  *S5 5 oH ? + #( IN( N> 12(  ^   ,!F ? O> H MN .$$N( 5N N? GNH j ?  A p~ e  M$N8 5 1$N($J 5 oH 5DEF 15  . $A 2 KSN! _N!` NU N; ,N 5> #NJ   & J N ,NF ?`N  o•N , N ? }: ;  $   RN" Q  N% N  ($4 6 
 0   34 ] () 15 N 1$N 5 $N- .$I GH ,-./ PL 5 #3 N  N N N5 ,?PL . $IA ^ PY  j  , N *S5 5 oH $4 ` 5 2> 5 $- \  jN N?  (
q  ~) 5 N?D NEF )  % $U .$IA ^ #3  GH KS  -8c *2J

N NJ   ,?PL $U  j 5 wp ?  IA & 4 l
.A m4.!  '( $  ,? PL 5 ].^ 5 ? t.4  . $A |'4 PL b[ , N }N: ; jN 5  GH KS j  T 5> M R' N ?j  o•  *.v #$ ,^ PL $U  &3! $- oNJ 5 GNH j   (-%  C *IW  ) O> #Fm N?D NEF $N( $ , *2J .$$( S(  !` N w×C N-  M8 j  US 8 qq K ;  )'A .I *SN5 N.% 5 0q N? GNH # < /  , 5> 5 1NJ  # a ,JF  $J j ? .$   5 w &$N N „ Q  T 5> M . *IA & 4 ,  • N- 5  N
p6 jN ? O>  $A K\  / O>  ,N 5> N?#NJ N .(
  
) $N V < N/ 5 N? DNEF *N2J 5N  N 1kS M i  \ . ( .* #$( {  <$J # . *NIA & N4 N? jN  $  / ,? ? ,(H #3N N ,% *" 0 ,( *" 0 & 4   :  .B  :  _9 K?NI *N2J .$NA M iN GNH M8  , 2 ? ‚ @ 5  KSN!u Z [NF N ,$N-  N tcN x3;  \ ,N3 ?  I 5 ,F 1> <  GH  e( 1 Q

w *+,- '() / (%)  "#
 ! /   /     
   

<:
 M'4 
 4Pe .B i A  ! b.)  4
9 4 .* 6B

#J KS! $4 6 S! $4
K S! $40K S! $4 K KS! $4 34 #J aJ
0/q0
0/q0
0/q0
0/q0
0/q0 % M{5 C/qq C/qq C/qq C/qq C/qq % M@7 q/qq q/qq q/qq q/qq q/qq % MS q/~ q/~ q/~ q/~ q/~ %  0/qq 0/qq 0/qq 0/qq 0/qq % 5
/qq
/qq
/qq
/qq
/qq %   ML
/qq
/qq
/qq
/qq
/qq % (%!) ,? ML /qq /qq /qq /qq /qq % MS8 q/q q/q q/q q/q q/q % <S! 6/qq 6/qq 6/qq 6/qq 6/qq % *,  … !` /q /q /q /q /q %** KS! 1$ ,$-  … !` q/0q q/0q q/0q q/0q q/0q % E M  q/0q q/0q q/0q q/0q q/0q % C M  q/0q q/0q q/0q q/0q q/0q % $! M8  q/6w6 6/6~ w/06 0/6~~ 0/qq % a8 ! 6/wq /q0 w/
q
/Cw qqq % $! KS! ,Q( u
/qq
/qq
/qq
/qq
/qq % M†H w/w w/w w/w w/w w/w % , E ~/w /~ 0/00 /6 6/w % SF
q/qq
q/qq
q/qq
q/qq
qq/qq (kcal/kg ) 7

B2 M N fC B1 M N f0 K3 M  f6q E M  f6qqqqqIU D3 M  fCqqqqqIU A M  :( g/kg ) ,  … !` : * f0q < N5  fCq C M N fq/06 H2 M N f B12 M N f0 B9 M N f6 B6 M N f6q B5 M N f0 B3 M  f .[w] A ! j  (#$H) ] ; f0q B.H.T

MgSO4.7H2O fq/q Na2SeO4 f/q CuSO4.5H2O f0q/q FeSO4.7H2O fC/q MnSO4.H2O f0/ NaCl :,N $N-  … !` : **

.[w] q/q Cellulose fq/Cw KI fq/q6 CoCl2.6H2O f
/~
ZnSo4.7H2O f0
/~

#$N( zNV8 (KSN! ]Q% 1aI 1$ ) $?( Q 1 " M{5Nu  MN@7 5 M†NH M N aN  MN‰Q $N; MQu N N $N > *N N $N4 q/60 1> KSN! $U  Š $  , 5> ?#J *F  .(0
 q) $( #3 #NJ  M{5N $N , NF  ,F 5 #3v  ,NN E $NN4 w  M†NNH $NN4
 NN; NNH #NNJ aNNI NN 5 ,SNN  #NNJ NN . *NN #$NN( ]NN4; KS!u $!u 1aI  o• .$( # > KS!u $^I   (0 
)  NN .$NN( #3NN Lindo (copy right 1999, realeas 6.1) _N!` U ; #J 6 a8 ! 1a T?u  H #J … N!` KN? N O NF  N2 jF & 4 8 , F &N3 N?*N\!L N; #J  ]u  .$A 2 KS!u & N4 N … N!` O>  MNL 1 NQ I: 5 oH .$$(   #$NN( FNN $NN4 0 
0  3NN4 ] NN( KSNN!u  ,! 0 c^  ,JF PI  *( A gE j 5 QF N NH #NJ .( <$J) $IA ^ #3  T 5>

 ... 4
 8 #.9 
567  6!

 . (  / '0 12 .34

G !N N 5 DNEF ,PNL #J  KS! O !c  N ? ( M .$>   ( & 4  #$( #  ." y`N (06) Robbins eN  #$N( { broken-line a8> ]NF  1$N( jNF *N2J  $A T`H ] ? , N?aI N SN jNQ N N? # ]!V  a  .$A Cq pq &; J  *" 06 &$ M jF #+  NN > &.NNV NN!  #$NN( NN  (0C) SAS  SPSS &N-c^ #$( jF ? ( .$( # ^ A, J .$( # ^ \ $ (P< q/q) $4 ~ 1Q/ tc 5 oH  #$( S%(  ,! q p #5$  0 c^  jE  p0q &N; NJ ) aI  , ! ? S  $ S nE  i'7 .$$A  + b[ 1 5  (A , J :  .B  ! b.) :  .B .J) I[R)  N 5 1SN% PNY  N tcN  ?#J 2  \  NI% N?#NJ ,QN( N 5 ,?NA>  \ ,!N4  N 1 N" M@7  M{5 .$A #3 y8F N N?#NJ * /  SuF , E M†H 1a T 5> ,N E M i  \ %! ,?    ? ML  M†H AOAC  #$N( N{ $ ? G ) N #$N( Nm  N N #'N" . $$N( NIA \  #J MN- [C] NFE zNV8  $$A O`  / a #J  I %  „ NQ &N3 / 5 ( ) &$?  1a .$$A N   $NU MNQ KS! #k ,$- 4"  V %qq $NU 5 SNF  , E MH * / ? *.S Z N!F  NJ N .$N( [N" M 5 " '   ( G 5 #J  KS! $U MQ`  \ .$ > * < [N; N ,N 5> N? #J  # 3   @   xN!L jN $N  j$! $  ,Q( KX? ]N ^ TN`   5 ,F 2> ,Q(  5 1Q/ $NNA #3NN KNNH &NN+ H NN 1 NN *NN2 AOAC,code: 927.02 .$IA^ a   $, ]%  #J 5  \;' N/ 5 )N ] ^ 7 1a .[ ] 5 N2>  M†NH 1aN N  1N ? #J ,.U a  N N 8N N! ~  6  6 <- j7 8 aI *F  ; #J)
/0  (KS! ]Q% $^I #J) $4
C/0q .(6) $( .V , E  &$?  MH A ?  NA, !- P8 .(0 <$J) $( , Y (KS! $4 6 , E $U .* nQL ] ^ ? #J  M†H &Y  
: l
6 N; #NJ N  N/ (  1  ? #J  ,N(H 15N`  %
 \  ? #J T 5> M  ]NQ% $N^I #NJ  ($N4 0/) MNQ 5 KS! $4 (Completely Randomized Design) ,I[N R' N & N4 # N  NF ,N E $U ($4 /C~) M 5 KS! $N( gN ( A) ,2 15 .V  \ . $$A 5  Nc  ,N 5> N? #NJ  SNF  N.I MaN .* ($N4) $NL ,{>N g ($4) #k $( g ($4) 5 N? #J  SF TaI     A *( ) %- 5 #3  ? # ( A) )  TaI  ($4) A$ ]NQ% ,a+J v  *-: M .$(  2> .I 1a P8B I ? yF( M+ .$$( G5H Excell aI 

KS! 5  tc M i  \ a8 !  (CaCl2) KS! ^ #3   > ]!V  a   &$? 1 " y`N 0 <$NJ  N  / 1Q? .$ >  J ? #J  jN oN a8N> N/ 5 N? M+ ,! SU .$IA q/60 (KSN! ]NQ% $N^I) NH #J  KS! 1a * jNQ N ?Q M+ ,%%3 SU  (ANOVA) I/ N N a8 !  M@7 M{5 5 KS! $U M . $4 tcN . *IPNH & N4 (DMRT) MN‰ NA $NE 1 5>

~ *+,- '() / (%)  "#
 ! /   /     
   

:  .B ( 6! .5 4674) .J) I[R) .D 6B

6
0  34 KS! 1a ($4) ($4) ($4) ($4) ($4) #J ,Q( 
/0±q/
q
/C±q/0
/wq±q/0
/w±q/
C/0q±/00 %MH

0/±/C
6/
±/6 6/
q±q/ 6/w±/qC /C~±q/ %, E w/~±q/
w/C±q/
 /
±q/6 
/0C±q/0 /~~±0/0 %.I 6/C±q/0
/~w±q/0
q/±q/0 C/0±q/0
/00±q/q %SF 6C/C~±/C 6C/6
±C/0w 6
/
6±C/ 6
/
±
/C6
/±/qw % NFE 6/q±q/q0 0/
±q/q
 /w±q/q6 /
±q/qw q/60±q/q
 % KS! q/wq±q/0C0 q/C
±q/qq q/±q/q60 q/60±q/q
 q/60±q/qqw % 3SI

0/
±q/0
Cw/w±
~/6
6/C±
C/
/
±0
/

/0±w/ ( A ! / 8 !) ]u 7

?&3 M _!` ?#J  #$( PY 5 ?DEF  NJ 3SI . #'" .* IA &i ? #J  I .$ . ,- N8  5 ,F ,[8F 5 ,( a , 5> ? #J   < ?Q  ,8 /  ,5 $( *I $, \ ? .$( , M@7  M{5 #k ? #J  #$( b[  <NQ; .$N( N( …. #J  KS!u  .Qu   $NU zNV8 5 aN ,N 5> ? #J ,Q(  <; 5 ?DEF  ) &.J #J  K S!u 1$UI $N ,N \  #$ 1   \;' ] ^ &Y KS! N Š NV  1 N ; Š N7 8 a I zV8  #> K?I   N2 > TN $N  N?#NJ M  5 ? DEF PY $NNF  NNJ NN eNN( MNN  .$NNQ 5$NN*NN H .$( PL   J KS! _!` U ] U  ,2J N ] ^ ,8 /  ,5 $( * M‰Q 5$* H .+ #$? 5 ?DEF ? !
 6!
Z9! ]%NN $NN" ‹NN" PNNL  KSNN!  NN.Q #'NN" NN N?#J  #$( PY 5 ?DEF 15 TaI M+  #$NN( 5 NN ? D NN  E  F  (Gastroliths) NN ? *8NNA N  .(
<$NJ)  N NY NA 0/ N q/w 5 _!` KSN! 1aN .() 5$ Fi  1> 5$ * H $ , _N!` ?Q  ,8 /  ,5 $( g M+ &Y &$N(  N?T  > ! KS! OPJ &$( $ , #J $N > *N N $N4 /

p6/w  06/6p~/  eN(  .$NQ viN  G A 8 8 #  5 KS! OPJ N?#NJ N #$N( PY 5 ?D EF ]  .( ]‰()  N KSN! 5 ,N` 1.J  \ #J  KS!  .Q  ,N5 $N( ($N4 6p
) KSN! @ ? *\!L ; * U # #  5 <U  , > OPJ ? KS% 5  , N5 $( M   / $ 1  2 ,8 / NN5 *NN8-I NNv NN *NN MNN%Q *NN8; MNN  . NN(,NN $N( M  KS! $4 6 
 ?Q  ,8 / 5@ $N; 5 N [N" M $U KS! OPJ ? KS .$NA #$?N KS! $4 6  0 $J ? #J  ,8 / a!SN &N!Q" MN   . ( (. 1$   #$( OPJ < /  15 TaI M+ M P8 B I ? &3  J 

~q ... 4
 8 #.9 
567  6!

 . (  / '0 12 .34

(  / '0 .J 6B4  .B  6! IPQ) 4
 8 #.9 6!
 Z9! .+ 6B

(%) 6PL ,{> 1a ( A)
)  TaI (SGR) 0(%) #k $( 1a  ( A)15 TaI (%) #J  KS! $U #J #Q(

a /0
±6/w
/q~±/CC q/0±q/q
q/w±q/ q (q/)*  /±6/Cw
/q6±0/6q a q/6±q/ q/~q±q/C  (/) 0 /w6±6/0
/6±/w6 a q/±q/q /6±q/ 0 (0/)
6/q±0/ /0
±0/
b q/0~±q/q 0/±q/Cq
(
/) 6 6/C~±~/w /C±/0 b q/0±q/
0/±/q 6 (6/) 

.$?, 1  #J  KS! ] $U aH ]F $" : * .(0){(  v 15 p 8 15 ) / 8 15 } ×qq = (GR) $( 1a :  .(6){( Ln(,2 15) p Ln( 8 15) ) / (5) T 5> # < / } ×qq = (5  $4) #k $( 1a : 0 .(6){,2 15 p 8 15 } × ($-) A$ = )  :
.(6) ( A 15 TaI / A #$( b[ PL ]) × qq = PL ,{> 1a : 6 .(P< q/q) $S? ,- b'F  &3 b;  1  j  $" : SD ± M+

?Q   ,8;  $ > * 
q 5   Q N  ,8 N/  ,N5 $N( $N  ,N P8  # 7 b4 # NF>  5 ? DEF M+ •$; K H  2E M  $, \ . $? B  N  [N" M KS! @ | c ; ? #J T 5> #$N( N(. KS! OPJ / 5 5  KS! M i ,N^ .N  # Q M i 5 ?DEF  ,I $U eN  NFm MN T?  T 5> # ]  1$  ~w
<N  Westman ? I )  .$#$( 2> $(

PNA viN $( $  ,Y ME 5  $ , # … N!` #NJ jN N CaCO3 $N4 q 1 I: (
q) &N3!  7N b4  5$ * H $- TU .8 .$( KSN! $N^I #NJ N SNU  a +J  ,? D ] ( ,NI NEA . *IA #$  M  $.  1> 5 ,( .* #$A 5 ?DEF $( TaI J N N < N?Q  5 N? DNEF 5$ * H ?D EF $( $  $, y` 0 ]%( , K NH  2E ?Q  ( 0   
  ) NN  !   .$NN ,$NNE &NN3 1 ANN A NN?Q  5 NQ  5 N (< Q)  5  #H  ,;  # NQ  (KS! $4
;) 2E Q 5 L ?Q N  ME K?   &3! $F ,8 * # P8F ]N  5 ?D EF $( (KS! $4 6 $J) K H .N N\;' ]N ^ ,8 N/  ,5 $( 1$ 5$ * H   NNI  T?NN # eNN   TaNNI TNN 5> # MNN TNN 5> # NNF>  NN R.SNN &NN3 #$NNA  N2E N?Q  $N(   . * #$( * v R.U *2 . ( #$? 5 ?DEF $( , 5 ] % ?]‰( ,NaI $N KN{  / GH # F>  $  5 K H 5 NN ? DNEF )NN N  (SGR) #kNN $N( gN $ A, \;' a 0 ]%(   1E . * # 1 TaNI #NJ  KSN! *N\!L TaNI &5 , 5> #  F  &. v5 K H  2E ?Q  $( ($N4 q/0~ ) 5 15 TaI M .(
<$J) *I #'N" .* # . *F Š   < ?Q  ,8 KSN! $4
$J #J  #$( PY 5 ?DEF     6 5  N  < NQ  15 M+N M

~ *+,- '() / (%)  "#
 ! /   /     
   

30.00 (

وز 

 25.00 

  ) 

 20.00   

 15.00 



10.00

5.00

0.00

01234 ( )   

(  / '0 .J >  .B  6! IPQ) 4
 p8 #.9 F  7 6!
;? .* o=!

12.00

10.00

8.00 آDEA FGHI درA@

آFGHI 1 درA@ 

) 6.00  

آFGHI 2 درA@ 

  (

آFGHI 3 درA@ 4.00  

 آFGHI 4 درA@ 2.00

0.00 زن(روز) 0.00 30 45 60 85

.B
 (  / '0 12 ^4 . : 4
 p8 #.9 6!
67
.D o=!

 $4 /6 g @ ];   $4 6 5 $( #NJ N #$N( NPY 5 ?DEF  )  M 
<N- N5 $( g MUUV M #'" .$> * &N3 N > zV8 5 . $A #$? KS! $4 6  *N!H #NJ N #$( PY 1 J 5 ? DEF   $4  ,N- NL _!` ?Q  #k $( g M+ M 1N%Q?  J .$ Q GaA M†H $4 6q  V #$( N?Q  ‹N; M 5 )  TaI M+ b'F ,8  ,N/  Procambarus clarkii N A 5DEF $( (~) .(P< q/q)  ,- .$N N^ ,N  ,"QJ  3 & 4 T 5> *N2J N5 $N( gN #$(   ? , )  N3 GNH eN(  N  1N #$N > *N N ‘ .(
) * #$( GaA $4 /0pq/ •8 5 ?DEF GNNH eNN( N *.SNN  NNQ $N( 5 NN? DNEF  NF ?T 5>  ~~ <  (6) 1%Q?  Ackefors   q/~pq/ < *N8;  #kN $N( 1aN .$( ,"QJ 1a Astacus astueus 5 DEF , J 8 ]; 

~0 ... 4
 8 #.9 
567  6!

 . (  / '0 12 .34

2.6

2.4

2.2 2 Y=0/4530 X + 0/563 1.8 (

1.6  )

 1.4   1.2 

1

! "

0.8

ه ات 0.6

0.4

0.2

0 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 (  )     

broken-line .5
^4 . 4
8 #.9  <4[ 4  .B (  I24
.+ o=!

.$( , TH $4
/6 R.U . 5  $4 0/ $;  *8; NN KSNN! NN 5NN ,NNUUV NN?> *NN N #kN $N( 1aN MUUV  ? I  SU   (0C) Homarus americanus $NNN ,NNN H *`NNN TNN 5> MNN   *NN V  5DNNEF NN A NN #$NN > *NN MNE KN? .$N # NQ y`  (0q) Penaeus japonicus $N , &3 M . Q R.S (Astacus leptodactylus) KN N? O>  NI GNH N? ,? N  KS!  .Q b[ , F  „  T 5> # < /  b'F v  5NN NN NNJ NNEA .*NN #$NN( GaNNA aNN KSNN! #F@N  GNH eN( , 5> ? #J 2  #$( *N  ,$NE GaNA #J KS! 5 ? DEF .$( IA &i 5DEF   A ?,Ak M  $ 1"m () 1%Q?  Hessen ,8 *S )  KS! *\!L M  * 1> 5 ,;  > &.V . $N ,+SN  #J   J KS!   a 1 J  NJ …N. , 5> 5 ? DEF 15 TaI  #J ]^$N; #J  KS! ? ]Q% vi MUUV M U"  (Y=q/60x+q/) # NN *NN.•  ,NNcF NNc  MNN . &$N^ :5 $N &N." ] "  M . ,+S ] "  MN  #'N" N .(r = q/C) *N J  ] ^ a 1> &$( ]NQ% *“N NQ  G NA 8 8 #  / 5 KS! OPJ #NQ? N 5 N?DEF  $( ? yF( • UV  KSN! OPNJ &NUUV MN )N  .#J  KS! .$ 1 TaI , 5> ? #J  KS! $U TaI R?NW KSN! 5 ,NL PL  #$( PY 5 ? DEF KSN! *\!L M c  broken-line 1 A a8> )  ] ^ ? T > / 5 KS! OPJ ,8 $( @ $  ,   ,NcF ]%( 5 ?DEF 15 TaI  #J N/ 5 5  KS! #$Q" OPJ .* 1 \ b4 N c  M ,: <$ .(
]%() $( , *S%( cU j #NJ   NJ KSN! PN8  NIA & N4 G A 8 8 (r = q/C) 1NQ/ NJ   y =q/6
x + q/C0 & 4 5NN MFNN NN3  ,NNQ2 TNNU $NN  ,NN ,PNNL #NJ  KSN! O N!c 1a <$ M ./  .$A M- .$( (  [" M 5 DEF #NJ  3SNI ]NQ% b[N $N" e(  5DEF

~
*+,- '() / (%)  "#
 ! /   /     
   

‘N  > T 5> # _!` ]4 I  2> A$ 4Pe  .B 4
 MN 5 N N A 1NQ? .* #$( #> 6 <$J  !4; TaNI  #NJ *N! ^ +N $ , (FER) #J ,{>  5D NEF A$N $N4 M+N $N>,  <$J gN M+N N-8c MN  . $N( ,N 5> & ; $( NN   NN/ NN  NN &NN3 (< #NN ) GNNH # ]NN $N4 6/C~p/ N   #3N  N ? #J ,{> PY 5 ?D EF  ($4 ~C/Cw) A$ M $4 6 ; #J  (6/C~) ,{> •$; .*( 1  CC/Cw) 1> MNQ  KSN! $N4 6 N; #NJ N #$( N NA, !-
<$J J   .$A #$? KS! #N  .$N > *N KS! $4 0 ; #J  ($4 KS!  ?#J *.S M{H KS! tc  ? #J DNEF  N N  • ?Q !  GH  N? &N3 KNL, N!" .$SN?  NF Q ,{> 5 @ NQ $N ) N?Q 5 ,NF  # M  .I B3 5 N > N?>  , 5> ?#J ,{>  #$( #$?  .$$N( _N! ,N 5> &N ; $4 6q 5 T  (< ,{>N 1a N M+N MN   ,N- b'NF  A ”? N?Q  &N3! 1aN 5 ( N # ) GH # F .$$ 1 _!` ?#J 5 N? DNEF A$N  V #$(  _!` ($N4 6/C~p/) NUV M  #$ > * FER N ‘N .$NA >N $4 wq 5 T 2> 5 j ?  &NN3 ,$NN MNNUUV NN &NNUUV 5 !NN4; ‘NN NN A$N M # M   * 1> 5 ,; #$ > * NNNNNN A NNNNNN (0) 1NNNNNN%Q?  1 SNNNNNN•  .  # N (KS! $4 6) K H Q …  ($4 ~/06) 5  #3N  N PNL ,{>N Cherax quadricarinatus (KSN! $N4 )  NQ N ($N4 w6/66) 1> MQ 1N%Q?  SN  .$N Q GaNA $N4 6/6~  
/C0 ]  A, \;' 6 <$J   1E .*( Z[F  NN A MNN NN ,I[NN #NNJ ,{>NN gNN NN  (0~)  KSN! tcN TaNI  5 ? DEF A$ 1a gNN (0) M?NN  5 .$NN     1NN $NN4 C/Cwpq/w N N < ?Q  A$ 1a .*I TaI #J aNNNN ^ <NNNN+E 5DNNNNEF *NNNN2J PNNNNL ,NNNN TaNI K NH  N2E N?Q   KN? ja R.U $N4
0 N; #NJ  #$( PY (C. quadricarinatus)
q) A$N 1aN MNQ . 1N  +QNE R.S ,.U  J   .$ Q > $4 0/  M†H 1> $NU MN  (KSN! $4 0)  Q  ($4 MN  #3N  N ? #J ( PY  ) ,Q(  .$N > * (KS! $4 6) K H Q  ($4 C/Cw) PN8 B I MUUV e  #$( #  ? #J  T 5> _N!` ?Q  5 ? DEF A$ 1a M+ #NJ ,{>  #$( #$? b'F  *( 2W 1 , .(P< q/q) $  ,- b'F   > zV8 N2 N ,I[N , F  „   &3 v  R@  Q  ;  < N/  5 N?DEF A$ 1a &Y $ # g N-8c  N N A 7 N8 aI &4 [NF  #J N?Q  ,! iN ] ^ ?&3 #$? 1 T 5> # y8NNF , NNF  NN 5 TNN 5> MNN  NN 1 NNE .$NN( T?N * !- 6 ]%(    / 1Q? .$( , _!` #$N( NIA #N2 5  ? #J 2  (,?+ 5>) . N $$N( SN (KS! $4 0 )  Q  A$ , NF  N 5 ,N 5> N? #NJ  MNUUV  ,8 NQ  (KSN! ]NQ% $N^I ) < ? Q  &Y M .$# #3 ,-./  N  / $ 5 *2  (KS! $4 6) K H 4
 8 #.9 
567 eN  ,N8 # N @N A$ 1a T 5> # ] $4 5DEF U 1a ,  \ -8c M 

~6 ... 4
 8 #.9 
567  6!

 . (  / '0 12 .34

<:
 
 (  / '0 12 p>  .B  6! IPQ) 4
 p8 #.9 
567 6N
 .G 6B

($4) A$ (%)#J KS! $U #J #Q( (5 w)# ] wpCq 5 5 Cqp
q 5 5
qpq 5 5 6q/qq ab 
/

C/ ~q/qq q (q/)*  6q/qq ab w6/66 C6/C6 
/

 (/) 0
q/qq b w/

~/w0 CC/Cw 0 (0/)

/

a ~
/

C~/C6 
/


(
/) 6 C/Cw a ~/06 C0/00 ~C/Cw 6 (6/) 

.$? , 1  #J  KS! ] $U aH ]F $" : * .(P< q/q) $S? , - b'F  &3 b;  1  j  $" . SD ± M+

120      1  100  2 

80  3   4 

# 60 ) 

   

(  40  

20

0 ( )   0 30 45 60 85 l
.A
 
 : 4
 p8 #.9 
567 a4.Q) 67
:G o=!

0q 5DNN  E  F NN? 5 NN  NNJ XNNI) $NN( #NNI &.v *8; *2   # $H ,8a  (  # ) #
q N 0q MN ) # ]  &3! 5 .(    ,  )  NNQ  A$N 1aNN 1N  .$NN $NH  N?D NEF NF  N XI $A ‹" ($4 KN? N jNa aN (KS! $4
) 2E  (KS! $4 N 2>   • 1a 5 P8  IA ^ #$ ,^ 5 +QNE T?N GH # ]  ?Q M  . N?Q N8L  TN 5> # NF  &3! T? .$( &N.v j 1$ 5 $- # e   # g A$  N!; N N2>  A$   /  +QE S # NF  NF N?Q . *NI NN? 5 NN NN  NN ,NN qqp6qq $NN; NN *NN y`NN NN-8c MNN ‘NN 5 NN  NN/ 1NNQ?  'N (0) 1 SN   o .$A K?I 5DEF ,N 5> N?Q •  &3! 1a (6 ]%(  6 <$J) N N #5 qpwq TN 5> jN < /  (~) 1%Q? *N M%Q *-: M . 5 R.S GH # $   *N N  $N4 pq  $N4 pwq A$ 1a BN3 GNH 15N`  5 ? DEF 5 K v 

~ *+,- '() / (%)  "#
 ! /   /     
   

1$( *3 $>I S  ,I KS! . , * N? N 5N  N XNI (w) *N8>  &A .$> NPY 5 ? DEF  5$ * H 5 $- $$J  H .$N >N N   , CCqp0C M  5DEF A$N \ 5 b 'F    KS! K ? #J  #$( N $NI 1NI &NUUV ,/  (~) 1%Q?  J .* # v– ?Q M # N. ,I 5DEF ? 5    , wq XI GNH N+?   NF oNJ KN? #$$H $$ ‹"  .5IR'7 $N; XNI TaNI N  A, 5 ?DEF ,"QJ KSN! 1 I: $, \ UV M ? I )  m #$$H 5 5 $ , 5 $;     , 0q TaNI  $N(  .2  \ M( O> 5 DEF #J .$? T?  &3! 1a  #> ]Q" *-Q #$( N? *N\!L N; N? #NJ #'- .  &: A$ MNN A$N 1aNN  b'NF 5NN TN 5> MN    N R .SN ,{> $ , ($4 6p0) KS! @ NQ-  ]N i NJ GH # F  _!` ?Q #$N > *N ‘ J   .$( ( 5 DEF PY G5  ,{>N 5 ‹N-. $ , ? &3 M  E   $N4 0 1 N; MN #J  KS! 1a ]^$; * 2  6 <$NJ  N  N/ 1Q? .$( , 5> ? #J ,PL ,NJ 1> 5 . N( NIA \  $4
/p
1>  1a ?Q  5 ?DEF &3! 1a * #$ > 6 ]%( $N 3SNI ]NQ% $N^I -8c M  I % ? #J   . *NI T?N R.SN T 5> # F  K H  2E N 5 DNEF T 1$( y` *2J * 5@ M    -4  1E K? ?Q   yF( M  ,8; N? #J ,{> #J 3SI  KS! M ,8Q; ] U &v N  5$N *N H $-  $ 1 ‘ . Q ,/  N  A M PY  a 3SI  KS! _!` | c $J GaNA N NJ   . $ K?   Q aJ ?Q NN{ 1 NN@ I & NN4 1>  1 NNE .$NNA^ ,NN PY zV8 ,$-   .Q *( 2W  (
6) &%8 N 3SNI  KSN! N 1aN  NV   ? #J   NF oNJ KN?   `N( A #$N K\ ] "  T?N MNE K?  # `8 $8  )  T8aI < [;  \ N  NQ 1N"m 1 N,  (, O SV 5 ?DEF &N!Q"   $   ,  * *2   PL a? oNJ KN? #$N$H $NF Nv  5$N *N H &3! 5 .$( $? F PH 1%  5DEF GH $N" MN}Q?  1$N 5  KS! M i  \  F

M'4 
   .1'A 1 ,'( &UUV a .1 S  .s  M  :#$S  .M( O> + #( ,!Q" PY .
ww .( QJ) .| F . &N.  $N( N?yFN(  #J M†H | c &v , .,SV .  $Q-( .b  1 $ ".„ .  $QV .0 .q~ p~~ :(6)  1 , !" ! .(Huso huso) ,? ]I } 1$ 3. Ackefors, H. and K. Torok. 2002. Exprimental studies on nutrient release by noble crayfish Astacus astacus L. fed two different diets. Fresh water Crayfish 13: 41-57. 4. Ackefors, H., R. Gydemo and P. Keyser. 1995. Growth and moulting in confined juvenile noble crayfish Astacus astacus(L.)(Decapoda, Astacidae). Freshwater Crayfish 10: 396-409. 5. Ackefors, H., D.J. Castell, L.D. Boston, P. Raty and M. Svensson. 1992. Standard experimental diets for crustacean nutrition research.II. Growth and survival of juveile crayfish Astacus astacus (Linne) fed diets containing various amounts of protein, cabohydrate and lipid. Aquaculture 104: 341-356. 6. Adegboye, D. 1981. Table size and physiological condition of the crayfish in relation to calcium ion accumulation. Freshwater Crayfish 4: 115-125.

~C ... 4
 8 #.9 
567  6!

 . (  / '0 12 .34

7. AOAC. Official Methods for Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 1990 Fifth edition, Arlington, Virginia, U.S.A. 8. Austin, C. M., P. L. Jones, F. Stagniti and B. D. Mitchell. 1997. Response of the yabby, Cherax destructor Clark, to natural and artificial diets: phenotypic variation in juvenile growth. Aquaculture. 149: 39-46. 9. Celada, C., J. Carral, V. Gaudioso and J. Gonzalez. 1993. Survival and growth of juvenile of freshwater crayfish fed two raw diets and two commercial formulated feeds. J. The World Aquaculture Soc. 24: 108-111. 10. Chavez-Sanchez, M. C., C.A. MartinePalacios, G. Martinez-Perez and L.G. Ross. 2000. Phosphorus and calcium requirements in the diet of the American cichilid Cichlasoma urophthalumus (Gunther). Aquaculture Nutr. 6: 1-9. 11. Davis, D. A., A. L. Lawrence and D. M. Gatlin. 1993. Response of Penaeus vannamei to dietery calcium, phosphorus and calcium : phosphorus ratio. J. World Aquaculture Soc. 24 (4): 504-515. 12. Davis, D. and E. Robison. 1986. Estimated of the dietary lipid requirement level of the white crayfish . J. The World Aquaculture Soc. 17: 37-43. 13. D’Abramo, L. R. and E. H. Robinson. 1989. Nutrition of crayfish. CRC Crit. Rev. Aqua. Sci. 1: 711-728. requirement of prawn for dietary minerals. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 44: 907-910. 14. Fjeld, E., D. O. Hessen, N. Roos and T. Taugbol. 1988. Changes in gill ultrastructure and haemolymph chloride concentrations in the crayfish, Astacus astacus, exposed to deacidified aluminium-rich water. Aquaculture 72: 139-150. 15. Gallagher, M. L., W. D. Brown, D. E. Conklin and M. Sifri. 1978. Effects of varying calcium/phosphorus ratios in diets fed to jovenile lobsters( Homarus americanus). Comparative Biochem. and Physiol. 60A: 467-471. 16. Goddard, J. S., 1988. Food and feeding. PP. 145-166. In: D. M. Holdich and R. S. Lowery (Eds.), Freshwater Crayfish: Biology Management and Exploitation, Croom Helm, Sydney, N. S.W., 17. Goyert, J. and J. Avault. 1978. Effects of container size on growth of crayfifsh (Procambarus clarkii) in a recirculating culture system. Freshwater Crayfish 4: 277-286. 18. Hessen, D., G. Kristiansen and I. Lid. 1991. Calcium uptake from food and water in the crayfish Astacus astacus (L.,1758), measured by radioactive 45CA (Decapoda, Astacidea). Crustacean 60: 76-83. 19. Jover, M., J. Fernandez-Carmona, M. C. Del Rio and M. Soler. 1999. Effect of feeding cooked-extruded diets, containing different levels of protein, lipid and carbohydrate on growth of red swamp crayfish ( Procambarus clarkii). Aquaculture 178: 127-137. 20. Kanazawa, A., S. Teshima and M. Saaki. 1984. Requirements of the juvenile prawn for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, copper, manganese and iron. Mem. Fac. Fish. Kagoshima Univ. 33: 63-71. 21. Merrick, J. R. and N. C. Lambert. 1991. The Yabby, Marron and Red Claw: Production and marketing. Merrick, Artarmon, N. S. W. 22. Momot, W. T. 1995. Redefining the role of crayfish in aquatic ecosystems. Rev. Fish. Sci. 3: 33-63. 23. Penaflorida, V. Dy. 1998. Interaction between dietary levels of calcium and phosphorus on growth of juvenile shrimp, Penaeus monodon. Aquaculture 172: 281-289. 24. Robbins, K.R., A. M. Saxton and L. L. Southern. 2006. Estimation of requirements using broken-line regression analysis. J. Anim. Nutr. 85(7): 1712-1718. 25. Rouse, D. B. and B. M. Kahin. 1998. Production of Austrlian red claw Cherax quadricarinatus in polyculture with Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. J. The World Aquaculture Soc. 29: 340-344. 26. SAS(Statistical Analysis System). Copyright 2002. Version 9 for Microsoft Windows. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA. 27. Taugbol, T., S.B. Warvagen, A.N. Linokken and J. Skurdal. 1996. Post-molt exoskeleton mineralization in adult noble crayfish,Astacus astacus in three lakes with different calcium levels. Freash Water Crayfish 11: 219-226. 28. Thompson, K.R., L. Muzinic, L. Engler, S.H. Morton and C. Webster. 2004. Effects of feeding practical diets containing various protein levels on growth ,survival,body composition , and processing traits of Australian red claw crayfish(Cherax quadricarinatus) and on pond water quality. Aquaculture Res. 35: 659-668. 29. Webster, C. D., L. S. Goodgame-tiu, J. H. Tidwell, D. B. Kouse. 1994. Evaluation of practical feed formulation with different protein levels for juvenile red claw cray fish (Cherax quadricarinatus). Trans. Kg. Acad. Sci. 55: 108-112. 30. Westman, K. 1973. Cultivation of the American crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus. Freshwater Crayfish I: 211-220. 31. Wheatly, M. G. and A. T.Gannon. 1995. Ion regulation in crayfish: Freshwater adaptations and the problem of molting. Ameri. Zoologist 35: 49-59. 32. Wheatly, M.G. and J. Ayers. 1995. Scaling of calcium ,inorganic contents, and organic contents to body mass during the molting cycle of the fresh-water crayfish Procamarus clarkii (Girard). J. Crustacean Biol. 15(3): 409-417. 33. Willing, A. and R. Keller. 1973. Molting hormone content, cuticule growth and gastrolith growth in the molt cycle of the crayfish Orconectes limosus. J. Camparative physiol. 86: 377-388. 34. Wolcott, T.G. 1988. Ecology. PP. 55-96. In: Burggren, W.W. and B.R. McMahon (Eds.), Biology of the Land Crabs. Cambrige Univ. Press., New York.

~w