DOCSLIB.ORG

The Potential Environmental and Social Impacts of a Plantation Project in Uruguay

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Potential Environmental and Social Impacts of a Plantation Project in Uruguay Draft The potential environmental and social impacts of a plantation project in Uruguay With tools for planning and monitoring A report for Stora Enso: August 9th 2007 1 Foreword To come from Stora Enso 2 Contents Acknowledgements Summary of key conclusions Introduction Aims of the study Section 1: Background Forestry in Uruguay Stora Enso company profile and activities in Latin America 9 Planned project activities 9 Stora Enso sustainability policy Plantations in a global context 9 History of tree plantations 9 Plantation debates and reforms Environmental impacts of plantations 9 Plantations and water quantity 9 Plantations and water quality 9 Plantations and agrochemicals 9 Plantations and biodiversity Plantations and society Key implications for Uruguay Section 2: Conditions in the plantation landscape Introduction Project location areas Physical environment 9 Geology 9 Hydrology 9 Soils Biological conditions 9 Ecological history of Uruguay 9 Protected Areas Network of Uruguay Flora Fauna 9 Mammals 9 Birds 9 Reptiles and amphibians 9 Insects Social and economic conditions 9 Local stakeholder opinions regarding the plantation development 9 National stakeholder opinions regarding the plantation development 9 The World Rainforest Movement Historical environment Policy, legal and dministrative context Section 3: Issues relating to sites and landscapes Methods used in the study Planned activities Significant environment, social and economic context Landscape context Monitoring plan Section 4: Tools Rights-based approaches Toolkit for site selection and planning Methods for monitoring ecosystem integrity Forest suitability map Recommendations for sustainable landscape planning Advice on environmental management systems Landscape Outcome Assessment Methodology High Conservation Values Section 5: Conclusions 3 Section 6: Appendices Appendix 1: Consultants Appendix 2: Birds of the plantation landscape Appendix 3: Reptiles and amphibians of the plantation landscape Appendix 4: People interviewed for the local stakeholder analysis Appendix 5: People interviewed for the national stakeholder analysis Appendix 6: Interview guidelines for national stakeholder analysis Appendix 7: Forestry Codes of Practice References 4 Tables Area of forest priority soils by selected forest regions in Uruguay Key areas of concern relating to the environmental impacts of plantations Factors affecting changes in water availability as a result of plantation establishment Scales and hydrological indicators for the maintenance of catchment health, thus contributing for the protection of water values and for the search of sustainable management of planted forests Plantations and biodiversity A biodiversity scorecard for plantations Some of the impacts of intensification of plantations Key areas of concern relating to the social impacts of plantations Preliminary notes on some likely influences on plantations in Uruguay Main soil types Critical issues for soils in the plantation landscape Protected areas in Uruguay Flora of key habitats in the plantation landscape Historical distribution of large mammals in the plantation landscape Habitat, origin and status of large terrestrial mammals in Uruguay Status of campos species found in the landscape Habitat preferences of birds in the proposed plantation landscape Trophic preferences of birds in the proposed plantation landscape Some possible Lepidopteron indicators Basic agricultural and livestock characteristics Number of holdings according to land tenure regime Surface area of holdings according to land tenure regime Education levels within the agricultural community Breakdown of land use in hectares Breakdown of land use as a percentage Relationship of plantations with the Law Promoting Forestry Summary of key socio-demographic indicators for the four provinces Opinions regarding development of the plantation sector Concerns about plantation certification in Uruguay from the World Rainforest Movement Private collections in the region that supplied information to the study Known battlefields in the plantation landscape Key articles of legislation relating to protection of wild animals Red List insect species in Brazil Current state of development in project planning Indicators for monitoring First suggestions for an indicator set to apply the LOAM Indicators for site selection drawing on existing information Indicators for site selection drawing on field information Details of proposed indicators for site selection and planning Indicators for monitoring Detailed proposals for monitoring and evaluation indicators Indicators to monitor HCVAs CIFOR Code of Practice for plantations in the tropics FAO Draft Code of Practice for Planted Forests Proposed contents for a set of guidelines for plantation management Key elements in the Uruguay Forestry Code Matrix of human rights approaches, key concerns and possible responses Main resident species in the plantation landscape Main migrant species in the plantation landscape Amphibians in the plantation landscape Reptiles in the plantation landscape 5 Figures Approximate location of the Stora Enso plantation landscape in Brazil A generalized model trend of catchment streamflow reduction as a result of the growth of the forest regenerated after the forest fire Example of differences in interception of water under different land management regimes Major impacts on a microbasin Current extent of the plantation landscape Geology of the plantation landscape Hydrology of the plantation landscape Map of the main soil types in the plantation landscape Main forest areas in Uruguay Main concentrations of woody species with restricted distribution (areas of endemism), plus high biodiversity of other species – which can be considered as hotspots Graphic representation of sampling effort through the number of grass species reported from different areas of Uruguay in herbarium samples Location of main woodland areas in Uruguay Distribution of deer species located using non-invasive indicators Key economic activities per Department Rate of forest establishment per Department GIS reference on archaeological and historical sites Level of engagement with human rights Some elements of landscape-scale planning Relative positioning of LOAM with respect to scale and some key features Implementation of a LOAM process 6 Acknowledgements We are grateful for the chance to carry out a study with this degree of freedom and acknowledge the lead taken by Stora Enso in investing in a detailed survey at a time when they could have got away with doing far less. If the study and accompanying tools work, we have an opportunity to help set best practice for fast wood plantations far beyond the current project and country. The tools being developed will hopefully be useful throughout the region – in some cases throughout the world. Many people have helped in the practical collection of information in Uruguay and elsewhere [a full acknowledgement list will be included in the final volume]. We are also grateful for expert comment from Dr Sadanandam Nambiar and Professor Walter de Paula Lima. Personal note from Nigel Dudley: Some background: I was involved in some of the earlier critiques of the pulp industry from the perspective of forest management (Dudley 1992, Dudley et al 1993 etc) and was later coordinator of WWF’s global forest strategy (Dudley et al 1995), which recognised that whilst the organisation had many questions about the way in which plantations were being developed, it believed that they did have a role within the landscape. Following that, I coordinated an Environmental and Social Impact assessment for Enso Oy – one of the precursor companies of Stora Enso – in Kalimantan, Indonesia in 1997. During the late 1990s and early 2000s I was involved in best management practices for plantations in association with WWF, IUCN and the Center for International Forestry Research. After a number of years when my main professional interests have focused on protected area management, the current project represents a return to earlier interests. Stora Eno is to be applauded for inviting a sceptic to look at the project and for the freedom they have given to research into and write what I and my fellow researchers thought was needed. 7 Summary of key conclusions NOTE: This is not a final summary. It includes the current draft of key points that the company might note in relation to further development – final draft will be completed when the Environmental Management System is prepared and a final assessment can be completed, by mid-August… The current study is an assessment of the potential impacts of the Stora Enso plantation development in Uruguay, which has four main aims, to: 9 Provide a background analysis of likely risks – particularly from a social and environmental perspective – from the plantation project 9 Assess the current situation within the area being investigated for possible plantation sites with respect to physical, biological and social conditions and also to understand the attitude of local and national stakeholders 9 Suggest the main areas where Stora Enso should focus management efforts from environmental and social perspectives 9 Develop a series of tools that could help achieve these aims Plantations have been criticised from various perspectives: especially because of their environmental impacts, the social effects of large plantation projects and the political implications of large off-shore companies buying land and running major projects in poorer countries. Stora Enso can do
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Checklist of Helminths from Lizards and Amphisbaenians (Reptilia, Squamata) of South America Ticle R A
    The Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases ISSN 1678-9199 | 2010 | volume 16 | issue 4 | pages 543-572 Checklist of helminths from lizards and amphisbaenians (Reptilia, Squamata) of South America TICLE R A Ávila RW (1), Silva RJ (1) EVIEW R (1) Department of Parasitology, Botucatu Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP – Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil. Abstract: A comprehensive and up to date summary of the literature on the helminth parasites of lizards and amphisbaenians from South America is herein presented. One-hundred eighteen lizard species from twelve countries were reported in the literature harboring a total of 155 helminth species, being none acanthocephalans, 15 cestodes, 20 trematodes and 111 nematodes. Of these, one record was from Chile and French Guiana, three from Colombia, three from Uruguay, eight from Bolivia, nine from Surinam, 13 from Paraguay, 12 from Venezuela, 27 from Ecuador, 17 from Argentina, 39 from Peru and 103 from Brazil. The present list provides host, geographical distribution (with the respective biome, when possible), site of infection and references from the parasites. A systematic parasite-host list is also provided. Key words: Cestoda, Nematoda, Trematoda, Squamata, neotropical. INTRODUCTION The present checklist summarizes the diversity of helminths from lizards and amphisbaenians Parasitological studies on helminths that of South America, providing a host-parasite list infect squamates (particularly lizards) in South with localities and biomes. America had recent increased in the past few years, with many new records of hosts and/or STUDIED REGIONS localities and description of several new species (1-3).
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity and Structure of Bird and Mammal Communities in the Semiarid Chaco Region: Response to Agricultural Practices and Landscape Alterations
    Diversity and structure of bird and mammal communities in the Semiarid Chaco Region: response to agricultural practices and landscape alterations Julieta Decarre March 2015 A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Division of Ecology and Evolution, Department of Life Sciences Imperial College London 2 Imperial College London Department of Life Sciences Diversity and structure of bird and mammal communities in the Semiarid Chaco Region: response to agricultural practices and landscape alterations Supervised by Dr. Chris Carbone Dr. Cristina Banks-Leite Dr. Marcus Rowcliffe Imperial College London Institute of Zoology Zoological Society of London 3 Declaration of Originality I herewith certify that the work presented in this thesis is my own and all else is referenced appropriately. I have used the first-person plural in recognition of my supervisors’ contribution. People who provided less formal advice are named in the acknowledgments. Julieta Decarre 4 Copyright Declaration The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives licence. Researchers are free to copy, distribute or transmit the thesis on the condition that they attribute it, that they do not use it for commercial purposes and that they do not alter, transform or build upon it. For any reuse or redistribution, researchers must make clear to others the licence terms of this work 5 “ …and we wandered for about four hours across the dense forest…Along the path I could see several footprints of wild animals, peccaries, giant anteaters, lions, and the footprint of a tiger, that is the first one I saw.” - Emilio Budin, 19061 I dedicate this thesis To my mother and my father to Virginia, Juan Martin and Alejandro, for being there through space and time 1 Book: “Viajes de Emilio Budin: La Expedición al Chaco, 1906-1907”.
    [Show full text]
  • ARTICLE Floristic and Characterization of Grassland Vegetation at a Granitic Hill in Southern Brazil Robberson Bernal Setubal1* and Ilsi Iob Boldrini2
    Revista Brasileira de Biociências Brazilian Journal of Biosciences http://www.ufrgs.br/seerbio/ojs ISSN 1980-4849 (on-line) / 1679-2343 (print) ARTICLE Floristic and characterization of grassland vegetation at a granitic hill in Southern Brazil Robberson Bernal Setubal1* and Ilsi Iob Boldrini2 Received: March 31 2009 Received after revision: November 19 2009 Accepted: November 20 2009 Available online at http://www.ufrgs.br/seerbio/ojs/index.php/rbb/article/view/1209 ABSTRACT: (Floristic and characterization of grasslands vegetation of a granite hill in Southern Brazil). A floristic and vegeta- tion study was carried out in the grassland formations at Morro São Pedro, Porto Alegre municipality, Rio Grande do Sul State, a granitic elevation area, so far poorly surveyed, that cradles important natural vegetation remnants of the region. After the study, which lasted from April 2005 to March 2009, we found 497 angiosperm species, distributed in four main grassland formation types: dry grassland, rocky grassland, humid grassland and wetlands. Among the species list three species are noteworthy: Alstroemeria albescens, a new species for the science, Lepuropethalon spathulatum, a new record for Southern Brazil, and Thrasyopsis juergensii, a new record for the Pampa biome. Based on our results and on support from other papers we concluded that ca. 65% of the grassland species present in the granitic hills of the region belong to seven main botanical families (Astera- ceae, Poaceae, Fabaceae, Cyperaceae, Rubiaceae, Verbenaceae and Apiaceae). The species belonging to these families are also determining in the vegetation phytophysiognomical and structural composition, so that cespitous grasses predominate in the landscape, shaping a continuous gramineous layer.
    [Show full text]
  • Lista Roja De Las Aves Del Uruguay 1
    Lista Roja de las Aves del Uruguay 1 Lista Roja de las Aves del Uruguay Una evaluación del estado de conservación de la avifauna nacional con base en los criterios de la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza. Adrián B. Azpiroz, Laboratorio de Genética de la Conservación, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Av. Italia 3318 (CP 11600), Montevideo ([email protected]). Matilde Alfaro, Asociación Averaves & Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225 (CP 11400), Montevideo ([email protected]). Sebastián Jiménez, Proyecto Albatros y Petreles-Uruguay, Centro de Investigación y Conservación Marina (CICMAR), Avenida Giannattasio Km 30.5. (CP 15008) Canelones, Uruguay; Laboratorio de Recursos Pelágicos, Dirección Nacional de Recursos Acuáticos, Constituyente 1497 (CP 11200), Montevideo ([email protected]). Cita sugerida: Azpiroz, A.B., M. Alfaro y S. Jiménez. 2012. Lista Roja de las Aves del Uruguay. Una evaluación del estado de conservación de la avifauna nacional con base en los criterios de la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza. Dirección Nacional de Medio Ambiente, Montevideo. Descargo de responsabilidad El contenido de esta publicación es responsabilidad de los autores y no refleja necesariamente las opiniones o políticas de la DINAMA ni de las organizaciones auspiciantes y no comprometen a estas instituciones. Las denominaciones empleadas y la forma en que aparecen los datos no implica de parte de DINAMA, ni de las organizaciones auspiciantes o de los autores, juicio alguno sobre la condición jurídica de países, territorios, ciudades, personas, organizaciones, zonas o de sus autoridades, ni sobre la delimitación de sus fronteras o límites.
    [Show full text]
  • SAB 019 1999 P272-280 Seasonal Movements and Conservation Of
    Studies in Avian Biology No. 19:272-280, 1999. SEASONAL MOVEMENTS AND CONSERVATION OF SEEDEATERS OF THE GENUS SPOROPHZIA IN SOUTH AMERICA Jose MARIA CARDOSO DA SILVA Abstract. Small seed-eating finches of the genus Sporophila, commonly called seedeaters, are among the most characteristic elements of South Americas’ grassland avifauna. Twenty-three species of Spa- rophila seedeaters were classified into three groups according to their seasonal movements. Fourteen species make long-distance movements between at least two major ecological regions in South Amer- ica, four species make intermediate to long-distance movements within a single ecological region, and five species make short-distance movements between adjacent habitats. The grasslands in the Cerrado region seem to be the most important wintering sites for most of the long-distance migrant Sporophila. Mapping the ranges of all threatened or near-threatened Sporophila species identified seven critical areas between southern coastal Colombia and southernmost Brazil. Creating reserves in these seven areas would protect at least one population of 23 Sporophilu species. Mapping the ranges of all species and well-marked subspecies with restricted ranges (350,000 square kilometers or less) identified nine critical areas (five of which were also identified by mapping threatened or near-threatened species) between northern South America and southernmost Brazil. Creating reserves in these nine areas would protect populations of 29 species or well-defined subspecies of Sporophila.The conservation of South American grasslands needs urgent action. The areas identified here are important grassland habitats that should be priority areas for organizations and agencies interested in grassland conservation. LOS MOVIMIENTOS ESTACIONALES Y LA CONSERVACIGN DE GRANIVOROS DEL GENERO SPOROPHILA EN AMERICA DEL SUR Sinopsis.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix 1: Maps and Plans Appendix184 Map 1: Conservation Categories for the Nominated Property
    Appendix 1: Maps and Plans Appendix184 Map 1: Conservation Categories for the Nominated Property. Los Alerces National Park, Argentina 185 Map 2: Andean-North Patagonian Biosphere Reserve: Context for the Nominated Proprty. Los Alerces National Park, Argentina 186 Map 3: Vegetation of the Valdivian Ecoregion 187 Map 4: Vegetation Communities in Los Alerces National Park 188 Map 5: Strict Nature and Wildlife Reserve 189 Map 6: Usage Zoning, Los Alerces National Park 190 Map 7: Human Settlements and Infrastructure 191 Appendix 2: Species Lists Ap9n192 Appendix 2.1 List of Plant Species Recorded at PNLA 193 Appendix 2.2: List of Animal Species: Mammals 212 Appendix 2.3: List of Animal Species: Birds 214 Appendix 2.4: List of Animal Species: Reptiles 219 Appendix 2.5: List of Animal Species: Amphibians 220 Appendix 2.6: List of Animal Species: Fish 221 Appendix 2.7: List of Animal Species and Threat Status 222 Appendix 3: Law No. 19,292 Append228 Appendix 4: PNLA Management Plan Approval and Contents Appendi242 Appendix 5: Participative Process for Writing the Nomination Form Appendi252 Synthesis 252 Management Plan UpdateWorkshop 253 Annex A: Interview Guide 256 Annex B: Meetings and Interviews Held 257 Annex C: Self-Administered Survey 261 Annex D: ExternalWorkshop Participants 262 Annex E: Promotional Leaflet 264 Annex F: Interview Results Summary 267 Annex G: Survey Results Summary 272 Annex H: Esquel Declaration of Interest 274 Annex I: Trevelin Declaration of Interest 276 Annex J: Chubut Tourism Secretariat Declaration of Interest 278
    [Show full text]
  • Repositiorio | FAUBA | Artículos De Docentes E Investigadores De FAUBA
    Biodivers Conserv (2011) 20:3077–3100 DOI 10.1007/s10531-011-0118-9 REVIEW PAPER Effects of agriculture expansion and intensification on the vertebrate and invertebrate diversity in the Pampas of Argentina Diego Medan • Juan Pablo Torretta • Karina Hodara • Elba B. de la Fuente • Norberto H. Montaldo Received: 23 July 2010 / Accepted: 15 July 2011 / Published online: 24 July 2011 Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011 Abstract In this paper we summarize for the first time the effects of agriculture expansion and intensification on animal diversity in the Pampas of Argentina and discuss research needs for biodiversity conservation in the area. The Pampas experienced little human intervention until the last decades of the 19th century. Agriculture expanded quickly during the 20th century, transforming grasslands into cropland and pasture lands and converting the landscape into a mosaic of natural fragments, agricultural fields, and linear habitats. In the 1980s, agriculture intensification and replacement of cattle grazing- cropping systems by continuous cropping promoted a renewed homogenisation of the most productive areas. Birds and carnivores were more strongly affected than rodents and insects, but responses varied within groups: (a) the geographic ranges and/or abundances of many native species were reduced, including those of carnivores, herbivores, and specialist species (grassland-adapted birds and rodents, and probably specialized pollinators), sometimes leading to regional extinction (birds and large carnivores), (b) other native species were unaffected (birds) or benefited (bird, rodent and possibly generalist pollinator and crop-associated insect species), (c) novel species were introduced, thus increasing species richness of most groups (26% of non-rodent mammals, 11.1% of rodents, 6.2% of birds, 0.8% of pollinators).
    [Show full text]
  • ON (19) 599-606.Pdf
    SHORT COMMUNICATIONS ORNITOLOGIA NEOTROPICAL 19: 599–606, 2008 © The Neotropical Ornithological Society BODY MASSES OF BIRDS FROM ATLANTIC FOREST REGION, SOUTHEASTERN BRAZIL Iubatã Paula de Faria1 & William Sousa de Paula PPG-Ecologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] Massa corpórea de aves da região de Floresta Atlântica, sudeste do Brasil. Key words: Neotropical birds, weight, body mass, tropical rainforest, Brazil. The Brazilian Atlantic forest is one of the In this paper, we present the values of biodiversity hotspots in the world (Myers body masses of birds captured or collected 1988, Myers et al. 2000) with high endemism using mist-nets in 17 localities in the Atlantic of bird species (Cracraft 1985, Myers et al. forest of southeastern Brazil (Table 1), 2000). Nevertheless, there is little information between 2004 and 2007. Data for sites 1, 2, 3, on the avian body masses (weight) for this and 5 were collected in January, April, August, region (Oniki 1981, Dunning 1992, Belton and December 2004; in March and April 2006 1994, Reinert et al. 1996, Sick 1997, Oniki & for sites 4, 6, 7, and 8. Others sites were col- Willis 2001, Bugoni et al. 2002) and for other lected in September 2007. The Atlantic forest Neotropical ecosystems (Fry 1970, Oniki region is composed by two major vegetation 1980, 1990; Dick et al. 1984, Salvador 1988, types: Atlantic rain forest (low to medium ele- 1990; Peris 1990, Dunning 1992, Cavalcanti & vations, = 1000 m); and Atlantic semi-decidu- Marini 1993, Marini et al. 1997, Verea et al. ous forest (usually > 600 m) (Morellato & 1999, Oniki & Willis 1999).
    [Show full text]
  • Ruínas E Urubus: História Da Ornitologia No Paraná. Período De Natterer, 1 (1820 a 1834) ; Por Fernando C
    Hori Cadernos Técnicos 5 RUÍNAS E URUBUS: HISTÓRIA DA ORNITOLOGIA NO PARANÁ PERÍODO DE NATTERER, 1 (1820 a 1834) 1a Edição Fernando C. Straube Hori Consultoria Ambiental Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil Setembro de 2012 © URBEN-FILHO & STRAUBE CONSULTORES S/S LTDA. Ficha catalográfica preparada por DIONE SERIPIERRI (Museu de Zoologia, USP) Straube, Fernando C. Ruínas e urubus: história da ornitologia no Paraná. Período de Natterer, 1 (1820 a 1834) ; por Fernando C. Straube, apresentação de Renato S. Bérnils. – Curitiba, Pr: Hori Consultoria Ambiental, 2012. 241p. (Hori Cadernos Técnicos n. 5) ISBN 978-85-62546-05-1 1. Aves - Paraná. 2. Paraná - Ornitologia. 3. Ornitologia – História. I. Straube, Fernando C. II. Bérnils, Renato S., apresent. II. Título. III. Série. Depósito Legal na Biblioteca Nacional, conforme Decreto n1825, de 20 de dezembro de 1907. Dados internacionais de Catalogação da Publicação (Câmara Brasileira do Livro, São Paulo, Brasil) Capa: Composição com mata de araucária na Lapa (Paraná) (Foto: F.C.Straube), documentos e imagens de autoria de Aimée Adrien Taunay, Michael Sandler, Auguste de Saint-Hilaire e Jean Baptiste Debret, citados no texto. Foto em destaque: urubu-rei (Sarcoramphus papa) de Cassiano “Zapa” Zaparoli Zaniboni (www.zapa.photoshelter.com). 2012 http://www.hori.bio.br HORI CADERNOS TÉCNICOS n° 5 ISBN: 978-85-62546-05-1 CURITIBA, SETEMBRO DE 2012 CITAÇÃO RECOMENDADA Straube, F.C. 2012. Ruínas e urubus: História da Ornitologia no Paraná. Período de Natterer, 1 (1820 a 1834). Curitiba, Hori Consultoria Ambiental. Hori Cadernos Técnicos n° 5, 241+xiii pp. ABERTURA O CENTENÁRIO DA ORNITOLOGIA PARANAENSE “Às minhas viagens ao Paraná, atribuo a importância para que a continuidade do trabalho polonês na América do Sul não seja interrompida.
    [Show full text]
  • Harrier References
    Introduction This is the final version of the Harrier's list, no further updates will be made. Grateful thanks to Wietze Janse and Tom Shevlin (www.irishbirds.ie) for the cover images and all those who responded with constructive feedback. All images © the photographers. Please note that this and other Reference Lists I have compiled are not exhaustive and are best employed in conjunction with other sources. Joe Hobbs Index The general order of species follows the International Ornithologists' Union World Bird List (Gill, F. & Donsker, D. (eds.) 2019. IOC World Bird List. Available from: https://www.worldbirdnames.org/ [version 9.1 accessed January 2019]). Final Version Version 1.4 (January 2019). Cover Main image: Western Marsh Harrier. Zevenhoven, Groene Jonker, Netherlands. 3rd May 2011. Picture by Wietze Janse. Vignette: Montagu’s Harrier. Great Saltee Island, Co. Wexford, Ireland. 10th May 2008. Picture by Tom Shevlin. Species Page No. African Marsh Harrier [Circus ranivorus] 8 Black Harrier [Circus maurus] 10 Cinereous Harrier [Circus cinereus] 17 Eastern Marsh Harrier [Circus spilonotus] 6 Hen Harrier [Circus cyaneus] 11 Long-winged Harrier [Circus buffoni] 9 Malagasy Harrier [Circus macrosceles] 9 Montagu's Harrier [Circus pygargus] 20 Northern Harrier [Circus hudsonius] 16 Pallid Harrier [Circus macrourus] 18 Papuan Harrier [Circus spilothorax] 7 Pied Harrier [Circus melanoleucos] 20 Réunion Harrier [Circus maillardi] 9 Spotted Harrier [Circus assimilis] 9 Swamp Harrier [Circus approximans] 7 Western Marsh Harrier [Circus aeruginosus] 4 1 Relevant Publications Balmer, D. et al. 2013. Bird Atlas 2001-11: The breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford. Beaman, M.
    [Show full text]
  • Uruguay's Constitution of 1966, Reinstated in 1985, with Amendments Through 2004
    PDF generated: 28 Mar 2017, 19:28 constituteproject.org Uruguay's Constitution of 1966, Reinstated in 1985, with Amendments through 2004 English Translation © 2012 by William S. Hein & Co., Inc. All rights reserved. Amendments translated by Jefri J. Ruchti Prepared for distribution on constituteproject.org with content generously provided by Hein Online. This document has been recompiled and reformatted using texts collected in Hein Online’s World Constitution’s Illustrated. constituteproject.org PDF generated: 28 Mar 2017, 19:28 Table of contents SECTION I: The Nation and Its Sovereignty . 3 SECTION II: Rights, Duties and Guarantees . 4 SECTION III: Citizenship and Suffrage . 14 SECTION IV: The Form of Government and Its Various Powers . 18 SECTION V: The Legislative Power . 18 SECTION VI: Sessions of the General Assembly. Provisions Common to Both Chambers. The Permanent Commission . 23 SECTION VII: Introduction, Discussion, Passage and Promulgation of the Laws . 28 SECTION VIII: Relations Between the Legislative Power and the Executive Power . 30 SECTION IX: The Executive Power . 32 SECTION X: The Ministers of State . 39 SECTION XI: The Autonomous Entities and Decentralized Services . 41 SECTION XII: The National Economic Council . 45 SECTION XIII: The Tribunal of Accounts . 46 SECTION XIV: The Public Wealth . 48 SECTION XV: The Judicial Power . 52 SECTION XVI: The Government and Administration of the Departments . 58 SECTION XVII: The Contentious-Administrative . 69 SECTION XVII: Electoral Justice . 72 SECTION XIX: The Observance of Former Laws. Enforcement and Amendment of the Present Constitution . 73 Transitory and Special Provisions . 75 Uruguay 1966 (reinst. 1985, rev. 2004) Page 2 constituteproject.org PDF generated: 28 Mar 2017, 19:28 SECTION I: The Nation and Its Sovereignty Chapter I Article 1 The Oriental Republic of Uruguay is the political association of all inhabitants included within its territory.
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Comparative Studies of Supraocular Lepidosis in Squamata
    Multequina ISSN: 0327-9375 [email protected] Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas Argentina Cei, José M. Comparative studies of supraocular lepidosis in squamata (reptilia) and its relationships with an evolutionary taxonomy Multequina, núm. 16, 2007, pp. 1-52 Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas Mendoza, Argentina Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=42801601 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto ISSN 0327-9375 COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF SUPRAOCULAR LEPIDOSIS IN SQUAMATA (REPTILIA) AND ITS RELATIONSHIPS WITH AN EVOLUTIONARY TAXONOMY ESTUDIOS COMPARATIVOS DE LA LEPIDOSIS SUPRA-OCULAR EN SQUAMATA (REPTILIA) Y SU RELACIÓN CON LA TAXONOMÍA EVOLUCIONARIA JOSÉ M. CEI † las subfamilias Leiosaurinae y RESUMEN Enyaliinae. Siempre en Iguania Observaciones morfológicas Pleurodonta se evidencian ejemplos previas sobre un gran número de como los inconfundibles patrones de especies permiten establecer una escamas supraoculares de correspondencia entre la Opluridae, Leucocephalidae, peculiaridad de los patrones Polychrotidae, Tropiduridae. A nivel sistemáticos de las escamas específico la interdependencia en supraoculares de Squamata y la Iguanidae de los géneros Iguana, posición evolutiva de cada taxón Cercosaura, Brachylophus,
    [Show full text]