Selection of Geographical Areas for Tajikistan Water Supply and Sanitation Project (Tajwss)

Funded by Swiss Agency for Development Implemented by Oxfam GB in and Cooperation (SDC) Tajikistan (OGB)

Selection of Geographical Areas for Tajikistan Water Supply and Sanitation project (TajWSS)

Field Assessment Report

July 2010 Contents

ACRONYMS ...... 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...... 4 INTRODUCTION ...... 5 METHODOLOGY ...... 6 FINDINGS IN PRE-SELECTED DISTRICTS ...... 7 Temurmalik District...... 7 Vose District ...... 9 Muminobad District ...... 12 Rudaki District: ...... 15 CONCLUSIONS ...... 18 RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 21 ANNEXES ...... 22

2 Acronyms

ACTED Agency for Technical Cooperation and Development (France) ADB Asian Development Bank CBO Community Based Organisation CHF Swiss Frank CSO Civil Society Organisation DDP District Development Plan GAA German Agro Action HH Household (I)NGO (International) Non-Governmental Organisation KMK Khojagii Manziliyu Komunali (State Housing Services Enterprise) MoLRWR Ministry of Land Reclamation and Water Resources MSDSP Mountain Societies Development Support Programme (a Project of Aga Khan Foundation) OGB Oxfam (Great Britain) RRS Rayon of Republican Subordination (direct rule district by national authority) SDC Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation SES State Sanitation and Epidemiology Control TACIF Social Investment Fund of Tajikistan TajWSS Tajikistan Water Supply and Sanitation Project (Network) TJS Tajik Somoni TOD Tojik Ob Dehot (Branch of MoLRWR dealing with design, construction, operation and maintenance of Rural Water Supply) UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme WS&S Water Supply and Sanitation

3 Executive Summary This field assessment report of pre-selected districts 1 is aimed at selection of 2 districts to lay down the ground for starting the project activities in the field, e.g., capacity building of relevant stakeholders at local level (including authorities, state and non-state operators, consumers), directly target communities in at least 12 villages and approximately 23100 people will benefit from the newly constructed / rehabilitated water systems, pilot projects and establishment Water Trust Funds at district level. Criteria for selection of geographical areas were drafted (see annex 1), consulted and finalised with TajWSS Network members. Based on the agreed criteria TajWSS Network members proposed pre- selected districts (first the long-list was developed and following to selection criteria the short was prepared). Letters of Interest to be considered for gaining support from TajWSS project were obtained from 4 short-listed districts. Then the task group has been established comprising 25 specialists representing Government of Tajikistan, UN, INGOs, Civil Society who are members of TajWSS Network (see Annex 2). The group resulted with draft questionnaire / checklist that has been finalised in consultation with State Committee on Statistics. After that the field work has been started. Based on the findings (mentioned on pages 7 – 17 of the current report), comparisons and conclusions (mentioned on pages 18 – 20 of the current report) it is recommended to TajWSS Network Steering Committee TajWSS Project Steering Committee members (MoLRWR, SDC, UNDP and Oxfam) by field assessment team who was involved in data collection and analysis to select:

1. Muminobad District & 2. Rudaki District for implementation of TajWSS project in these two geographic areas. The following are justification for such proposal:

• Willingness of local authorities (especially senior management in the districts) to collaborate with the project. Starting from introductory field visits up to issuing the report authorities of Muminobad and Rudaki were very much enthusiastic and were initiators of communication with project staff. • Level of prioritisation of importance to improve access to potable water is indicated in measured undertaken by these districts, e.g. conduct inventarisation of water supply and sanitation systems in the districts, design the DDPs that includes WS&S as priority issue, connecting the DDPs to National Level and National Budget, attraction of donor support and investments to WS&S sub- sector, work on ensuring sustainability of WS&S objects, etc. • Piloting & reforming the WS&S sub-sector at the district level, representation of state and non- state operators, ability and willingness of consumers to pay for water supply. • Incidents of water related diseases are relatively equal amongst pre-selected districts so this issue is also relevant to be addressed when working in selected districts. • Sources of water in the selected districts are matching with the potential of the project (Note: in both districts WS&S systems will be constructed in rural areas only). • Access to potable water in two districts is improving year by year. Guarantee the sustainability of investments and support from donors that have been done in the past is still under risk. TajWSS project will contribute to take these efforts forward.

All these factors are important in establishment of successful experience in the selected districts for further replication nation-wide, attraction of more support from donors and investors, and creation and more enabling environment in WS&S sub-sector of Tajikistan.

1 1. Rudaki District (Rayon of Republican Subordination – Direct Rule District): 2. Vose District (Khatlon Province, Kuliab Zone); 3. Temurmalik District (Khatlon Province, Kuliab Zone); Muminobad District (Khatlon Province, Kuliab Zone) 4 Introduction

This field assessment report of pre-selected districts is aimed at selection of 2 districts to lay down the ground for starting the project activities in the field, e.g., capacity building of relevant stakeholders at local level, directly target communities in at least 12 villages and approximately 23100 people will benefit from the newly constructed / rehabilitated water systems, pilot projects and establishment Water Trust Funds at district level.

TajWSS is funded by SDC and implemented by Oxfam GB. The project aims to tackle issues of sustainability in rural water supply in Tajikistan. Overall project goal is that rural communities in Tajikistan have sustainable access to drinking water and sanitation. Project objectives are: enabling environment related to water supply and sanitation (WS&S) at central and local levels; and improved practices that lead to sustainable management of WS&S services are endorsed by key stakeholders.

The project has four components such as:

1. Policy support to the Government of Tajikistan – wit support of UNDP to set up of the Inter- Ministerial Coordination Council and drawing on the expertise and ideas of the TajWSS Network to develop new policy approaches. 2. TajWSS Network of Stakeholders on Sustainable Water Supply and Sanitation – a collaborative network of Government, Donors UN, NGOs, and other interested stakeholders that will seek to address sustainability through sharing best practices, commissioning research and piloting innovative approaches. The project will fund a range of consultancies, research projects and pilots through its members. 3. Capacity building in chosen districts – in 2 districts the learning and best practices of TajWSS Network will be put into practice by supporting the development of local government agencies, private sector and community organisations in planning, execution, supervision, and monitoring of rural water supply and sanitation projects. 4. Setting up the Water Trust Funds to support new investment in water supply and sanitation - in the later part of this project, community funds will be established in chosen districts of Khatlon to implement water supply solutions, using the findings of the network research and pilots.

The intended outcomes of the project are: • Enhanced collaboration and cooperation across the Tajik water and sanitation sub-sector through the creation of an effective network; • Innovation in solutions to the problems of sustainable supply of potable water to rural populations, including water charging models, maintenance models and design. Incorporating within those, aspects of gender, governance and disaster risk reduction; • Changes in the legal and institutional framework of water supply by the Government of Tajikistan; influenced by defining, testing and modeling effective solutions for the governance, management and maintenance of water supply in rural areas of Tajikistan; • New and targeted funding by donors to extend the water funds to new districts.

The period of 1 st phase of the project is November 2009 – December 2012 with budget of CHF 4 million.

5 Methodology

Criteria for selection of geographical areas were drafted (see annex 1), consulted and finalised with TajWSS Network members. Based on the agreed criteria TajWSS Network members proposed pre- selected districts at 2 nd Network meeting in February 2010.

In March 2010, Oxfam GB staff (as secretariat of TajWSS Network) visited governors of these districts to confirm interest to take part in TajWSS project. All four pre-selected districts confirmed officially their interest to participate.

It was proposed to the Network to set up a task group for designing the methodology for data collection and analysis during assessment in the field. The task group consisted of 25 professionals (See Annex 2) and worked throughout April 2010. Representative of Agency for Construction and Architecture (Bakhtoyor Ashurov); GOSGORTECHNADZOR (Tohir Babajanov); Tojik Ob Dehot (Nematullo Sharifov); Khojagii Manziliyu Komunali (Mustakim Jalolov); CARITAS (Said Marupov); Federation of Drinking Water of Muminobad District (Dilrabo Mirzoeva) German Agro Action (Daler Domulojanov), Oxfam GB (Sadbarg Mirova, Nosir Abdulvohidov, Ghazi Kelani, Kamilla Zavudinova, Alisher Alimov, Mamadgamin Maramov & Ruslan Ziganshin) took part in data collection process. Preparation of draft methodology / questionnaire / checklist for data collection & analysis in four pre-selected districts

The following methods were applied for data collection: • Desk Research: analysis of materials / reports published on the pre-selected districts • Individual Interviews: meeting with relevant stakeholders, such as local authorities, state WS&S operators, UN / (I)NGO, private sector, etc. present in the district • Questionnaire / Checklist: data collection tool for analysis of socio-economic, technological, environment indicators (Annex 3) • Focus Group Discussions: in total 8 meetings (two in each district) were held with community representatives • Observations: visiting WS&S system operational in the district (constructed / rehabilitated, etc)

6 Findings in pre-selected districts

Temurmalik District Geographic features of the district: • Temurmalik district is located in Eastern Khatlon of Tajikistan, south of the Vakhsh Range along the middle course of Kyzylsu River. Before 1957 called Qizil-Mazor District, then renamed Sovetskiy District, and in 2004 given its present name Temurmalik District. It borders with Vose from southwest, Khovaling from east, Baljuvon from northeast, Dangara from west and Nurek from north. • Total square area of the district is 1013 km². There are 7 jamoats (Vatan, Qushkiya, Tanobchi, Boboyunus, Kangurt, Karakamish and Sovetskiy). • District landscape is generally hilly covering the most part of the territory. The district is located in the Southern Khatlon. Agriculture is the most important sector for income of rural communities. There are 13,327 ha of plough land, 827 ha of irrigated land, rainfed lands – 64,957 ha. Known sources of water are boreholes, springs and rivers. • Most common disasters are: flooding that happens annually in spring time due to exit of the river from its banks. Demography / Human Capital: • Current district population is 61,057 people. Children below age of 14 consist 41%. Labour active population (15 – 63 years) of the district consists of 43.6%. 15.4% are pensioners • Population density is 61 persons/km². • Population growth rate by years is: 2007 – 1.7%; 2008 – 1.9%; 2009 – 1.9% • Birth rates is: 2007 – 22.4; 2008 – 23.9; 2009 – 23.8 • Infant mortality rate is: 2007 – 0.045; 2008 – 0.043; 2009 – 0.053 • There are 7,696 households in the district 302 of them are women headed • Population live below poverty line is not recorded however general observation shows that majority of people live in poverty Labour active population by sectors: • By 2009, majority of active labour population is employed in agriculture (56.1%). Employment of people in construction has increased from 35.6 in 2007 to 41.1% in 2009, however observation and experience of Oxfam GB staff in the district shows for example, when constructing water supply facilities in this area there was really difficult to find at least one working crane). Civil servants employed in public sector is (1.7%). There is no industry in the district and only 1% is employed in sector of services. • There are 889 people were registered at Labour Exchange in 2009 however this doesn’t present the current status of unemployment. Observations show that there is at least half of labour active population remain unemployed in the district. • Net migration rate is increasing year by year. Collected data for last 3 years is as following: 987 migrants left for work abroad in 2007, 1250 in 2008 (21% increase in comparison to the last year), and 2244 in 2009 (44.3% increase in comparison to the last year). No report is available how many of them are women. State funding for social services: • District budget revenue has grown more than twice from 4,836,430 TJS in 2007 to 10,517,162 TJS in 2009 (108.2% increase). The budget expenditure was 4,699,125 in 2007 and 9,640,596 in 2009. The budget still remains limited to the needs. Majority of resources in 2009 are spent on Health Care (22%) & Education (75.2%) that consist of costs on improving infrastructure and salaries of staff. • Miniscule budget is allocated for water supply and sanitation, which was 17,097 TJS in 2007 and 27,669 TJS (0.4% out of total budget) in 2009 that was covering water supply fee in government institutions. Public Health Profile: • Most common / spread water related diseases are: diarrhoea (1648 registered cases in 2007 and 1032 in 2009); hepatitis (57 cases in 2007 and 30 in 2009); scabies (0 cases in 2007 and only 5

7 registered case in 2009); helminthosis (14 case in 2007 and 54 in 2009). There are no officially registered typhoid cases during 2007-09. Transport / Energy Infrastructure: • There are 205.9 km of roads constructed in compliance with national standards. It could be difficult to reach some villages of Temurmalik district in wintertime. To ease and make travel more safer 4x4 cars are recommended. • There is no public transport available in the district. Local private drivers provide transportation services (minibus and taxi). • According to district hukumat in summer, electricity is provided 24 hours/day but in wintertime it is available for 8-10 hours. Alternative sources of energy applied by community include: generators (up to 30% of consumers). Water Supply and Sanitation: • There is no district wide inventarisation of water supply and sanitation systems. Fragmented data is available separately in Tojik Ob Dehot, KMK and SES (as monitoring function) present in the district. • The available SES report describes that about 27,700 (45.3%) people of the district have access to potable water. • Out of 7 reported centralised water supply systems in the district, fully operational is only 1 and 6 are partly operational. • There is no sewerage facility in the district • According to reports by different sources adult women, men, girls and boys under 15 are fetching the water. Mostly this job is done by women and children. • Up to 15% of consumers report that they treat the water to make it safer to drink by boiling it. Boiling is only commonly used treatment of water. Quality of water: • According to local SES, the quality of water is in compliance with existing WS&S national standards. There is a laboratory control / certification system exist and managed by SES on water safety. Waste Disposal: • Waste disposal is only available in district centre. In the rural areas there is no system in place. People dispose the garbage by their own making the garbage pits, burn the garbage, etc. WS&S tariffs: • The current water supply tariffs are: TJS 0.70 (KMK) and TJS 0.45 (TOD). Each household pays in average TJS 3.00 to TOD and TJS 5.00 to KMK. Where water meters are installed consumers pay TJS 0.22 / m³. In general, tariff covers up to 40% (according to TOD) and up to 100% (according to KMK) of operation & maintenance costs. • Indebted categories of consumers are as following (15% is private sector – according to TOD) and 100% of household consumers (KMK) • Known exempted consumer categories are disabled people, veterans of WW II and Afghan war, people who has been involved in response at Chernobil Nuclear Plant, etc. It total there are 12 categories. Household (HH) Economic Indicators: • The average HH income per month is TJS 300. Major sources for this are: job occupation, migration, livestock and agriculture (kitchen gardens). • In average each HH spends 22% out of their total monthly income for housing services. Availability of Mid – Long Term Development Plan / Strategy: • District Development Plan is not yet developed however it was supported by international organisations such as UNDP and GAA. WS&S Institutions represented in the district: • There is Khojagii Manziliyu Komunali (Housing Services) operational at district centre. Representatives of MoLRWR are ToD and Vodkhoz Department that deals with irrigation.

8 • There are also known that non-state WS&S providers exist in the district (CBOs) that were supported by international donor / funding organisations. Stakeholders’ participation: • Since 2005, there were 5 international organisations that supported construction of WS&S systems in the district: UNDP, Oxfam GB, TACIF, Islamic Development Bank, German Agro Action supported the construction of WS&S systems. Local authorities were not aware how many water supply systems were constructed during presence of donor / funding agencies in the district, however international organisations confirm that they provided reports to Hukumat on regular basis. • Currently there is only 3 new systems are under construction supported by private entrepreneur in Obi Shirin village (TJS 60,000); gravity water supply (22 km from Murodbakhsh source) for district centre by KMK (TJS 280,000), and Department of Capital Construction in Jorubkul village (TJS 100,000). • There is no other WS&S system construction planned in the nearest future, except ongoing one implemented by KMK in Murodbakhsh. • Number of registered NGOs, Civil Society Organisations (CSO), Community Based Organisations (CBO) has increased from 4-6 during 2007-09. Type of projects, that are undertaken by these organisations are in the field of: agriculture, irrigation, land use; gender, etc. • The number of active private sector representatives (both companies and entrepreneurs) is went down in 2009 e.g. there were 241 registered private companies / entrepreneurs in 2007, 264 in 2008 and in 2009 they became 210. • Mainly, types of businesses include: construction, services and trade. • Social orientation of business elite is on the rise. Support of social initiatives by private sector has increased 12 times between 2007 – 09, 1 supported projects in 07 and 12 in 2009 respectively. Types of supported projects include: humanitarian aid supply for special institutions, heating in schools. • The following stakeholders contribute(ed) and by what means to implementation of donor-funded projects in the district o General public (community): financial contributions o NGOs / Water Committees: financial o State Authorities: financial contributions from district budget (one time action of 4,000 TJS) o State Operators: KMK received financing of 1,748,000 for construction of gravity water supply (22 km from Murodbakhsh source) for district centre o Private Entities / Local Businessmen / Individual Donations: provision of financial contributions • No data available on contribution of funds to WS&S project by Donors, UN, (I)NGOs, others in the districts decreased by two times in the past 3 years.

Vose District Geographical features of the district: • Total square area of the district is 800 km². It borders with Hamadoni (from the South), Farkhor (South-West), Dangara (from West), Temurmalik (from North-West), Kulob (from East), Khowaling (from North). There are 8 jamoats (Aral, Guliston, Mehnatobod, Pahtakor, Michurin, Tugarak, and Shahrak). • Distrit landscape is generally plain lands and hilly. The district is located in the Southern Khatlon. Agriculture is the most important sector for income of rural communities. The oirrigated land amounts to 23,997 ha. • Most common disasters are: flooding, heavy snows in wintertime, hailing and earthquakes (e.g. affected territories are: Pahtakor, Michurin, Tugarak, Guliston, Mehnatobod) Demography / Human Capital: • Current district population is 175,864 people. Children below age of 14 consist 43.6%. Labour active population (15 – 63 years) of the district consists of 51.2%. 5.1% are pensioners • Population density is 215 persons/km². 9 • Population growth rate by years is: 1.9 – 2.00% • Birth rates is in average is 37 births / 1000 lives • Infant mortality rate is: 2007 – 0.016; 2008 – 0.018; 2009 – 0.024 • No official data collected on population live below poverty line • There are 20,186 households in the district 2-3% of them are women headed Labour active population by sectors: • By 2007, majority of active labour population is employed in agriculture (32.9%) and in public sector (24.3%) and industry (12.5%) services including others (30.3%). • By 2009 unemployment rate is 14% out of total labour active population of the district. • Net migration rate is 4683 people for 2009. State funding for social services: • District budget revenue has grown tremendously in proportional scale from 8,771,844 TJS in 2007 to 18,733,364 TJS in 2009 (106.35%). However the budget still remains limited in comparison to the needs. Majority of resources in 2009 are spent on Health Care (17.6%) & Education (69.6%) that consist of costs on improving infrastructure and salaries of staff. • No concrete data was gained on how much was spent for water supply and sanitation. Public Health Profile: • Most common / spread water related diseases are: diarrhoea (655 registered cases in 2007 and 645 in 2009); hepatitis (16 cases in 2007 and 48 in 2009); helminthosis (26 case in 2007 and 271 in 2009). Typhoid registered cases in 2007 were 30 and in 2009 were 22. Transport / Energy Infrastructure: • There are 242 km of roads constructed in compliance with national standards. District centre and all jamoats (except some villages in winter time) are well accessible by car during all seasons of the year. To ease and make travel more secure 4x4 cars are recommended. • There is no public transport available in the district. Local private drivers provide transportation services (bus, minibus, taxi, trucks for transportation of different goods). • According to district hukumat in summer, electricity is provided 24 hours/day but in wintertime it is available for 14 hours (local people inform that electricity is available only 2-4 hours per day, some villages do not have electricity at all during winter). Alternative sources of energy applied by community include: generators and coal. Water Supply and Sanitation: • There is no district wide inventarisation of water supply and sanitation systems. Fragmented data is available separately in Tojik Ob Dehot and KMK. • Known main sources of potable water are: piped water, boreholes • According to reports from different sources and own observation mostly women, girls and boys under 15 are fetching the water. • Consumers report that they treat the water to make it safer to drink by: boiling; adding chlorine and letting the water stand and settle. • 80% of consumers in district centre is connected to water supply network. Only 11,519 people connected to such service (about 10%). • There is no sewerage system available in the district Quality of water: • According to local SES, the quality of water is in compliance with existing WS&S national standards. There is a laboratory control / certification system exist and managed by SES on water safety. Waste Disposal: • In the district centre, there is a landfill that is set up with compliance to national standards. There are one truck for transportation of garbage and one sanitation truck available in the district centre. In the rural areas a waste disposal is a problematic and there is no system in place. People dispose the garbage by their own making the garbage pits, burn the garbage, etc. WS&S tariffs:

10 • The current water supply tariffs are: TJS 0.40 (TOD) per consumer per months. Each household pays in average up to TJS 4.00. Where water meters are installed consumers pay TJS 0.23 / m³. In general, tariff covers up to 50% (according to TOD) and up to 75% (according to KMK) of operation & maintenance costs. • State organisations (public sector) is indebted up to 40%, remaining indebted categories are ordinary people. • Known exempted consumer categories are disabled people, veterans of WW II and Afghan war, people who has been involved in response at Chernobil Nuclear Plant, etc. Household (HH) Economic Indicators: • The average HH income per month is TJS 300. Major sources for this are: job occupation, migration, livestock and agriculture (kitchen gardens). • In average each HH spends 20% out of their total monthly income for housing services. Availability of Mid – Long Term Development Plan / Strategy: • The District Development Plan is not yet developed. WS&S Institutions represented in the district: • There is Khojagii Manziliyu Komunali (Housing Services) operational at district centre. Representatives of MoLRWR are ToD and Vodkhoz Department that deals with irrigation. • There are also known that non-state WS&S providers exist in the district (CBOs) that were supported by international donor / funding organisations. Stakeholders’ participation: • Since 2005, there were at least 3 international organisations that supported construction of WS&S systems in Vose: ADB / GoT, Oxfam and Embassy of Japan. • Currently there are no agencies that support WS&S activities and not foreseen any in nearest future. • Number of registered NGOs, Civil Society Organisations (CSO), Community Based Organisations (CBO) is slightly decreased by 12%, e.g. 18 registered organisations in 2007 and 16 in 2009. Information is lacking what type of projects were implemented by these organizations. • The only known figure that was obtained by field assessment group that there were 3050 private registered entrepreneurs existed in 2009 in the district. • Mainly, types of businesses include: trading; construction; industry and services, e.g. cafes, shops, bathhouses (bania), etc. • Private Sector capital turnover has increased by 65% during 2007 – 09, TJS 27,111,000 (in 07) and 41,980,000 (in 09) respectively. • There are 25 socially orientated projects supported by business elite in the district for 2009. Types of supported projects include: construction of central district hospital, construction of school and remaining 23 are construction of 23 health facilities at village level. • The following stakeholders contribute(ed) and by what means to implementation of donor-funded projects in the district o General public (community): human resource / labour contribution (hashar), construction materials, financial contributions but no idea how much of the overall cost of the WS&S system o NGOs / Water Committees: financial contributions but no idea how much of the overall cost of the WS&S system o State Authorities: training / capacity building, financial contributions from district budget up to 50% of the overall cost of the WS&S system o State Operators: human resource / labour contribution, training and capacity building o Private Entities / Local Businessmen / Individual Donations: financial contributions but no idea how much of the overall cost of the WS&S system • There is no unified analysis done by relevant authorities in the district what was the contributions made to construction WS&S project by Donors, UN, (I)NGOs, others in the districts, at least for the last 3 years (2007-09).

Muminobad District Geographical features of the district: • Total square area of the district is 900 km². There are 7 jamoats (Childuhtaron, Kulchashma, Dehbaland, Bogh Gai, Tutu, Balkhobi, Shahrak). • District landscape is generally mountainous. The district is located in the Southern Khatlon with hills covering the most part of the territory. Agriculture is the most important sector for income of rural communities. Lands allocated for cultivation is approximately 69,000 ha. The arable land amounts to 12,000 ha out of them 1,245 ha (10%) are actually irrigated. • Most common disasters are: flooding, avalanches, heavy snows in wintertime, hailing. In average the damage is estimated of TJS 2,100,000. Demography / Human Capital: • Current district population is 78,524 people. Children below age of 14 consist 47.4%. Labour active population (15 – 63 years) of the district consists of 48%. 4.6% are pensioners • Population density is 84.4 persons/km². • Population growth rate by years is: 2007 – 1.9%; 2008 – 2.4%; 2009 – 1.1% • Birth rates is: 2007 – 24; 2008 – 23.3; 2009 – 26 • Infant mortality rate is: 2007 – 0.033; 2008 – 0.036; 2009 – 0.041 • There are 10,121 households in the district • Population live below poverty line: 2007 – 49.8%; 2008 – 47.9%; 2009 – 45% Labour active population by sectors: • By 2009, majority of active labour population is employed in agriculture (64%) and in public sector as civil servants (33.6%). Others are occupied in industry and services. • Unemployment rate is 37% out of total labour active population of the district. • Net migration rate is 2025 people for 2009, 34 of which are women. There is slight drop of these figures in comparison to 2007 (2190 / 90). State funding for social services: • District budget revenue has grown tremendously in proportional scale from 7,166,917 TJS in 2007 to 12,997,394 TJS in 2009 (81.36%). The budget expenditure was 6,588,575 in 2007 and 11,511,793 in 2009. However the budget still remains limited in comparison to the needs. Majority of resources in 2009 are spent on Health Care (22.4%) & Education (55.2%) that consist of costs on improving infrastructure and salaries of staff. • Miniscule budget is allocated for water supply and sanitation, which was 21,122 TJS in 2007 and 31,335 TJS (0.3% out of total budget) in 2009 that was covering water supply fee in government institutions. Public Health Profile: • Most common / spread water related diseases are: diarrhoea (890 registered cases in 2007 and 798 in 2009); hepatitis (10 cases in 2007 and 20 in 2009); scabies (12 in 2007 and only one case in 2009); helminthosis (10 case in 2007 and 32 in 2009). Typhoid cases equals 4-5 each year since 2007. Transport / Energy Infrastructure: • There are 343.2 km of roads constructed in compliance with national standards. District centre and all jamoats (except Chil Duhtaron in winter time) are well accessible by car during all seasons of the year. To ease and make travel more secure 4x4 cars are recommended. • There is no public transport available in the district. Local private drivers provide transportation services (bus, minibus, taxi, trucks for transportation of different goods). • According to district hukumat in summer, electricity is provided 24 hours/day but in wintertime it is available only for 7 hours. Alternative sources of energy applied by community include: generators, solar batteries (mostly used in Jamoat buildings for water heating, computer use, radio, TV, etc.) Water Supply and Sanitation:

12 • According to Daftari Ob (state enterprise on potable water supply, sanitation and ecology, which is operational under district hukumat) the sources of potable water in the district are as following: • Piped water (37/9%) – piped into yard connection or plot (40.6%) and public taps / standpipes (59.4%); • Borehole (8.1%); • Dug well (3%) – all (100%) wells are reported as protected; • Water from spring (35.5%) – 57.4% of springs are protected and 42.6% are not; • Rainwater collection (3%); • Water brought by trucks, cart with small tank / drum and kept in tankers is (5.9%); • Water is taken from river, stream, lake, pond, irrigation channel is (6.4%); • 0.2% of total water consumed is bottled water. • According to reports from different sources and own observation mostly women, girls and boys under 15 are fetching the water. • All stakeholders / consumers report that they treat the water to make it safer to drink by: boiling (56%); adding chlorine (38.5%); letting the water stand and settle (6,5%) • The inventarisation of water supply and sanitation systems has been done last time in December 2008. Report is issued and major outlines are below: o In total there are 78 water supply system exist in the district o 56.4% (44 systems) of them are functioning; 32.1% (25) are partly functioning; and 11.5% (9) are not functioning o There are 70.5% (55 systems) gravity type; 28.2% (22) pumped; 1.3% (1) compiled (gravity and pumped) o 60% of the population (47,113 persons) have access to service o There is no sewerage system available in the district, however local authority making an attempt to fund the construction works to build the system at the district centre Quality of water: • According to local SES, the quality of water is in compliance with existing WS&S national standards. There is a laboratory control / certification system exist and managed by SES on water safety. Waste Disposal: • In the district centre, there is a landfill that is set up with compliance to national standards. In the rural areas a waste disposal is a problematic and there is no system in place. People dispose the garbage by their own making the garbage pits, burn the garbage, etc. WS&S tariffs: • The current water supply tariffs are: TJS 0.30 / m³ (for pumped water supply) and TJS 0.12 / m³ (gravity water supply). Tariffs are calculated based on water metering, invoicing. The calculation is done based on operation costs occurred. Tariffs are developed by FON and KMK and set in consultation with Anti-Monopoly Service. In general, tariff covers up to 75% of operation & maintenance costs. • In average, consumers pay for the service the following amounts: o HH/month: TJS 5.57 (min) – 71.83 (max) o Person/month: TJS 0.80 (min) – 10.27 (max) o If water meter installed, per m³: TJS 0.12 (min) – 0.30 (max) • Still, there are some challenges exist to collect fees for water. There are 42.6% of consumers are indebted due to misunderstanding, they are not ready to pay for service as they think that water is free of charge and gift of God. Debt for the services provided splits between: o Public / State sector (20%) and HH consumers (80%) o Business structures reported as well and timely payers • Known exempted consumer categories are disabled people, veterans of WW II, Afghan war, poor people. Household (HH) Economic Indicators:

13 • The average HH income per month is TJS 351. Major sources for this are: job occupation, pensions, trade, migration, micro credits, sell of private property, handicrafts. • In average each HH spends 20% out of their total monthly income for housing services. Availability of Mid – Long Term Development Plan / Strategy: • District has its own Development Plan and covers the period of 2010 - 12. It includes activities on improving access to potable water and sanitation as priority issue. The target set for this period is to connect to the water supply 55% of district centre population and 65% rural population. For DDP implementation 2,565,041 TJS is allocated from state budget on improving WS&S services, 1,069,931 TJS for 2010. The DDP is connected to Oblast and National level. WS&S Institutions represented in the district: • There is Khojagii Manziliyu Komunali (Housing Services) operational at district centre. Vodkhoz Department that deals with irrigation only is an only representative of Ministry of Land Reclamation and Water Resources (MoLRWR), Tojik Ob Dehot has the plan to open its unit in the district. • There are WS&S systems that are regulated (on balance) by Jamoat and operated by community structures such as Water User Committees. • There are also non-state WS&S operators available in the district such as Federation of Drinking Water (FON) and private operator at community level. Stakeholders’ participation: • Since 2000, there were 7 international organisations that supported construction of WS&S systems in Muminobad. E.g. TACIF has supported the construction of 4 WS&S systems; ACTED (6); UNDP (3); Oxfam (2); CARITAS (27); Counterpart (1); MSDSP (11). According to inventatisation of WS&S system conducted in 2008, remaining WS&S (21) were constructed during Soviet times. • Currently there is only 2 new systems are under construction supported by CARITAS and MSDSP. • There is a donation from Swiss citizens available to construct two more systems in the nearest future. • Number of registered NGOs, Civil Society Organisations (CSO), Community Based Organisations (CBO) is on the rise by 43%, e.g. 73 registered organisations in 2007 and 128 in 2008. Type of projects, that are undertaken by these organisations in the field of: agriculture; livestock; seeds production; water supply (mainly by MSDSP and CARITAS); land reclamation, irrigation, land use; training; micro credits; disaster risk reduction; education, etc. • Presence of active private sector is on the rise in the district, e.g. there were 35 registered private companies in 2007 and in 2009 they became 43, 18.6% growth for two years. 17.7% increase of private entrepreneurs was recorded for last two years, 167 in 2007 and 203 in 2009. • Mainly, types of businesses include: trading (21 projects in 2007; 22 in 2008; 24 in 2009); construction (10 in 2007; 12 in 2008; 13 in 2009); industry: vine production, preserving (4 in 2007; 4 in 2008; 4 in 2009); services, e.g. auto service, shops, hairdressing saloon, etc: (2 new projects in 2009). • Private Sector capital turnover has increased on 32.4% during 2007 – 09, TJS 8,982345 (in 07) and 13,290,618 (in 09) respectively. • Social orientation of business elite is on the rise as well. Support of social initiatives by private sector has increased 10 timed between 2007 – 09, 4 supported projects in 07 and 45 in 2009 respectively. Types of supported projects include: construction of schools, libraries, auto bus terminal, medical points, mosques, water supply systems (4 in total), sport playgrounds repair of schools, humanitarian aid supply. • The following stakeholders contribute(ed) and by what means to implementation of donor-funded projects in the district o General public (community): human resource / labour contribution (hashar), food for work, construction materials, financial contributions up to 5% of the overall cost of the WS&S system o NGOs / Water Committees: labour, construction materials, training / capacity building, financial contributions up to 3% of the overall cost of the WS&S system, food for work, clothing for workers

14 o State Authorities: construction materials, training / capacity building, financial contributions from district budget up to 5% of the overall cost of the WS&S system, policy work on tariffs set up and project design o State Operators: human resource / labour contribution, training and capacity building o Private Entities / Local Businessmen / Individual Donations: provision of transportation, construction materials and financial contributions from 1-2% of the overall cost of the WS&S system • Contribution of funds to WS&S project by Donors, UN, (I)NGOs, others in the districts decreased by two times in the past 3 years, e.g. in 2007 it consisted of TJS 650,911 and in 2009 it was 316,000. Investments in 2010 even less due to lack and unavailability of funds for WS&S work.

Rudaki District: Geographical features of the district: • Rudaki is a district in the Region of Republican Subordination in Tajikistan. It stretches south from Dushanbe, bordering on Shahrinaw, Hisor, and Varzob districts from the north and northwest, Tajikistan's Khatlon Province from the south and the east, and Uzbekistan from the west. Its administrative capital is Somoniyon, a southern suburb of Dushanbe, called Leninskii in the Soviet period. • Total square area of the district is 1812 km². There are 16 jamoats (Somoniyon, Navobod, M.Tursunzoda, Sarikishti, Choryakkaron, Rossiya, Guliston, Zaynabobod, Kiblai, Chorgulteppa, Lohur, Chimteppa, Rohati, Sultonobod, Chorteppa, Esanboy). • District landscape is generally consisting of plain lands and hills. Agriculture is the most important sector for income of rural communities. Lands allocated for cultivation is approximately 27,013 ha. The arable land amounts to 14,123 ha. • Most common disasters are: flooding (e.g. 8 million TJS damage in 2009 and 1 million of damage in 2010) and earthquakes. The most disaster prone areas in the district are: Guliston, Zaynabobod, Kiblai, Rohati, Sultonobod, Esanboy Demography / Human Capital: • Current district population is 347,100 people. Children below age of 14 consist 44%. Labour active population (15 – 63 years) of the district consists of 51.7%. 4.3% are pensioners • Population density is 191 persons/km². • Population growth rate by years is: 2007 – 2.7%; 2008 – 2.6%; 2009 – 2.8% • Birth rates is: 2007 – 33; 2008 – 37; 2009 – 36 • Infant mortality rate is: 2007 – 0.048; 2008 – 0.036; 2009 – 0.029 • There is no official statistics on population live below poverty line however district hukumat confirms the figure of 8028 households registered as in need for social protection (15.01% out of total number of households which is 53,462). Labour active population by sectors: • By 2009, majority of active labour population is employed in agriculture, mostly on people’s own farms and kitchen gardens (87%), services (7.4%) and in public sector (4.3%). Others are occupied in industry (about 1%). • Unemployment rate is 42.5% out of total labour active population of the district. • No data is available on how many people have migrated abroad for wages but observation shows that labour migration is widely spread. State funding for social services: • District budget revenue has increased from 14,117,407 TJS in 2007 to 36,263,341 TJS in 2009 (122.13% increase). The budget expenditure was 21,277,243 in 2007 and 36,396,838 in 2009. The budget still remains limited in comparison to the needs. Majority of resources in 2009 are spent on Education (67.4%) Health Care (13.3%) & that consist of costs on improving infrastructure and salaries of staff. • Miniscule budget is allocated for water supply and sanitation, which was 200,396 TJS in 2007 and 129,001 TJS (0.4% out of total budget) in 2009 that was covering water supply fee in government institutions. 15 Public Health Profile: • Most common / spread water related diseases are: diarrhoea (5606 registered cases in 2007 and 4172 in 2009); helminthosis (940 case in 2007 and 1956 in 2009), typhoid (188 case in 2007 and 203 in 2009); hepatitis (172 cases in 2007 and 183 in 2009); scabies (134 in 2007 and 279 case in 2009). Transport / Energy Infrastructure: • There are 329.1 km of roads constructed in compliance with national standards. District centre and all jamoats are accessible by car during all seasons of the year. Some villages can be difficult to access during wintertime after heavy snowing. To ease and make travel more secure 4x4 cars are recommended. • There is no public transport available in the district. Local private drivers provide transportation services (bus, minibus, taxi, trucks for transportation of different goods). • According to district hukumat in summer, electricity is provided 24 hours/day but in wintertime it is available only for 5-10 hours. Alternative sources of energy applied by community include: generators. Water Supply and Sanitation: • According to inventarisation of water supply objects the sources of potable water in the district are as following: • Piped water (37.8%) – piped into yard connection or plot (90%) and public taps / standpipes (10%); • Water from spring (14.6.%) – 100% of springs are protected; • Rainwater collection (15.4%); • Water brought by trucks, cart with small tank / drum and kept in tankers is (15.4%); • Water is taken from river, stream, lake, pond, irrigation channel is (16.8%); • According to reports from different sources and own observation mostly women, girls and boys under 15 are fetching the water. • All stakeholders / consumers report that they treat the water to make it safer to drink by: boiling (50%); adding chlorine (20%); letting the water stand and settle (30%) • The inventarisation of water supply and sanitation systems has been done last time in April 2009. Report is issued and major outlines are below: o In total there are 131 water supply system exist in the district o 54.2% (71 systems) of them are functioning; 35.1% (46) are partly functioning; and 10.7% (14) are not functioning o There are 20.6% (27 systems) gravity type; 53.4% (70) pumped; 26% (34) – handpumps in 34 villages of the district) o 41,77% of the population (145,000) have access to service o There is sewerage system available in the district centre. The system is partly functioning (70%). There are 70% of toilets connected to centralised sewerage system and 30% are pit latrines served by sanitation (assenisation) vehicles of KMK. Quality of water: • According to local SES, the quality of water is partly compliant with existing WS&S national standards. Laboratory control / certification system on water safety managed by SES is partly exist. Waste Disposal: • Waste disposal is only available in the district centre. According to SES report the quality of service needs to be improved. In the rural areas a waste disposal is a problematic and there is no system in place. People dispose the garbage by their own making the garbage pits, burn the garbage, etc. WS&S tariffs: • The current water supply tariffs are: TJS 0.28 / m³. Tariffs are calculated based on water metering, invoicing. Tariffs are developed by operators (TOD and KMK) and set in consultation with Anti- Monopoly Service. In general, tariff covers up to 50% of operation & maintenance costs. • In average, consumers pay for the service the following amounts: o HH/month: TJS 9.00 – TJS 10.00 o Person/month: TJS 2.00 – TJS 3.30

16 • Debt for the services provided splits between: o Public / State sector (20%), Private Sector (20%) and HH consumers (60%) • Known exempted consumer categories are disabled people, veterans of WW II, Afghan war, Chernobil emergency response staff, poor people. Household (HH) Economic Indicators: • The average HH income per month is TJS 350. Major sources for this are: job occupation, pensions, trade, migration and kitchen gardens. • In average each HH spends 30% out of their total monthly income for housing services. Availability of Mid – Long Term Development Plan / Strategy: • District has its own Development Plan and covers the period of 2010 - 12. It includes activities on improving access to potable water and sanitation as priority issue. For DDP implementation TJS 500,000 is allocated by KMK on improving WS&S services. The DDP is connected to National level. WS&S Institutions represented in the district: • Khojagii Manziliyu Komunali (Housing Services) operational at district centre. Branch of TOD is functioning in the district as well. Vodkhoz Department that deals with irrigation present in the district. Both TOD and Vodkhoz Department are part of Ministry of Land Reclamation and Water Resources (MoLRWR). • There are WS&S systems that are regulated (on balance) by Jamoat and operated by community structures such as Water User Committees (21 in total). • There are also 9 private WS&S operators available in the district at community level. Stakeholders’ participation: • According to District Hukumat, since 2005, Urban Institute supported construction of USD 35,000 WS&S systems in the district. • Currently USAid Safe Drinking Water Supply Project staff is making the assessment to identify pilot areas in the district. • ADB Rural Development Project is planning to construct USD 50,000 water supply system in Lahur Jamoat in nearest future. • Number of registered NGOs, Civil Society Organisations (CSO), Community Based Organisations (CBO) has slightly decreased from 28 in 2007 to 25 in 2009. Type of projects, that are undertaken by these organisations in the field of: foreign language training, vocational training, Information Communication Technologies and computer courses, strengthening civil society, etc. • Presence of active private sector is on the rise in the district, e.g. there were 331 registered private companies in 2007 and in 2009 they became 390, 15% growth for last three years. • Mainly, types of businesses include: trading; construction; industry (production of construction materials): agro production, preserving; services, e.g. auto service, shops, etc. • Private Sector capital turnover has increased on 17.5% during 2007 – 09, TJS 39,6 million (in 07) and TJS 48 million (in 09) respectively. • Social orientation of business elite is on the rise as well. Support of social initiatives by private sector has increased from 20 (81 business organisations were involved) to 32 (105 81 business organisations were involved) projects between 2007 – 09. Types of supported projects include: humanitarian aid, construction of schools. • The following stakeholders contribute(ed) and by what means to implementation of donor-funded projects in the district o NGOs / Water Committees: labour, human resources o State Authorities: financial contributions o Private Entities / Local Businessmen / Individual Donations: financial contributions • According to district hukumat “0” in value of money was contributed to WS&S project by Donors, UN, (I)NGOs, others in the districts during 2007 – 09.

17 Conclusions Geographic features of the district: • The pre-selected districts (Temurmalik, Vose, Muminobad) are located in Eastern Khatlon and situated closely to each other. All three districts are not far from Kuliab where Oxfam GB has presence and work in these districts can be managed from Oxfam GB Kuliab office. The distance between OGB Kuliab office and three district centres varies from 50 – 100 km. • Rudaki is RRS and close to Dushanbe where Secretariat office of TajWSS project is located. It is expected that TajWSS project will attract at least US$ 1 million as additional financing to WS&S so opportunity to invite potential donors / investors to the field will be more effective and efficient in terms of time and resources to present project achievements somewhere nearby to the capital. The distance from OGB Dushanbe office and Rudaki district centre is 25 km.

• Comparison of square area, landscape and sources of water of four pre- Square Area of Pre-Selected Districts in km² selected districts is as following: o Temurmalik: 1013 km², landscape 2000 1812 is generally hilly covering the largest part of the territory, sources 1500 1013 900 of water are very limited, mostly 1000 800 boreholes and rivers. o Vose: 800 km², landscape is 500 generally plain lands and hilly. The 0 district is reach of different water Temurmalik Vose Muminobad Rudaki sources such as rivers, boreholes and springs. o Muminobad: 900 km², landscape is generally mountainous. The district is reach of different water sources such as springs, boreholes and rivers. o Rudaki: 1812 km², landscape generally consists of plan lands and hills. The district is reach of different water sources such as rivers, boreholes and springs. Demography / Human Capital / Labour active population:

• Comparative data on the population in Population density in pre-selected districts pre-selected areas is as following: (persons / km²) Temurmalik – 61,057 people (labour active population of the district – 215 250 191 43.6%); Vose – 175,864 people (labour 200 active population of the district – 150 84.4 51.2%); Muminobad – 78,524 people 100 61 (labour active population of the district – 50 48%); and Rudaki – 347,100 people 0 (labour active population of the district – Temurmalik Vose Muminobad Rudaki 51.7%).

• Official data about population live in poverty was only accessible in Muminobad (2007 – 49.8%; 2008 – 47.9%; 2009 – 45%). Authorities of other districts were not able to provide such data. State funding for social services:

• Analysing the budgets of all four Local Budget Revenue Increase during 2007-09 districts, majority of state funding for social services is allocated for 150.0% 122.1% Education (from 55.2 to 75.2%) and 108.2% 106.4% Health Sectors (from 13.3 to 22%). 100.0% 81.4% • Miniscule budget (in average 0.4%) 50.0% is allocated for water supply and sanitation that covers mostly the 0.0% costs occurred by governmental Temurmalik Vose Muminobad Rudaki bodies when consuming services provided by local state operators.

18 Public Health Profile: • Most common water related diseases in pre-selected districts by 2009 (Source: SES, Central Rayon Hospitals) are: District Diarrhoea Hepatitis Scabies Helmintosis Typhoid Temurmalik 1032 30 5 54 0 Vose 645 48 0 271 22 Muminobad 798 20 1 32 5 Rudaki 4172 183 279 1956 203 Transport / Energy Infrastructure: • It is confirmed by all for districts authorities that district centres and all jamoats are accessible during all seasons, except winter. Some difficulties with travel may appear in Temurmalik, Vose and Rudaki. In wintertime, Childuhtaron jamoat in Muminobad cannot be accessed at all. • There are no public transportation services in all four districts. Individuals and private entrepreneurs provide all such services (taxis, minibuses, buses, trucks, cranes, etc). • Electricity supply in wintertime is a common challenge that is faced by all districts. Electricity is only available in average for 5-10 hours. Potential alternative sources are: generators, solar and wind power. Water Supply and Sanitation:

Access to water supply: Access to water supply service by population • Temurmalik (45.3%, source SES of the (in%) in pre-selected districts, Source: District District - however observation and Authoroties experience of OGB staff in the district show that this figure is too high); 80 60 • Vose (data is available for district centre 60 45.3 41.77 only – 80% but not for whole district 40 population; 20 • Muminobad (60% - Source, 0 Inventarisation Report); Temurmalik Muminobad Rudaki • Rudaki (41.77% - Source, Inventarisation Report) Access to sanitation services: • Sewerage facility doesn’t exist in Temurmalik and Vose district centres. In Muminobad such system in the district centre is under construction. Rudaki district centre residents partly have access to such service. The system is partly functioning (70%). Rural areas of all districts are not served by any agency. Usually, rural residents construct pit latrines and manage sanitation issues by their own. Quality of water: • In all four districts respondents confirm that quality of water is in compliance with existing WS&S national standards. There is a laboratory control / certification system exist and managed by SES on water safety. • Observation and experience shows that both operators and quality control agencies are lacking capacities to check the quality of water on regular basis. Waste Disposal: • Such service is only available in the district centres, however the quality of service leaves much to be desire. In the rural areas a waste disposal is a problematic and there is no system in place. People dispose the garbage by their own making the garbage pits, burn the garbage, etc. WS&S tariffs: • According to operators of WS&S services, in general the tariffs are covering from 40 – 75% of operation & maintenance costs. It is just not enough to sustain the systems.

19 • In average splitting the debts amongst indebted categories in 4 assessed districts, the situation is as following: 1. household consumers (40 – 80%); 2. public sector (20 – 40%); 3. private sector (15 – 20%). • Many household consumers still treat water supply service as gift of God. Household (HH) Economic Indicators: • The average household income in Temurmalik, Vose is TJS 300 and in Muminobad, Rudaki is TJS 350. Spending on housing services are almost the same in Eastern Khatlon (20 – 22%) and in Rudaki is higher – 30%. This actually is really high-risk indicator that communities just do not have enough ability to pay timely for service consumed. Availability of Mid – Long Term Development Plan / Strategy: • District Development Plans of Temurmalik and Vose are in design stage. DDP of Muminobad is developed, approved and connected to National level. DDP of Rudaki district is also developed and approved. Linking the DDP to National level is in process. • Both Rudaki & Muminobad DDPs include WS&S part. • Inventarisation of WS&S objects is completed fully only in Muminobad. Rudaki is at the final stage, issuing a report on that. Both Temurmalik & Vose has not yet condacted district wide inventory exercise. WS&S Institutions represented in the district: • Temurmalik, Vose and Rudaki have representatives of MoLRWR (TOD, Vodkhozes) and KMK at their territories. Muminobad has only KMK and Vodkhoz of MoLRWR. According to State Programme on Potable Water, 2008-20, TOD has in plans to set up its branch in future. • All districts confirm that they practice the ownership of water supply systems by Jamoats and operation by Water User Committees (community based organisations). • Private ownership and operation of decentralised water supply system is known only in Muminobad and Rudaki districts. Stakeholders’ participation: • All districts confirm the drop of financing of WS&S projects from donors, UN, INGOs side. It happened due to limited potential to ensure sustainability of investments done. Construction of WS&S systems in the targeted districts almost became to “0”. • Number of registered civil society organisations is on the rise in Temurmalik, Muminobad • Number of registered companies / private entrepreneurs is on the rise in Muminobad and Rudaki. No data is available for Vose. • Private capital turn over between 2007 – 09 has increased by 65% in Vose, 32.4% in Muminobad, 17.5% in Rudaki. No data has been obtained from Temurmalik. • Social orientation of business elite is getting better in all districts. Most popular social projects supported by private sector are: humanitarian aid, construction of schools, health (medical) facilities, and children’s playgrounds. • Willingness to pay for WS&S services including provision of contributions by different stakeholders (community, government, private sector) and in different kind (e.g. human resource, capacity building, finance up to 15% of the overall cost of the system) is higher in Muminobad in comparison with other three districts.

20 Recommendations

Based on the above-mentioned findings and comparisons and conclusions it is recommended to TajWSS Network Steering Committee TajWSS Project Steering Committee members (MoLRWR, SDC, UNDP and Oxfam) by field assessment team who was involved in data collection and analysis to select:

1. Muminobad District & 2. Rudaki District for implementation of TajWSS project in these two geographic areas. The following are justification for such proposal:

21 Annexes

1. Criteria for selection of geographic areas 2. List of members of task group for designing the methodology for district selection 3. Questionnaire / checklist used for data collection 4. District maps