A ESTRATÉGIA MARÍTIMA INDIANA PÓS-GUERRA FRIA: Do Status Quo Ao Imperialismo

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A ESTRATÉGIA MARÍTIMA INDIANA PÓS-GUERRA FRIA: Do Status Quo Ao Imperialismo ESCOLA DE GUERRA NAVAL SUPERINTENDÊNCIA DE PESQUISA E PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ESTUDOS MARÍTIMOS LUCIANE NORONHA MOREIRA DE OLIVEIRA A ESTRATÉGIA MARÍTIMA INDIANA PÓS-GUERRA FRIA: Do Status Quo ao Imperialismo Rio de Janeiro 2017 LUCIANE NORONHA MOREIRA DE OLIVEIRA A ESTRATÉGIA MARÍTIMA INDIANA PÓS-GUERRA FRIA: Do Status Quo ao Imperialimo Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Estudos Marítimos da Escola de Guerra Naval como requisito parcial à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Estudos Marítimos. Área de Concentração: Segurança, Defesa e Estratégia Marítima. Orientador: Contra-Almirante (Refº) Reginaldo Gomes Garcia dos Reis Rio de Janeiro 2017 O48s Oliveira, Luciane Noronha Moreira de A Estratégia Marítima Indiana pós-Guerra Fria: Do Status Quo ao Imperialismo/ Luciane Noronha Moreira de Oliveira. __ Rio de Janeiro, 2017. 107f. : il. Orientador: Reginaldo Gomes Garcia dos Reis. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Escola de Guerra Naval, Programa de Pós- Graduação em Estudos Marítimos (PPGEM), 2017. 1. Estratégia Naval. 2. Índia – Política externa. 3. Oceano Índico – Aspectos estratégicos. I. Reis, Reginaldo Gomes Garcia dos. II. Escola de Guerra Naval (BRASIL). III.Título. CDD 359.030954 LUCIANE NORONHA MOREIRA DE OLIVEIRA A ESTRATÉGIA MARÍTIMA INDIANA PÓS-GUERRA FRIA: Do Status Quo ao Imperialimo Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Estudos Marítimos da Escola de Guerra Naval como requisito parcial à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Estudos Marítimos. Área de Concentração: Segurança, Defesa e Estratégia Marítima. Rio de Janeiro, 10 de abril de 2017. Banca Examinadora: ___________________________________________ Contra-Almirante (Refº) Reginaldo Gomes Garcia dos Reis – Escola de Guerra Naval Orientador ___________________________________________ CMG (Refº) Prof. Dr. Claudio Marin Rodrigues – Escola de Guerra Naval ___________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Eurico de Lima Figueiredo – Universidade Federal Fluminense Rio de Janeiro 2017 Para estarmos seguros em Terra, devemos ser supremos no Mar. (Jawaharlal Nehru, 1950) RESUMO A Índia é um país com tradição marítima de mais de quatro mil anos. Segundo os Vedas hindus antigos sobre a criação do universo, o mundo começou pelo mar. Apesar da importância das atividades relacionadas ao mar para a formação da sociedade indiana, o pensamento estratégico naval da Índia só viria a aflorar, de fato, após a Guerra Fria. As ameaças do terrorismo e da presença chinesa crescente no Oceano Índico foram dois aspectos que impulsionaram o anseio pela possessão da Marinha de “Águas Azuis”. A segurança das linhas de comunicação marítimas passou a ser um imperativo para o Estado, que tem aumentado, desde 1990, o orçamento da Marinha da Índia. Simultaneamente, vem incrementando o setor de construção naval para atender ao objetivo de fortalecimento do Poder Naval. Hoje, a Índia é um emergente econômico e militar. Para sustentar tais anseios, o país reformulou suas Doutrina e Estratégia, de forma a deixar explícita sua vontade de ser um global player de peso no campo militar. A dissertação tem, como finalidade, a análise das etapas desse pensamento estratégico naval indiano no período pós-Guerra Fria. Com base em documentos oficiais, análise de política externa e referências bibliográficas acadêmicas, pretende-se demonstrar como as ditas “novas ameaças”, combinadas com a situação econômica favorável e a condução das relações exteriores impactaram a visão indiana sobre a segurança marítima, de forma ampla e significativa. Palavras-Chave: Índia. Oceano Índico. Segurança Marítima. ABSTRACT India is a country with over four thousand years of maritime tradition. According to ancient hindu Vedas concerning the creation of the universe, the world as we know began through the sea. Despite the importance of sea-related activities to the formation of indian society, the naval strategic thinking of India had only been aroused after the Cold War. The threats of terrorism and the increasing chinese presence in the Indian Ocean were aspects that boosted the longing for a “Blue Water” Navy. The security of sea lines of communication has become an imperative for the State, which has been increasing, since 1990, the Indian Navy’s budget, as well as investing in the naval construction sector, to strenghten its Naval Power. Today, India is an economic and military emergent. To sustain these aspirations, the country reformulated its Doctrine and Strategy, so that its will on becoming a military global player would be explicit. This dissertation has the purpose to analyse the evolution of the refered indian naval strategic thinking in the post-Cold War period. Based on official documents, foreign policy analysis and academic bibliographyc references, the intent is to show how the so- called “new threats”, combined with favorable economic situation and the conduct of international affairs, in this context, impacted the indian vision on maritime security in a broad and distinguished manner. Keywords: India. Indian Ocean. Maritime Security. LISTA DE ILUSTRAÇÕES Figura 1 – Hierarquia de conceitos e doutrinas ............................................................... 21 Figura 2 – Linhas de comunicações marítimas da Índia ................................................. 33 Figura 3 – Comércio entre China e Índia durante os primeiros 13 anos do século XXI . 54 Figura 4 – Instabilidade no Sul da Ásia ........................................................................... 57 Figura 5 – Choke points globais do tráfego de petróleo .................................................. 61 Figura 6 – O projeto do Corredor Econômico Índia-Paquistão ....................................... 69 Figura 7 – Crescimento do Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) da Índia entre 1990 e 2015....73 Figura 7.1 – A relação entre produção e demanda por petróleo e derivados na Índia.....73 Figura 8 – Principais fontes de importação de petróleo da Índia, em 2007...................79 Figura 9 – Localização do Porto de Chabahar.................................................................85 Figura 10 – Choke Points e linhas de comunicações marítimas adicionadas à Estratégia Marítima de 2015.............................................................................................................87 Figura 11 – Fornecedores de Petróleo da Índia 2014-2015.............................................88 Figura 12 – Novos contornos dos entornos primário e secundário da Índia...................89 LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS E SIGLAS ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations BJP Bharatiya Janata Party CPEC China-Pakistan Economic Corridor DTTI Defense Technology and Trade Initiative IEA Information Exchange Agreement INIP Indian Naval Indigenisation Plan IONS Indian Ocean Naval Symposium IOR Indian Ocean Region JeM Jaish-e-Mohammed LeT Lashkar-e-Taiba LTTE Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelan MTCR Missile Technology Control Regime SCO Shanghai Cooperation Organisation TICTN Tratado de Interdição Completa de Testes Nucleares TNP Tratado de Não-Proliferação SUMÁRIO 1 – Capítulo I - Considerações iniciais: Conceitos e Referenciais Teóricos ................... 7 1.1 Introdução .................................................................................................................... 7 1.2 Referenciais teóricos ................................................................................................. 11 1.2.1 Hans J. Morgenthau .................................................................................................. 11 1.2.2 Alfred Thayer Mahan ............................................................................................... 14 1.3 Conceitos importantes .............................................................................................. 19 1.4 Metodologia ............................................................................................................... 21 2. Capítulo II – A Trajetória Contemporânea da Índia: Pensamento Estratégico e Política Externa ............................................................................................................... 24 2.1 Cultura e Pensamento Estratégico Indiano ........................................................... 24 2.2 Pensamento estratégico naval indiano: As quatro tradições ............................... 28 2.3 Paradigmas da Política Externa Indiana: Da Partição à Contemporaneidade .. 34 2.3.1 Paradigmas de Relações Internacionais da Índia ................................................. 34 2.4 A Índia pós-Guerra Fria: Política Externa e Desafios Estratégicos ................... 41 2.5 Considerações acerca da Política Externa Indiana Pós-Guerra Fria .................. 56 3. Capítulo III – Segurança e Estratégia Marítima da Índia ........................................... 59 3.1 Características gerais da região do Oceano Índico .............................................. 59 3.2 A presença de potências extrarregionais ............................................................... 60 3.2.1 Os Estados Unidos ................................................................................................... 60 3.2.2 França ......................................................................................................................... 62 3.2.3 Japão .......................................................................................................................... 64 3.2.4 República Popular da China ................................................................................... 65
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