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Cicero 106-43 Demosthenes 384-322 Parallel Lives M. Tullius Cicero 106-43 • “…many similarities in their na- • tural character, as their passion • for distinction, their love of li- • berty in civil life, their want of • courage in dangers and war…” • and at the same time also to • have added many accidental • resemblances.” • Both became great from • small beginnings, contes- • ted with tyrants, lost “The Power of persuading and • their daughters, suffered governing the people did, • exile and returned with indeed belong equally to both, so that those who had armies and • honor, fought for liberty, camps at their command stood in need of • and died when liberty their assistance.” • died For their countrymen. Judicial Speeches (81 BC) Pro Quinctio (On behalf of Publius 63 BC) Pro Rabirio Perduellionis Reo (On behalf Quinctius) of Gaius Rabirius on a Charge of Treason (80 BC) Pro Roscio Amerino (In Defense of 63 BC) Pro Murena (In Defense of Lucius Sextus Roscius of Ameria) Licinius Murena, in the court for electoral (77 BC) Pro Q. Roscio Comoedo (In bribery) Defense of Quintus Roscius Gallus the (62 BC) Pro Sulla (In Defense of Publius Comic actor) Cornelius Sulla (70 BC) Divinatio in Caecilium (Against (62 BC) Pro Archia Poeta (In Defense of Quintus Caecilius in the process for Aulus Licinius Archias the poet) selecting a prosecutor of Gaius Verres) (59 BC) Pro Antonio (In Defense of Gaius (70 BC) In Verrem (Against Gaius Verres, Antonius) [lost entire, or never written] or The Verrines) (59 BC) Pro Flacco (In Defense of Lucius (71 BC) Pro Tullio (On behalf of Tullius) Valerius Flaccus, in the court for extortion) (69 BC) Pro Fonteio (On behalf of Marcus (56 BC) Pro Sestio (In Defense of Publius Fonteius) Sestius) (69 BC) Pro Caecina (On behalf of Aulus (56 BC) In Vatinium testem (Against the Caecina) witness Publius Vatinius at the trial of (66 BC) Pro Cluentio (On behalf of Aulus Sestius) Cluentius) (56 BC) Pro Caelio (In Defense of (57 BC) De Domo Sua (On his House) Marcus Caelius Rufus): English (57 BC) De Haruspicum Responsis (On the translation Responses of the Haruspices) (56 BC) De Provinciis Consularibus (On the (56 BC) Pro Balbo (In Defense of Consular Provinces) Lucius Cornelius Balbus) (55 BC) In Pisonem (Against Piso) (54 BC) Pro Plancio (In Defense of (52 BC) Pro Milone (In Defence of Titus Annius Gnaeus Plancius) Milo) (54 BC) Pro Rabirio Postumo (In Late career(46 BC) Pro Marcello (On behalf of Marcellus) Defense of Gaius Rabirius (46 BC) Pro Ligario (On behalf of Ligarius Postumus) before Caesar) Mid career (between exile and (46 BC) Pro Rege Deiotaro (On behalf of King Caesarian Civil War)(57 BC) Post Deiotarus before Caesar) Reditum in Quirites (To the Citizens (44 BC) Philippicae (consisting of the 14 after his recall from exile) philippics, Philippica I–XIV, against Marcus Antonius)[6] (57 BC) Post Reditum in Senatu (To the Senate after his recall from (The Pro Marcello, Pro Ligario, and Pro Rege exile) Deiotaro are collectively known as "The Caesarian speeches"). Rhetoric and politics[edit] (84 BC) De Inventione (About the composition of arguments) (55 BC) De Oratore ad Quintum fratrem libri tres (On the Orator, three books for his brother Quintus) (54 BC) De Partitionibus Oratoriae (About the subdivisions of oratory) (52 BC) De Optimo Genere Oratorum (About the Best Kind of Orators) (51 BC) De Re Publica (On the Republic) (46 BC) Brutus (For Brutus, a short history of Roman rhetoric and orators dedicated to Marcus Junius Brutus) (46 BC) Orator ad M. Brutum (About the Orator, also dedicated to Brutus) 44 BC) Topica (Topics of argumentation) (?? BC) De Legibus (On the Laws) (?? BC) De Consulatu Suo (On his ((Cicero's)) consulship – epic poem, only parts survive) (?? BC) De temporibus suis (His Life and Times- epic poem, entirely lost) Speeches for Pompey: 67 In Support of the Lex Gabinia , To get Pompey the Campaign against the pirates 66 In Support of the Manilian Law:To get Pompey the command against Mithridates 66 BC ? Lost speech getting Pompey control of the grain supply Philosophy (46 BC) Paradoxa Stoicorum (Stoic Paradoxes) Epistolae (letters) (45 BC) Hortensius Epistulae ad Atticum (Letters to Atticus; 68–43 (45 BC) Lucullus or Academica Priora – Liber BC) Secundus (Second Book of the Prior Epistulae ad Brutum (Letters to Brutus; 43 BC) Academics) Epistulae ad Familiares (Letters to friends; 62– (45 BC) Varro or Academica Posteriora 43 BC) (Posterior Academics) Epistulae ad Quintum Fratrem (Letters to his (45 BC) Consolatio (Consolation) How to brother Quintus; 60/59–54 BC) console oneself at the death of a loved person (see Consolatio) (45 BC) De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum (About the Ends of Goods and Evils) – a book on ethics[8] (45 BC) Tusculanae Quaestiones (Questions debated at Tusculum) (45 BC) De Natura Deorum (On the Nature of the Gods) (45 BC) De Divinatione (On Divination) (45 BC) De Fato (On Fate) (44 BC) Cato Maior de Senectute (Cato the Elder on Old Age) (44 BC) Laelius de Amicitia (Laelius on “A room without books is like a body Friendship) without a soul” (44 BC) De Officiis (On Duties) ] Early Life Novus Homo: A ’New Man’ Education 2 • Graduate School in Rome Early Speech attack on Sulla’s freedman 80 BCE He wins but flees dictator’s wrath 3-4, p. 315* Return to Rome 5*,p. 315-16 • Guide should be his own nature, not popular opinion Politics Beckons Questor in Sicily, 75 Advocate in Rome 6-7, P.317 • Gets to know the citizens • Takes no fees or gifts • Prosecutes an ex- • Governor of Sicily, Verres, for extortion and wins despite dirty tricks and bribes, 70 BCE . Upward on the Cursus Honorum Aedile, 69 BCE Praetor, 66 BCE; Policy: Concord of the Orders (Knights and Senatorial classes) Consul,63 BCE , 10-23 Death Penalty or Not? • Election • Catiline Conspiracy: O tempora! • Fame or Infamy? O mores! • “O fortunatam natam me • Consule Romam” Cicero’s Wit 24-28, 27* p. 337 Exile and Return,58-57 BCE, 25-33 32*,pp.343 -4 Back to Law and Politics, 35-36 • Trial in Defense of Milo, 35 Augur 53 BCE • Governor of Cilicia 51 • BCE Plutarch’s • Assessment,36,pp.347-8 The Die is Cast, 37*-39 Pompey? • Or Caesar? • Mediation fails Retirement and Private Life, 40-41 Writer, Teacher, Philosopher Confusion and Second Triumvirate Antony?,42-43 Flight? • Fear Octavian?, 44-46 Asked by Octavian’s mother and • But sister to support him with his ora- • Leads tory. • Senate leaves 14 Phillipics Against Rome Antony, 44 BCE Returns Reasons 45* p.356 Power and Glory Switches sides Betrayal Proscription, Flight? and Death 43 BCE Hard choices Death of Cicero,48 for Big3, 47 • Sad hard trip for Cicero and Quintus with changes of plan • Disgrace of Antony, 49 Cicero Gets His Revenge and His Glory • As all the ages of the world have not produced a greater statesman and philosopher united in the same character, his authority should have great weight. • John Adams, A Defence of the Constitutions of Government (1787), Preface http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/ m/marcus_tullius_cicero.html .
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