Cicero, Pro Lege Manilia De Imperio Cn. Pompei (66 BC)

LAT 490 Senior Studies in Latin: Select Topics & LAT 691: Topics in Latin Language

Cicero, Pro lege Manilia de imperio Cn. Pompei (66 BC)

Course Outline (19 Jan. 2013)

icero’s speech in support of the Manilian Law (66 BC) was his first public involvement with legislative and constitutional matters. He advocated a bill put forward by C. Manilius to give Pompey the highest C command over all provinces of Asia Minor and thus to empower him in a unique way to end the protracted (third) war against Mithridates (73-63 BC). This speech provides fresh insights into the dynamics and mechanisms of the ‘last generation’ of the Roman Republic, the conflicts caused by her imperial ambitions, and a rhetoric that foreshadowed the path towards monarchy in the not-too-far future.

Instructor Professor Altay Coşkun ML 228, ext. 38903 [email protected] Office hours: W 10:00-12:00, and on appointment Term/Time/Location Winter 2013 / M 9:30-12:30 / Room: AL 209 Required Texts A Latin text, explanatory notes, and some scholarly readings will be made available prior to the classes Course Requirements Four in-class tests three of which are counted at 20% each & Workload for LAT 490 One special assignment worth 20% Active participation 20% Average workload: 5 hrs. outside classroom Course Requirements Four in-class tests three of which are counted at 16% each & Workload for LAT 691 Three special assignments worth 16% each Active participation worth 20% Average workload: 9 hrs. outside classroom

Learning Outcomes and Course Objectives:

Through an in-depth study of the Maniliana, the students will learn about the biographies of top players of the Late Republic, especially Cicero and Pompey, and the political culture and constitutional practice. Their ability of interpreting and translating Latin classical texts will be trained on an advanced level. Students are expected to enhance their Latin vocabulary as well as their knowledge of grammar and style, and to develop at least an initial understanding of the textual tradition and its implications for textual criticism. They will deepen their knowledge of ancient rhetoric and thereby learn more about the timeless art of persuasion, e.g. about the relation between the speaker and his audience as well as about the choice and development of arguments. Through special assignments, undergraduate students and, to a higher degree, graduate students will improve their abilities to do independent research on text-related topics, and to effectively present research results orally and/or in writing.

Communication outside the Classroom:

Students are encouraged to see me in my office hours (Wed., 10-12), or to make alternative appointments with me, if any kind of assistance or guidance is needed. If a quick reply is desired, the best way is to email me ([email protected]). I am going to use a mailing list with the students’ uwaterloo email addresses, to share materials and discussions with them. It is the students’ responsibility to check their email accounts regularly.

1 Expectations in the classroom:

Everyone in the classroom is expected to do his/her best so that we enjoy an atmosphere of mutual respect and are able to concentrate on our academic issues. While cell phones and iPods are banned completely, laptops are permitted, as long as they are employed to assist the class work. As a matter of courtesy, you should inform your instructor, if you have to enter late or leave early for any good reason. Relevant questions during the lectures are permitted and even appreciated, but if they become too numerous, some of them might be relegated to the office hours or the mailing list.

Regulations Concerning Tests:

Students are encouraged to consult the University examination regulations for information about various rules governing the conduct of tests. No dictionaries or grammars will be permitted in the tests. Vocab and grammar aid will be given, as seems appropriate to the instructor. Make-ups or other alternative accommodations will only be granted if the student obtains the instructor’s permission in advance for a good reason, or offers a documented medical reason for missing the test at the next possible opportunity. Lectures will normally continue after the in- class tests. More information is to be found on p. 3.

University Policies on Academic Integrity and Student Discipline and Grievance:

Academic Integrity: In order to maintain a culture of academic integrity, members of the University of Waterloo are expected to promote honesty, trust, fairness, respect and responsibility.

Discipline: A student is expected to know what constitutes academic integrity, to avoid committing academic offences, and to take responsibility for his/her actions. A student who is unsure whether an action constitutes an offence, or who needs help in learning how to avoid offences (e.g., plagiarism, cheating) or about “rules” for group work/collaboration should seek guidance from the course professor, academic advisor, or the Undergraduate Associate Dean. When misconduct has been found to have occurred, disciplinary penalties will be imposed under Policy 71 – Student Discipline. For information on categories of offenses and types of penalties, students should refer to Policy 71 - Student Discipline, http://www.adm.uwaterloo.ca/infosec/Policies/policy71.htm

Grievance: A student who believes that a decision affecting some aspect of his/her university life has been unfair or unreasonable may have grounds for initiating a grievance. Read Policy 70 - Student Petitions and Grievances, Section 4, http://www.adm.uwaterloo.ca/infosec/Policies/policy70.htm

Appeals: A student may appeal the finding and/or penalty in a decision made under Policy 70 - Student Petitions and Grievances (other than regarding a petition) or Policy 71 - Student Discipline if a ground for an appeal can be established. Read Policy 72 - Student Appeals, http://www.adm.uwaterloo.ca/infosec/Policies/policy72.htm

Academic Integrity website (Arts): http://arts.uwaterloo.ca/arts/ugrad/academic_responsibility.html

Academic Integrity Office (University): http://uwaterloo.ca/academicintegrity/

Accommodation for Students with Disabilities: The Office for Persons with Disabilities (OPD), located in Needles Hall, Room 1132, collaborates with all academic departments to arrange appropriate accommodations for students with disabilities without compromising the academic integrity of the curriculum. If you require academic accommodations to lessen the impact of your disability, please register with the OPD at the beginning of each academic term.

2 Tentative Lecture Schedule & Readings, Winter 2013

Week Topics Required Readings (1) Jan 7 Introduction (History, Rhetoric); Exordium Cic. Manil. 1-2 (2) Jan 14 Exordium (-3), Narratio (4-5), Partitio (6) Cic. Manil. 2-6; R1 (3) Jan 21 Confirmatio I: Necessary War a) Roman Glory Imperilled (7- Cic. Manil. 7-13; R2 11); b) Safety of Allies Imperilled (12-13) (4) Jan 28 Test 1; Confirmatio I: … c) Revenues (14-16) and Wealth (17- Cic. Manil. 14-19 19) Imperilled (5) Feb 4 Confirmatio II: Dangerous War (20-26); Confirmatio III: Cic. Manil. 20-28; R3 Pompey Best General / Tactics (27-28) (6) Feb 11 Test 2; Confirmatio III:... Pompey / Military Qualities Cic. Manil. 29-35 (7) Feb 18 Reading Week R4 (8) Feb 25 Confirmatio III: ... Pompey / Moral Qualities, Reputation Cic. Manil. 36-46 (9) Mar4 Confirmatio III: ... / Success, Summary, Pompey’s Readiness Cic. Manil. 47-50 (10) Mar 11 Test 3; Refutatio I a):  Hortensius / Gabinian Law: ad unum Cic. Manil. 51-58 omnia deferri non oportere (51-56); Digressio on Gabinius (57-58) (11) Mar 18 Refutatio I b)-II:  Catulus / I b) mortality of Pompey (59); II: Cic. Manil. 59-64 ne quid novi fiat contra exempla atque instituta maiorum (12) Mar 25 Confirmatio IV: Pompey’s continentia (64-), Peroratio (69-71) Cic. Manil. 64-71 (13) Apr 4 Test 4; extra time for readings or oral presentations

Guidelines for the Graded Requirements a) Active participation: It is expected that all required readings be done before class (except for week 1), and that all students will actively contribute to the translation, analysis, and interpretation in the classroom. If students miss class more than once for a valid reason, they can be offered a special assignment to make up for their missed grades. b) In-Class tests: Tests normally consist of three very short text sections, one of which will have been translated in class, the second of which will be expected to be prepared, the third of which will be a sight translation from the Maniliana (tests 1-2) or the Archiana (tests 3-4). Additional questions relating to grammar, style, rhetorical or historical contexts will be worth 5-15 % altogether. The three best tests will go into the final grade (3 x 20%). c) Most special assignments will be short essays of 5-7 pp.; the introduction is to cover briefly the context and to approach the topic that Cicero deals with in the chosen section; the first main part can be a commentary, to be followed by an interpretation of no less than 3 pp.; alternatively, explanations may be put into footnotes, so that there is only one main part; the final part may be a summary of the main arguments, but even better would be to add some further conclusions, e.g., on how the preceding discussion helps us better understand other sections of the Maniliana or even other works of Cicero or his political decisions. Different structures are permitted, but in that case students are advised to submit a short outline in advance, ideally via email, in order to receive written feedback before the essay will be submitted. The bibliography is supposed to include no less than eight titles from at least five different sections of the Select Bibliography (section III does not count here); a graduate essay will have to quote at least two scholarly works which are not in English. Before embarking on the essay, students are encouraged to consult the essay guide for Classical Studies composed by Professor Sheila Ager, which sets out the expectations for an academic essay and offers a lot of helpful examples: http://www.classics.uwaterloo.ca/essays.htm. However, not every guideline may be pertinent to our course (e.g., length of text and composition of bibliography). Moreover, there are the following alternative options: i) Students can choose for their essay a section of the Maniliana of 2-3 paragraphs. If so, submission will be due prior to the class in which the same section will be dealt with; late submissions will incur penalty points ranging

3 between 10% and 50%. If the essay is graded 85% or better, the student will be offered to take the instructor’s role, when this section is taught in class. Graduate students are expected to choose one or two sections of the Maniliana, and to present at least one of them in the classroom after receiving feedback on the related essay. The performance as ‘deputy instructor’ will be reflected either in the essay grade or in the active participation grade, whichever is to the advantage of the student. ii) Students can choose a section of 2-3 paragraphs from any of the following works that have the potential to enhance our understanding of the Maniliana or of Roman foreign policy in the eastern Mediterranean: 1) Cicero, Pro Archia poeta (defence of Roman citizenship of his friend Archias from Antioch; references to Lucullus, Pompey, Mithridates, 62 BC) 2) Cicero, Pro Flacco (defence of Valerius Flaccus who had been a bad governor in Asia, 59 BC) 3) Cicero, Pro Scauro (defence of Aemilius Scaurus who had been a bad governor in Sardinia, 54 BC) 4) Cicero, Epistulae ad Quintum fratrem I 1 (advice on how to govern the provincia Asia, 61 BC) 5) Cicero, Epistulae ad familiares XV 1-2 (Cicero’s reports to the senate from Cilicia, 51 BC) 6) Cicero, Pro rege Deiotaro (defence of the Galatian king who was accused of plotting against Caesar, 45 BC) The submission date for such an assignment is April 15, 2013, unless the student and the instructor agree that a presentation based on the essay can be integrated into the class to deepen our understanding of the Maniliana.

Note further that each essay topic can be chosen only by one student; if two students want to work on the same piece of Cicero, they have to focus on different sections. Students are advised to make their choices in week 2, ideally informing their instructor via email, so that they can receive written confirmation. If no decision is reached early in week 3, the instructor may assign appropriate topics to the students.

Select Bibliography

I. Required Readings (provided through mailing list) R0 = Cicero, Pro lege Manilia (Latin text from Clark and Greenough/Kittredge will be made available, together with explanatory notes, and the translations of Grant and Yonge) R1 = May, James M.: Cicero – His Life and Career, in: idem (ed.): Brill's Companion to Cicero: Oratory and Rhetoric, Leiden 2002, 1-21. (includes a chronological table of his life) R2 = MacKendrick, Paul: On Pompey’s Command, in idem: The Speeches of Cicero. Context, Law, Rhetoric, London 1995, 3-23 plus notes on pp. 460-462. R3 = Sherwin-White, Adrian N.: Lucullus, Pompey and the East, in Crook, J.A./Lintott, Andrew/Rawson, Elisabeth (eds.): The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146-43 B.C., Cambridge 1994, repr. 2001 (=CAH IX 2nd ed.), 229-273. R4 = Cicero, Pro Archia poeta; make use of: Coşkun, Altay: Cicero und das römische Bürgerrecht. Die Verteidigung des Dichters Archias. Einleitung, Text, Übersetzung und historisch-philologische Kommentierungen, Göttingen 2010 [best Latin text and historical commentary, but in German]; Reid, James S.: Ciceronis Pro Archia, Cambridge 1877 and West, Grace St.: Cicero, Pro Archia, Bryn Mawr, PA 1988 [English vocab and grammar aid]; Grant, Michael: Selected Political Speeches of Cicero, Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England 1969, 146–164 [English translation].

II. Selection of Further Text Editions, Commentaries, and Translations to Cicero’s Maniliana Berry, D. H.: Marcus Tullius Cicero: Political Speeches, Oxford 2006. (Available online through Primo) Clark, Albertus: M. Tulli Ciceronis orationes, several vols., Oxford ca. 1905. (The text is available online at thelatinlibrary.com and at the Perseus Database [with critical notes, but without preface]) Donelli, Francis P.: Cicero’s Manilian Law. New York: Fordham University Press, ca. 1939. http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015005273373#page/60/mode/1up Grant, Michael: Selected Political Speeches of Cicero, Translated with an Introduction, Harmondsworth, Middlesex 1969. Greenough, J.B./Kittredge, G.L.: Select Orations and Letters of Cicero, Boston, 1902. Grose-Hodge, Humfrey, Tr.: M. Tullius Cicero, The Speeches: Pro Lege Manilia, Pro Caecina, Pro Cluentio, Pro Rabirio Perduellionis, With an English Translation, Cambridge MA 1927, repr. 1966. (Loeb) Joliffe, R.O./Tracy, H.L.: Pro Lege Manilia (De Imperio Gnaei Pompei oratio ad Quirites), Tronto: McMillan, 1933. WLU Book Shelves (PA6279 .I6 1933) [course reserve] King, John R.: M. Tullius Cicero, Pro lege Manilia sive De Imperio Cn. Pompei, Oxford 1917, repr. 1963. Guelph McLaughlin Book Stacks (PA 6279.I6 1963) [course reserve] Stangl, Thomas: Ciceronis orationum scholiastae, Wien 1912, Nd. Hildesheim: Olms, 1964, 316-322 (‘Pompeiana’). Yonge, Charles Duke: Orations of Marcus Tullius Cicero, Translated, New York, rev. ed. 1900, 171-200. Zetzel, James E. G.: Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Ten Speeches, Indianapolis, Ind. ca. 2009. UW DP PA6307.A4 Z48 2009 [course reserve]

III. Selection of Websites Attalus. Von Andrew Smith. S. bes. Scholia in Ciceronis orationes Bobiensia: http://www.attalus.org/latin/bobiensia4.html#175 und Scholia Bobiensia, a commentary on the speeches of Cicero: http://www.attalus.org/translate/bobiensia.html#archi as (12.08.2010) The Cicero Homepage. Von A. Riggsby, UT Austin Classics: http://www.utexas.edu/depts/classics/documents/Cic.html (30.05.2010) Cicero – The Latin Library – The Classics Page at Ad Fontes Academy: http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cic.html (30.05.2010) Kirke. Katalog der Internetressourcen für die Klassische Philologie. http://www.kirke.hu-berlin.de/ressourc/ressourc.html (30.05.2010) Perseus: http://www.perseus.tufts.edu. Greek and Roman Materials : http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/collection?collection=Perseus:collection:Greco-Roman (Jan. 5, 2013) Rassegna degli Strumenti Informatici per lo Studio dell’Antichità Classica. Von Alessandro Cristofori: http://www.rassegna.unibo.it/rassegna/autlat.html (30.05.2010) The Society for Ancient Languages. http://www.uah.edu/student_life/organizations/SAL/texts/index.html (Jan. 5, 2013)

IV. Selection of General Reference Works for the Classical World Blackwell-Wiley’s Encyclopedia of Ancient History, Oxford 2012. (EAH) Bowersock, G.W./Brown, Peter/Grabar, Oleg: Late Antiquity. A Guide to the Postclassical World, Cambridge/Mass. 1999. Brill’s New Pauly, ed. by Hubert Canzik/Manfred Landfester/Helmuth Schneider, 19 vols., 7 suppls., Leiden 2002ff. (BNP) Harrison, Stephen: A Companion to Latin Literature, Oxford 2005. Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome, Oxford 2010. (OEAGR) Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaften, ed. by Georg Wissowa et al., Stuttgart 1894ff. (RE or P- W=Pauly-Wissowa) The Oxford Classical Dictionary, 3rd ed. by Simon Hornblower/Antony Spawforth, Oxford 2003; 4th ed., Oxford 2012. The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization, ed. by Simon Hornblower/Antony Spawforth, Oxford 2004. von Albrecht, Michael: Geschichte der römischen Literatur, 2 vols., Munich ²1997 = A History of Roman Literature: from Livius Andronicus to Boethius: with Special Regard to Its Influence on World Literature, Leiden 1997.

V. Select Works on Latin Grammar, Rhetoric, and Style Allen and Greenough's New Latin grammar for schools and colleges, founded on comparative grammar, ed. by J.B. Greenough et al., Boston ca. 1931. Available online through Primo. Dominik, William J./Hall, Jon: A Companion to Roman Rhetoric, Malden MA 2007 Lausberg, Heinrich: Handbook of Literary Rhetoric: a Foundation for Literary Study. Leiden & Boston: Brill, 1998. UW DP: PA181 .L313 1998; WLU PA181 .L313 Kühner, Rafael/Stegmann, Carl: Ausführliche Grammatik der lateinischen Sprache, 2 parts in 4 vols., 5th ed. by Andreas Thierfelder, Hannover 1976, repr. 1992. Kunzer, Paul E.: Vocabulary of Cicero's Manilian law, (American Classical League) 1969. ThlL = Thesaurus Linguae Latinae, Leipzig (temporarily Stuttgart) 1900ff. Williams, James D.: An Introduction to Classical Rhetoric: Essential Readings, Chichester, UK 2009. UW DP PA3265 .I58 2009

VI. Selection of General Works on Cicero Deniaux, Élisabeth: Clientèles et pouvoir à l’époque de Cicéron, Rom 1993. Fuhrmann, Manfred: Cicero und die römische Republik. Eine Biographie, München 1989, 31991, 41997. Gelzer, Matthias: Cicero. Ein biographischer Versuch, Wiesbaden 1969. Grimal, Pierre: Cicero, München 1988. Habicht, Christian: Cicero als Politiker, München 1990. Kurczyk, Stephanie: Cicero und die Inszenierung der eigenen Vergangenheit. Autobiographisches Schreiben in der Späten Römischen Republik, Cologne 2006. MacKendrick, Paul: The Speeches of Cicero. Context, Law, Rhetoric, London 1995. Marinone, Nino: Cronologia Ciceroniana, 1Rom 1997, 2Bologna 2004. May, JamesM. (ed.): Brill's Companion to Cicero: Oratory and Rhetoric, Leiden 2002. UW DP PA6285 .B75 2002 [course reserve] Murrell, John: Cicero and the Roman Republic, Cambridge 2008. [Course Reserve] Narducci, Emanuele: Cicerone e l’eloquenza romana. Retorica e progetto culturale, Rome 1997. Narducci, Emanuele: Introduzione a Cicerone. Nuova edizione, Rome 2005. Stockton, David: Cicero. A Political Biography, Oxford 1971.

VII. Selection of Specialist Works on Cicero’s Writings Bleicken, Jochen: Cicero und die Ritter, Göttingen 1995. Bücher, Frank: Verargumentierte Geschichte. Exempla Romana im politischen Diskurs der späten römischen Republik, Stuttgart 2006.

5 Classen, Carl Joachim: Der ideale Feldherr: Pompeius, in idem: Recht – Rhetorik – Politik. Untersuchungen zu Ciceros rhetorischer Strategie, Darmstadt 1985, 268-303. Corbeill, Anthony: Political Humor in the Late Roman Republic, Princeton/N.J. 1996. Coşkun, Altay: Cicero und das römische Bürgerrecht. Die Verteidigung des Dichters Archias. Einleitung, Text, Übersetzung und historisch-philologische Kommentierungen, Göttingen 2010. Dugan, John: Making a New Man. Ciceronian Self-Fashioning in the Rhetorical Works, Oxford 2005. UW DP PA6285 .D84 2005 Gildenhard, Ingo: Creative Eloquence: the Construction of Reality in Cicero's Speeches, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011. UW DP PA6320 .G55x 2011 [course reserve] Gruber, Joachim: Cicero und das hellenistische Herrscherideal. Überlegungen zur Rede De imperio Cn. Pompei, WS 101, 1988, 243-258. Haury, A.: L’ironie et l’humour chez Cicéron, Leiden 1955. Lintott, Andrew: Cicero as Evidence: a Historian’s Companion, Oxford 2008. DP PA6320 .L48 2008 [course reserve] López Barja de Quiroga, Pedro: Imperio legítimo. El pensamiento político en tiempos de Cicerón, Madrid 2007. Ludwig, W. (ed.): Eloquence et rhétorique chez Cicéron, Genevre 1982. Perl, Gerhard/Blochwitz, Anette: Ciceros Rede ‘De imperio Cn. Pompei’ im Codex Berolinensis Lat. Fol. 252 (E), Hermes 132, 2004, 92ff. (JSTOR) Powell, Jonathan/ Paterson, Jeremy (eds.): Cicero the Advocate, Oxford 2004. Schmitz, Dietmar: Zeugen des Prozeßgegners in Gerichtsreden Ciceros, Frankfurt/M. 1985. Settle, James Norwood: The Publications of Cicero’s Orations, Diss. Chapel Hill 1962. Smith, Christopher John/Covino, Ralph: Praise and Blame in Roman Republican Rhetoric, Swansea 2011. UW DP PA6059.E6 P73 2011 (course reserve) Steel, Catharine: Reading Cicero. Genre and Performance in Late Republican Rome, London 2005. Tempest, Kathryn: Cicero: Politics and Persuasion in Ancient Rome, London 2011. UW DP DG260.C5 T46 2011 Urban, Ralf: Die Griechen in der Sicht des Advokaten, Politikers und Privatmannes Cicero, in: Heinz Heinen (Hg.): Althistorische Studien Hermann Bengtson zum 70. Geburtstag dargebracht von Kollegen und Schülern, Wiesbaden 1983, 153-73. (zu Ciceros griech. Klienten S. 165f.) Usher, Stephen. Cicero's Speeches: the Critic in Action, Oxford 2008. (private copy in my office) von Albrecht, Michael: Cicero's Style: A Synopsis Followed by Selected Analytic Studies, Leiden 2003. UW DP PA6357 .A54 2003 [course reserve]

VIII. Selection of Works on Lucullus, Pompey, and Mithridates VI Eupator Badian, Ernst: Foreign Clientelae, Oxford 1958, 252-283. Ballesteros Pastor, Luis: Aspectos contrastantes en la tradición sobre L. Licinio Lúculo, Gerión 17, 1999, 331-343. Ballesteros Pastor, Luis: Lucio Licinio Lúculo. Episodios de imitatio Alexandri, Habis 29, 1998, 77-85. Ballesteros Pastor, Luis: Mithradates VI Eupator Dionysos, King of Pontos and Bosporos (2007), in: Altay Coşkun: Amici Populi Romani. Prosopographie der auswärtigen Freunde Roms. Hg. vom Waterloo Institute for Hellenistic Studies (WIHS), Waterloo, ON 2010, 185–89. URL: http://apr.uwaterloo.ca (Jan. 5, 2013). Ballesteros Pastor, Luis: Mithrídates Eupátor, rey del Ponto, Granada 1996. Boak, A.E.R.: The Extraordinary Commands from 80 to 48 B.C., AHR 24, 1918/19, 1ff. Campanile, Domitilla: Città d’Asia Minor tra Mitridate e Roma, Studi Hellenistici 8, 1996, 145-173. Chaumont, M.: L’expédition de Pompée le Grand en Arménie et au Caucase, Quaderni Catanesi 6, 1984, 17-94. Christ, Karl: Pompeius. Der Feldherr Roms. Eine Biographie, Munich 2004. Coşkun, Altay: Amicitiae und politische Ambitionen im Kontext der causa Deiotariana, in: ders. (Hg.): Roms auswärtige Freunde in der späten Republik und im frühen Prinzipat, Göttingen 2005, 127-54. de Callataÿ, François: L’histoire des guerres mithridatiques vue par les monnaies, Louvain-la-Neuve 1997 (=Numismatica Lovaniensa 18). Dingmann, Matthias: Pompeius Magnus. Machtgrundlagen eines spätrepublikanischen Politikers. Rahden/Westf. 2007. Dreher, Martin: Pompeius und die kaukasischen Völker: Kolcher, Iberer, Albaner, Historia 45, 1996, 188-207. Eckhardt, Kurt: Die armenischen Feldzüge des Lukullus, Klio 9/10, 1909/1910, 400-412/ 72-115, 192-231. Edwards M.J.: Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus. From Teenage Butcher to Roman Alexander, Accordia Research Papers 2, 1991, 69-85. Epstein, David F.: Personal Enmity in Roman Politics 218-43 B.C., London 1987. Erciyas, Deniz Burcu: Wealth, Aristocracy and Royal Propaganda under the Hellenistic Kingdom of the Mithradatids in the Central Black Sea Region of Turkey, Leiden 2005. Franklin, Claire: To What Extent Did Posidonius and Theophanes Record Pompeian Ideology?, Digressus Supplement 1, 2003, 99-110. Freeman, P.W.A.: Pompey’ Eastern Settlement: a Matter of Presentation?, in: Carl Deroux (Hg.): Studies in Latin Literature and Roman History, Bd. 7, Brüssel 1994, 143-79. Gelzer, Matthias: Pompeius. Lebensbild eines Römers, München 21959, 3. Aufl. bearb. von Elisabeth Herrmann-Otto, Stuttgart 1984; 4. Aufl. 2005. Girardet, Klaus Martin: Imperia und provinciae des Pompeius 82 bis 48 v.Chr., Chiron 31, 2001, 153-209. Greenhalgh, Peter: Pompey, vol. 1: The Roman Alexander; vol. 2: The Republican Prince, London 1980/81. Gruen, Erich S.: Pompey, Metellus Pius, and the Trials of 70-69 B.C.: the Perils of Schematism, AJPh 92, 1971, 1-16. Gruen, Erich S.: Veteres hostes, novi amici, Phoenix 24, 1970, 237-43.

6 Haley, Sh. P.: The Five Wives of Pompey the Great, Greece and Rome 32, 1985, 49-59. Heftner, Herbert: Plutarch und der Aufstieg des Pompeius. Ein historischer Kommentar zu Plutarchs Pompeiusvita, T. 1 (Kap. 1- 45), Frankfurt 1995. Herrmann-Otto, Elisabeth: Forschungsbericht 1984–2004 zur Neuauflage 2005, in eadem (ed.): Matthias Gelzer: Pompeius. Lebensbild eines Römers, 4th ed., Stuttgart 2005, 7-18. (pp. 233-38 supplementary bibliography) Hickson-Hahn, F.: Pompey’s Supplicatio Duplicata: a Novel Form of Thanksgiving, Phoenix 54, 2000, 244-254. Hillman, Thomas P.: Hodie apud Lucullum Pompeius cenat: Negelected History at Plutarch, Lucullus 41,4-7, in: Carl Deroux (ed.): Studies in Latin Literature and Roman History VII, Brussels 1994, 190-201. Hillman, Thomas P.: Pompeius and the Senate 77-71, Hermes 118, 1990, 444-454. Hillman, Thomas P.: The Alleged Inimicitiae of Pompeius and Lucullus: 78-74, CPh 86, 1991, 315-318. Hillman, Thomas P.: The Reputation of Cn. Pompeius Magnus among His Contemporaries from 83 to 59 B.C., Diss. New York 1989. Hind, J.G.F.: Mithridates VI., CAH 9, 1994, 129-164. Hoben, Wolfgang: Untersuchungen zur Stellung kleinasiatischer Dynastien in den Machtkämpfen der ausgehenden römischen Republik, Diss. Mainz 1969. Højte, Jakob Munk (ed.): Mithridates VI and the Pontic Kingdom, Aarhus 2009. At http://www.pontos.dk/publications/books/BSS%209) Jameson, Shelach: Pompey’s Imperium in 67: Some Constitutional Fictions, Historia 19, 1970, 539-560. Keaveney, Arthur: Lucullus. A Life, London 1992. Keaveney, Arthur: Lucullus. A Life, London 1992. Leach, John: Pompey the Great, London 1978. Marcone, Arnaldo: Il nuovo stile dell’uomo politico: Pompeio ‘princeps civilis’, Athenaeum 78, 1990, 475-481. Mayor, Adrienne: The Poison King: the Life and Legend of Mithradates, Rome’s Deadliest Enemy, Princeton 2010. McGing, Brian C.: Appian’s ‘Mithridateios’, ANRW II 34,1, 1993, 496-522. McGing, Brian C.: The Foreign Policy of Mithridates VI Eupator, King of Pontus, Leiden 1986. Meier, Christian: Pompeius’ Rückkehr aus dem Mithridatischen Kriege und die Catilinarische Verschwörung, Athenaeum 40, 1962, 103-125. Muccioli, Federicomaria: "Il re dell’Asia": ideologia e propaganda da Alessandro magno a Mitridate VI, in: Criscuolo, L. / Geraci, G./Salvaterra, C.: Simblos. Scritti di storia antica 4, Bologna 2004, 105-158. Niebergall, Axel: Rom und die griechischen Eliten im Ersten Mithradatischen Krieg, in: Altay Coşkun: Freundschaft und Gefolgschaft in den auswärtigen Beziehungen der Römer (2. Jh. v.Chr. – 1. Jh. n.Chr.), Frankfurt/M. 2008, 65-89. Olshausen, Eckart: Zum Hellenisierungsprozeß am Pontischen Königshof, AncSoc 5, 1974, 153-70. Portanova, Joseph John: The Associates of Mithridates VI of Pontus, Diss. New York 1988. [wa 10780] Raditsa, Leo Ferrero: A Historical Commentary to Sallust’s Letter of Mithridates, Diss. New York 1969, Ann Arbor 1970. Rawson, Beryl: The Politics of Friendship: Pompey and Cicero, Sydney 1978. Schüle, A.: Pompeius Magnus – ein Wegbereiter des Oktavian/ Augustus?, Eichstätt 1997. Schulz, Raimund: Zwischen Kooperation und Konfrontation. Die römische Weltreichsbildung und die Piraterie, Klio 82, 2000, 2, 426-40. Seager, Robin: Pompey. A Political Biography, Oxford 1979; 22002. Seager, Robin: The Rise of Pompey, CAH 9, 1994, 208-228. Sherwin-White, Adrian N.: Lucullus, Pompey and the East, CAH IX 2nd ed., 1994, 229-273. Siewert, Peter: Le deportazioni di Tigrane e Pompeo in Cilicia, in: Marta Sordi (ed.): Coercizione e mobilità umana nel mondo antico (CISA 21), Mailand 1995, 225-33. [wa 12789] Strobel, Karl: Mithridates VI. Eupator von Pontos, Orbis Terrarum 2, 1996, 145-190. Strobel, Karl: Mithridates VI. Eupator von Pontos. Der letzte große Monarch der hellenistischen Welt und sein Scheitern an der römischen Macht, Ktema 21, 1996, 55-94. Sullivan, Richard D.: Near Eastern Royalty and Rome, 100-30 BC, Toronto 1990. Syme, Ronald: Pompeius Magnus, in idem: Anatolica. Studies in Strabo, Oxford 1995, 87-126. Tröster, Manuel: Lucullus, His Foreign Amici, and the Shadow of Pompey, in: Altay Coşkun (ed.): Roms auswärtige Freunde in der späten Republik und im frühen Prinzipat, Göttingen 2005, 91-111. Tröster, Manuel: Themes, Character, and Politics in Plutarch’s Life of Lucullus. The Construction of a Roman Aristocrat, Stuttgart 2008. Twyman, Briggs: The Metelli, Pompeius, and Prosopography, ANRW I 1, 1972, 816-74. van Ooteghem, J.: Lucius Licinius Lucullus, Namur 1959. van Ooteghem, J.: Pompée le Grand, Bâtisseur d’ empire, Brüssel 1954. [312 LD ws 3291 + 31 JD wa 5207] Vogel-Weidemann, U.: The Dedicatory Inscription of Pompeius Magnus in Diodorus 40.4, Acta Classica 28, 1985, 57-75. Ward, Allen Mason: Cicero’s Support of Pompey in the Trials of M. Fonteius and P. Oppius, Latomus 27, 1968, 802-9. Watkins, O.D.: A Commentary on Plutarch’s Life of Pompey, Chapters 1-46.4, Oxford 1985. Will, Wolfgang: Cicero und Pompeius, in: Herbert Heftner/ Kurt Tomaschitz: Ad fontes! FS für Gerhard Dobesch zum fünfundsechzigsten Geburtstag am 15. September 2004, Wien 2004, 287-93.

IX. Selection of Further Works on the Roman Republic Bringmann, Klaus: Geschichte der Römischen Republik, München 2002. = A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by W. J.

7 Smyth, Cambridge 2007. Broughton, T. Robert S.: The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, 3 Bde., Atlanta 1951/52/86. (=MRR) Christ, Karl: Krise und Untergang der römischen Republik, Darmstadt 42000 Crook, J.A./Lintott, Andrew/Rawson, Elisabeth (eds.): The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146-43 B.C., Cambridge 1994, repr. 2001 (=CAH IX 2nd ed.). Flower, Harriet I. (ed.): The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic, Cambridge 2004. Flower, Harriet I.: Roman Republics, Princeton/Oxford 2010. Gruen, Erich Stephen: The Last Generation of the Roman Republic, Berkeley/Cal. 1974. Harris, William Vernon: War and Imperialism in Republican Rome 327-70 B.C., Oxford 11979, 31992. Heuß, Alfred: Römische Geschichte, Paderborn 11960, 41976; 6th ed. by Jochen Bleicken/Werner Dahlheim/Hans-Joachim Gehrke, 61996. Hinard, François (ed.): Histoire romaine, Teil I: Des origines à Auguste, Paris 2000. Hölkeskamp, Karl-Joachim: Senatus populusque Romanus. Die politische Kultur der Republik – Dimensionen und Deutungen, Stuttgart 2004. Hölkeskamp, Karl-Joachim: Reconstructing the Roman republic: an ancient political culture and modern research. Translated by Henry Heitmann-Gordon; revised, updated, and augmented by the author, Princeton 2010. Jehne, Martin: Die Römische Republik. Von der Gründung bis Caesar, München 2006. Jehne, Martin/ Pfeilschifter Rene (eds.): Herrschaft ohne Integration? Rom und Italien in republikanischer Zeit, Frankfurt/M. 2006. Kallet-Marx, Robert Morstein: Hegemony to Empire. The Development of the Roman Imperium in the East from 148 to 62 B.C., Berkeley 1995. Lintott, Andrew: Cicero as Evidence: a Historian’s Companion, Oxford 2008. Mackay, Christopher S.: The Breakdown of the Roman Republic. From Oligarchy to Empire, Cambridge 2009. Morstein-Marx, Robert: Mass Oratory and Political Power in the Late Republic, Cambridge 2004. Mouritsen, Henrik: Italian Unification. A Study in Ancient and Modern Historiography, London 1998. Nicolet, Claude: Rome et la conquête du monde méditerranéen, Paris, vol. 1, 41991; vol. 2, 21989. Rosenstein, Nathan/Morstein-Marx, Robert (Hgg.): A Companion to the Roman Republic, Oxford 2006. Shotter, David: The Fall of the Roman Republic, 2nd ed., London 2005. Wiseman, T. P. Remembering the Roman People: Essays on Late-Republican Politics and Literature, Oxford 2009.

X. Selection of Works on the Laws and Constitution of the Roman Republic Bleicken, Jochen: Prinzipat und Dominat. Gedanken zur Periodisierung der römischen Kaiserzeit. Wiesbaden 1978. Bowman, Alan/Andrew Wilson (eds.): Settlement, Urbanization, and Population, Oxford 2011. Brunt, Peter A.: Italian Manpower, 225 B.C. – A.D. 14, Oxford 1971; 21987. Coşkun, Altay: Bürgerrechtsentzug oder Fremdenausweisung? Studien zu den Rechten von Latinern und weiteren Fremden sowie zum Bürgerrechtswechsel in der Römischen Republik (5. bis frühes 1. Jh. v.Chr.), Stuttgart 2009. Coşkun, Altay: Civitas Romana and the Inclusion of Strangers in the Roman Republic: the Case of the Civil War, in: A. Gestrich et al. (eds.): Strangers and Poor People. Changing Patterns of Inclusion and Exclusion in Europe and the Mediterranean World from Classical Antiquity to the Present Day, Frankfurt 2009, 135-164. Eck, Werner/Wolff, Hartmut (eds.): Heer und Integrationspolitik. Die römischen Militärdiplome als historische Quelle, Cologne 1986. Gagliardi, L.: Mobilità e integrazione delle persone nei centri cittadini romani. Aspetti giuridici, Teil I: La classificazione degli incolae, Mailand 2006. Gardner, Jane F.: Being a Roman Citizen, London 1993. Holtheide, Bernhard: Römische Bürgerrechtspolitik und römische Neubürger in der Provinz Asia, Freiburg 1983. Kron, Geoffrey: The Augustan Census Figures and the Population of Italy, Athenaeum 93, 2005, 441-95. Lintott, Andrew: The Constitution of the Roman Republic, Oxford 1999. Lo Cascio, E.: The Size of the Roman Population: Beloch and the Meaning of the Augustan Census Figures, JRS 84, 1994, 23-40. Marotta, Valerio: La cittadinanza romana in età imperiale (secoli I - III d.C.). Una sintesi, Torino 2009. Morley, Neville: The Transformation of Italy, 225-28, JRS 91, 2001, 50-62. Mouritsen, Henrik: The civitas sine suffragio: Ancient Concepts and Modern Ideology, Historia 56.2, 2007, 141-58. Nicolet, Claude: Le métier de citoyen dans la Rome républicaine, Paris 21979. = The World of the Citizen in Republican Rome, London 1980 Noy, David: Foreigners at Rome: Citizens and Strangers, London 2000. Rich, J.W.: The Supposed Roman Manpower Shortage of the Later Second Century BC, Historia 32, 1983, 287-331. Rieger, Michael: Tribus und Stadt. Die Entstehung der römischen Wahlbezirke im urbanen und mediterranen Kontext (ca. 750-450 v. Chr.), Göttingen 2007. Riggsby, Andrew: Roman Law and the Legal World of the Romans, Cambridge 2010. Rosenstein, Nathan: Rome at War. Farms, Families, and Death in the Middle Republic, Chapel Hill 2004. Taylor, Lily Ross: Roman Voting Assemblies, Ann Arbor 1966. Scheidel, Walter (ed.): Debating Roman Demography, Leiden 2001. Sherwin-White, Adrian N.: The Roman Citizenship, Oxford 21973. Wiseman, Timothy Peter: The Census in the First Century B.C., JRS 59, 1969, 59-75. Wiseman, Timothy Peter: New Men in the Roman Senate, Oxford 1971.

XI. The Langue of Roman Imperialism Adler, Eric Valorizing the Barbarians: Enemy Speeches in Roman Historiography, Austin 2011. Ando, Cliffort: Imperial Ideology, and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire, Berkeley 2000. Coskun, Altay: Quaestiones Fonteianae. Staatsraison und Klientelpolitik im Kontext von Ciceros Pro M. Fonteio oratio (ca. Herbst 70 v.Chr.), Latomus 65.2, 2006, 354-63. Habinek, Thomas N.: Ideology for an Empire in the Prefaces to Cicero’s Dialogues, Ramus 23, 1994, 55–67. Meyer, Hans Dieter: Cicero und das Reich, Diss. Köln 1957. Noreña, Carlos F.: Imperial Ideals in the Roman West: Representation, Circulation, Power. Cambridge 2011. Richardson, John: The Language of Empire: Rome and the Idea of Empire from the Third Century BC to the Second Century AD, Cambridge 2008. Rose, Peter: Cicero and the Rhetoric of Imperialism: Putting the Politics Back into Political Rhetoric, Rhetorica 13, 1995, 359-399. Steel, Catherine E.W.: Cicero, Rhetoric, and Empire, Oxford 2002

XII. Roman Imperialism, Army, Colonies, and Provinces Adler, Eric Valorizing the Barbarians: Enemy Speeches in Roman Historiography, Austin 2011. Ando, Cliffort: Imperial Ideology, and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire, Berkeley 2000. Badian, Ernst: Roman Imperialism in the Late Republic, 1Pretoria 1967, 2New York 1968. Baronowski, Donald Walter: Polybius and Roman Imperialism, London 2011. Bradley, Guy J./Wilson, John-Paul: Greek and Roman Colonization : Origins, Ideologies and Interactions, Swansea 2006. Brice, Lee L./Roberts, Jennifer T.: Recent Directions in the Military History of the Ancient World, Claremont CA 2011. Brunt, Peter A.: Reflections on British and Roman Imperialism, in: Comparative Studies in Society and History, 7, 1964/65, 267- 88. Bury, Ernst: Domina Roma. Lateinische Quellen zum römischen Imperialismus, Stuttgart 1987. Burton, Paul J. Friendship and empire: Roman diplomacy and imperialism in the Middle Republic (353-146 BC), Cambridge 2011. Campbell, Brian: The Roman Army 31 BC-AD 337, London 1994. Champion, Craig B. (ed.): Roman Imperialism: Readings and Sources, Oxford 2004. Eckstein, Arthur M.: Mediterranean Anarchy, Interstate War, and the Rise of Rome, 2006. Erskine, Andrew: Roman Imperialism, Edinburgh 2010. Elton, Hugh: Frontiers of the Roman Empire, London 1996. Erdkamp, Paul (ed.): A Companion to the Roman Army, Oxford 2007. Ferrill, Arther: Roman Imperial Grand Strategy (Publication of the Association of Ancient Historians 3), Claremont CA: Regina Books, 1991. Frank, Tenney: Roman Imperialism (1914), New York 1921.Keppie Grainger, John D.: Hellenistic and Roman Naval Wars, 336-31 BC, Barnsley: Pen & Sword Maritime, 2011. Harris, William Vernon (ed.): The Imperialism of Mid-Republican Rome, Rome 1984. Holder, Paul A.: Studies in the Auxilia of the Roman Army from Augustus to Trajan, Oxford 1980. Hurlet, Frédéric (ed.): Les Empires. Antiquité et Moyen Âge. Analyse comparée, Rennes 2008. Hurlet, Frédéric: Rome et l’Occident (IIe siècle av. J.-C. – IIe siècle apr. J.-C.). Gouverner l’Empire, Rennes 2009. Keppie, Lawrence: The Making of the Roman Army. From Republic to Empire, London 1984. Keppie, Lawrence: Legions and Veterans. Roman Army Papers, Stuttgart 2000. Kromayer, Johannes/Veith, Georg: Heerwesen und Kriegsführung der Griechen und Römer, Munich 1928. Le Bohec, Yann: Imperial Roman Army, London 2000. Le Bohec, Yann/Wolff, Catherine: Les légions de Rome sous le Haut-Empire. Actes du Congrès de Lyon (17-19 septembre 1998), 2 Bde., Lyon 2000. Lintott, Andrew: Imperium Romanum. Politics and Administration, London 1993. Luttwak, E.N.: The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire. From the First Century AD to the Third, Baltimore 1976. Mattern, Susan P.: Rome and the Enemy: Imperial Strategy in the Principate, Berkeley CA 1999. Madsen, Jesper Majbom. Eager to be Roman: Greek response to Roman rule in Pontus and Bithynia. London: Duckworth, 2009. Metzler, Jeannot/Millett, Martin/Roymans, Nico/Slofstra, Jan (Hgg.): Integration in the Early Roman West. The Role of Culture and Ideology, Luxemburg 1995. Mattingly, David J.: Imperialism, Power, and Identity: Experiencing the Roman Empire, Princeton NJ 2011. Morley, Neville: The Roman Empire. Roots of Imperialism, London 2010. Noreña, Carlos F.: Imperial Ideals in the Roman West: Representation, Circulation, Power. Cambridge 2011. Raaflaub, Kurt A.: Born to Be Wolves? Origins of Roman Imperialism, in: Robert W. Wallace/ Edward M. Harris (eds.): Transitions to Empire. Essays in Greco-Roman History, 360-146 B.C., in Honor of E. Badian, Norman/Okla. 1996, 273-314. Revell, Louise: Roman Imperialism and Local Identities, Cambridge 2009. Richardson, John: The Language of Empire: Rome and the Idea of Empire from the Third Century BC to the Second Century AD, Cambridge 2008. Schulz, Raimund: Herrschaft und Regierung. Roms Regiment in den Provinzen in der Zeit der Republik, Paderborn 1997. Sweetman, Rebecca J. (ed.): Roman Colonies in the First Century of Their Foundation, Oxford 2011. Woolf, Greg: Becoming Roman. The Origins of Provincial Civilization in Gaul, Cambridge 1998.