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Home , 66 BC, Pompey, Spartacus, Sulla, Triumph (Rome)

4/2/12

Sulla (Marius’ Marius the Great (106-48) lieutenant) “Aer having rescued the seacoast from pirates and restored to the Roman people the command of Network of the sea, he celebrated Civil War triumphs over , , , , , , , the , the Jews, Caesar (Marius’ Crassus (’s Pompey (Sulla’s the Albanians, Iberia, the nephew) lieutenant) lieutenant) Island of , and in addion to these, over King Mithridates & King Tigranes… He routed, scaered, slew, or received the surrender of 12,380,000 people; sank or captured 846 ships; received the capitulaon of 1,538 towns & forts…” • Pompey’s boast: “I found Asia the furthest off of ’s provinces & le her at center of Rome’s empire”

The “last generaon” of the Republic Gnaeus Pompeius (Magnus) • Greatest conqueror of • Final pping point between a Rome controlled – or just most opportunisc? Best at taking credit? by small groups of super-imperialists who • Fighng under Sulla, Pompey (in his 20’s) want to be considered principes (first men)— – adopts surname Magnus: The Great and a Rome ruled by one man: the only – others call him adulescens carnifex: Teenage Butcher princeps. • dominated Roman polics for 30 years aer Sulla • Individualist general and imitator of Alexander “Pompey could not bear having a superior. But – BUT, by accident of history, gets painted as last bason of Caesar could not even bear having an equal.” old Rome—symbol of lost Republic, bulldozed by Caesar. – From teenage butcher & violator of constuon to guardian of ???

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Rise of Pompey Lepidus, in 78 • Son of successful general, Gnaeus Pompeius . • Right aer Sulla’s death, Inherited thousands of clients when father died in 87 Lepidus, tries to reverse (Pompey just 19) Sulla’s reforms: restore • Joins Sulla in 82, having raised 3 legions of his clients & grain subsidies • • Marries Sulla’s step-daughter Senate delays • Lepidus about to march on • Becomes Sulla’s roving hitman… Rome • Aer success vs. Sulla’s foes, Pompey demands • Senate orders SCU, pung – But Pompey just 25 years old & has never held office Pompey in command ag. – Sulla says no– that would be unconstuonal! Lepidus – Pompey refuses to disband army unl Triumph given • Pompey crushes rebellion, but refuses to disband army – 25 year old (non-senator!) Pompey gets Triumph… unl given new command…

Pompey vs. Sertorius Pompey seeks consulship • Marian who fled to Spain in 82 • In 80, raises rebellion in Spain • Pompey, successful against both Sertorius and • Offers refuge for all who oppose , camps outside Rome with army opmates and Sullan senate – Demands Senate to allow him to stand for consulship – Supporters of Marius and Cinna – Many Gallic and Spanish tribes • Crassus & Pompey for 70 BC, even though – Pirates and Mithridates of Pontus Pompey has never held any office (& too young) • Charisma: Robin-hood figure • Work together to dismantle Sullan constuon! • In 77, Pompey sent against him & begins retaking Spain – Pompey’s breach of • 72, Sertorius murdered by his own lieutenant – Law-courts go back to • 71, on way back to Rome, Pompey aids Crassus with – Tribunes reinstated Spartacus & takes credit

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Pompey Away in the East The paradox of the year 70: • • Sulla had instuted new regime 67 BC: Tribunes get Pompey command of enre Med. to subdue pirates – Various discontented facons try to overturn Sullan – 270 warships + 100,000 soldiers regime: Lepidus, Sertorius, Spartacus – Brilliant campaign: in just 3 months– pirates gone – But Senate’s generals crush revolts • And then? Pompey wants another war! • Eventually those very generals (two of Sulla’s – former men) manage to undo Sulla’s dream 74-67 BC: defeang Mithridates of Pontus – 66 BC: Lucullus’ command given to Pompey • What does Pompey want? • Pompey finishes war and… – Like Marius, just victories and glory: no other ideal • - Conquers Armenia and Syria; captures • Didn’t aspire to one-man rule, but transgressive • - Sets up client kings all over East; creates provinces; acons sll paved way for rise of sole ruler makes laws; founds towns– like Alexander

Meanwhile at Rome in the 60’s? Pompey Returns: 62 BC

• Pompey’s shadow over Rome: Another Sulla?? • Pompey returns peacefully and disbands army • Crassus schemes to corner land-market in Has only two needs: – so that Pompey need to negoate with 1) for the Senate to rafy his acons in the East him to find his veterans land 2) Land for his veterans • 64-3 Caline’s conspiracy But Opmates within Senate refuse (esp. Cato)… • – (at first a hero, then at risk) Senate delays response to Pompey’s requests – Big mistake! – senate debate sets up Caesar vs. Cato • Senate also blocks ambions of Caesar, who asks for Triumph aer victories in Spain – Even bigger mistake!

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Caesar (100-44) Year 59 • Caesar allies himself w/ both Pompey & Crassus • Caesar elected consul for 59 • 60 BC: “1st ”—promise of friendship – Rafies Pompey’s Eastern acvies & gets • Why would these three men team up? Don’t land to Pompey’s vets they hate each other? – remission of contract price for Crassus’ – Caesar needs consulship publicani friends – Secures himself pro-consular command in – Pompey needs land & raficaon of acons for 5 years in East • Caesar’s methods? – Crassus needs help geng publicani out of bad contract with the Senate – abuses consular colleague, Bibulus • Pompey marries Caesar’s daughter, – bypasses Senate– popularis behavior

53 BC: Crassus killed What do we call this agreement between trying to conquer Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar? • st Amicia (friendship)? 1 triumvirate? 58 BC: Caesar goes to Meanwhile: conspiracy? Dominaon? beginning of civil conquer Gaul Pompey tries to keep war? order at Rome “3 men, backed by armed force, by the urban populace and by many of the Equites, imposed their will on the State and destroyed the power of the Senate … The State and constuon were now at the mercy of dynasts Julia dies in childbirth who strove for power and .”

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