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Del Presidente Tlatoani Al Presidente Gerente Espacios Públicos, Vol Espacios Públicos ISSN: 1665-8140 [email protected] Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México México Mercado Maldonado, Asael; Gallegos Magdaleno, Nicolás S. Del presidente tlatoani al presidente gerente Espacios Públicos, vol. 12, núm. 25, 2009, pp. 41-65 Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México Toluca, México Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=67611350004 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Luis Villalobos García Del presidente tlatoani al presidente gerente Fecha de recepción: 16 de octubre de 2008. Fecha de aprobación: 18 de marzo de 2009. Asael Mercado Maldonado* Nicolás S. Gallegos Magdaleno** RESUMEN El concepto de presidente tlatoani se relaciona con las formas de poder existentes en el México prehispánico, pertinentes para investigar su origen y uso desde una perspectiva del ejercicio del poder. En este artículo analizamos el símbolo del tlatoani como detentador único del máximo poder político que ha tenido vigencia en México, cuando menos desde 1917 –El jefe máximo de la revolución constitucionalista–, caracterizando al presidencialismo mexicano durante todo el siglo XX. La forma del presidente gerente prácticamente comienza con Carlos Salinas de Gortari hasta la fecha. PALABRAS CLAVE: poder presidencial, tlatoani, símbolo, gerencia. ABSTRACT The President’s concept Tlatoani relates to the existing ways of being able in the pre-Hispanic Mexico, pertinent to investigate your origin and use from a perspective of the exercise of the power. In this article we analyze the symbol of the Tlatoani as the only detained of the maximum political power who * Doctor en Ciencias Sociales por la Universidad Iberoamericana. Líder del cuerpo académico: nuevo orden mundial retos políticos y económicos para el siglo XXI. Profesor investigador en la Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales de la UAEM. ** Doctor en Ciencias Sociales por la UAEM. Profesor de Economía Financiera Internacional en la UAEM. 41 Del presidente tlatoani al presidente gerente has had force in Mexico, when less from 1917 En el sistema político mexicano examinamos –the Chief Maximus of Constitutionalist Revo- el sentido que ha tenido el símbolo del poder lution– characterizing to the Mexican presi- del presidente de la República, matizando dential government during all the 20th cen- los cambios experimentados en los últimos tury. The form of the president manager años, desde el simbolismo del presidente practically begins with Carlos Salinas de tlatoani, cuya herencia histórico-cultural fue Gortari up to the date. adoptada por un sistema político mexicano surgido desde Porfirio Díaz en 1877 y hasta KEY WORDS: presidential power, tlatoani, los momentos actuales, en los que recién symbol, management. iniciado el siglo XXI, precisamente, en el año 2000, la sociedad mexicana decide modificar sus preferencias electorales en el PRESENTACIÓN sistema político mexicano –desde hacía más de 70 años– por el Partido Revolucionario En este ensayo empleamos los enfoques de Institucional–, por el Partido Acción Nacio- la antropología social para analizar dos varia- nal que se destaca por sus enfoques posmo- bles sustantivas de las que se ocupa con dernistas, representados por el modelo frecuencia esta ciencia social, como son: el neoliberal que pugna por la no intervención simbolismo y las relaciones de poder en el del Estado en la economía y propone la ámbito del sistema político mexicano, existencia de un Estado gerencial. considerando algunas de las experiencias que en tal sentido se han vivido en los últimos El Estado gerencial está impregnado de una treinta años, en torno a la figura del serie de conceptos recientes, aportados por presidente de la República y su entorno más el conocimiento posmodernista en la nueva inmediato del ejercicio del poder, de 1970 epistemología de la política y la sociología, a 2005, en donde resulta importante analizar y también por aquellos conocimientos el valor de los objetos simbólicos. asociados a los conceptos de globalización y trasnacionalización. Según Jürgen Habermas, el Estado contem- poráneo se percibe en dos etapas analíticas: Los cambios experimentados en el sistema la primera corresponde al Estado de la Mo- político mexicano conllevan a la interpre- dernidad, la segunda se concibe desde la tación de las acciones y manifestaciones perspectiva de que una vez que emerge el simbólicas, en términos de las relaciones Estado Neoliberal, considera que el Estado sociales y en los enfoques Evans- Pritchard ingresa a la fase de la Posmodernidad. La (Cohen 1985: 65), para estudiar la conducta propuesta se orienta a estudiar el perfil y la social representada en formas instituciona- gestión del presidente tlatoani –en el Estado lizadas como la familia, sistemas de paren- Moderno–, y al presidente gerente en un tesco, organización política, procedimientos Estado posmoderno. legales, cultos religiosos y similares y las 42 Asael Mercado Maldonado Nicolás S. Gallegos Magdaleno relaciones entre tales instituciones, anali- Región Lagunera de Torreón y Gómez zando los diferentes tipos de símbolos en Palacio en 1936, afectando los intereses de contextos políticos y del poder, que incidie- los latifundios norteamericanos. El reparto ron, fuertemente, en el proceso de cambio cardenista de la tierra significó romper las sugerido por el voto ciudadano mayoritario. relaciones feudales y semifeudales de producción en la estructura productiva del Los símbolos no son el reflejo mecánico o sector agropecuario y marcó el inicio de la simples representaciones de la realidad liberación del peón “acasillado” de las hacien- política, sino que tienen una existencia por sí das como fuerza de trabajo cuasi propiedad mismos, por derecho propio y pueden afectar del hacendado. Los peones “acasillados”, las relaciones de poder en una variedad de medieros, aparceros y pequeños propietarios, formas (Cohen 1985: 65). Igualmente las teniendo mayor libertad y apoyos guberna- relaciones de poder tienen una realidad en mentales como lo fueron los créditos, sí mismas y de ningún modo están deter- rápidamente superaron los niveles de produc- minadas por categorías simbólicas. ción existentes en el porfiriato y aún, durante el gobierno de Lázaro Cárdenas fueron capa- Los símbolos se conservaron en la mayoría ces de producir excedentes que se orientaron de los casos, como la imagen fuerte del presi- a la oferta de materias primas que se fueron dente de la República y la consolidación industrializando. Estas condiciones creadas simbólica de la nación mexicana. Las relacio- por los gobiernos posrevolucionarios fueron nes de poder fueron las que más se vieron cambiando las relaciones de poder, en donde afectadas con la revolución, dado que el Estado se convirtió en el principal agente también la estructura económica tuvo algu- económico y político, jugando un papel de nas modificaciones. mediador entre el trabajo y el capital. La creación de la Confederación Regional Al capital le garantizó una tasa de renta- Obrera Mexicana (CROM) en 1917 en Saltillo, bilidad aceptable y a los trabajadores acceso Coahuila es un hecho histórico importante a educación y salud gratuitas y otras presta- que cambió las relaciones obrero-patronales ciones sociales, a cambio de institucionalizar (se consiguieron prestaciones sociales y sus diferencias, y dar su apoyo político al mejoraron las condiciones de trabajo), en gobierno, en donde el presidente de la donde Luis N. Morones jugó el papel central República era la figura máxima e intocable. en la subordinación del movimiento obrero a las necesidades y condiciones del poder El presidente de la República se convirtió en político de 1917-1929, lo que caracterizó el símbolo del máximo poder político y las relaciones de poder entre el proletariado económico; el máximo dador de bienes, pero y las elites del poder político y económico. también de desgracias para los alborotadores, inconformes y desestabilizadores del régimen. Otro momento destacado fue el reparto de La obtención de riqueza y miseria dependió tierras iniciado por Lázaro Cárdenas en la del presidente de la República –máximo 43 Del presidente tlatoani al presidente gerente dador de dones y de castigos–, lo cual, Leiden, fechada en el año 320 d.C., contiene devino en la sacralización y aún en la cuasi uno de los primeros programas iconográficos deificación de la imagen presidencial. centrados en la figura del soberano. La muchedumbre de símbolos que cubren el cuerpo de este ajaw maya puede descom- HISTORIA DEL PRESIDENTE TLATOANI ponerse en los distribuidos en el tocado, los que cubren su pecho, los brazos y las manos, Según Enrique Florescano la imagen del los concentrados en la cintura y los ajaw o del tlatoani resume en sí misma la agrupados en las extremidades inferiores. historia entera de Mesoamérica, y por ello es Como se advierte, el cuerpo entero del ajaw la figura central en las representaciones del es un territorio invadido por los dioses, cosmos, el territorio, el reino, el pasado o el símbolos y emblemas que lo protegen. poder. Desde la fundación de los primeros reinos el soberano se convierte en la figura La parte más sagrada de ese territorio, la más retratada en las capitales olmecas, zapo- cabeza, está ocupada por el tocado, donde tecas o mayas. Entre los olmecas representa sobresalen
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