PUBLIC BUS TRANSPORTATION TRACKING AND ARRIVAL TIME ESTIMATION USING HAVERSINE ABDUL AFNAN BIN BASIR BACHELOR OF COMPUTER SCIENCE (INTERNET COMPUTING) UNIVERSITI SULTAN ZAINAL ABIDIN 2017 PUBLIC BUS TRANSPORTATION TRACKING AND ARRIVAL TIME ESTIMATION USING HAVERSINE ABDUL AFNAN BIN BASIR Bachelor of Computer Science (Internet Computing) Faculty of Informatics and Computing Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu, Malaysia MAY 2017 DECLARATION I hereby declare that this project is based on my own effort with helps getting information from sources that I have confessing. All sections of the text and results which have been obtained from other workers or sources are fully references. I understand that are cheating and plagiarism constitute a breach of university regulations and will be dealt with accordingly. ________________________________ Name : ............................................. Date :................................................. i CONFIRMATION I hereby declare that this report is based on my original work except for quotations and citations, which have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has not been previously or concurrently submitted for any other degree at Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin or other institutions. ________________________________ Name : .................................................. Date : .................................................. ii DEDICATION I am using this opportunity to express my greatest gratitude to everyone who supported me throughout my final year project, Public Bus Transportation Tracking and Arrival Time Estimation Using Haversine. I am thankful for their aspiring guidance, invaluably constructive criticism and friendly advice during the project work. I am sincerely grateful to them for truthful and illuminating views on a number of issues related to the project. Firstly, I express my thanks to Dr Azrul Amri Bin Jamal as my supervisor for guidance, monitoring and constant encouragement throughout the course of this final year project. I want to take this opportunity to thank my parent and also special thanks to all lecturers of Faculty Informatics and Computing for their attention, guidance and advice to help in the development of this project. I would also like to thanks all my friends and classmates for their valuable comments and suggestions on this project which gave me an inspiration to improve this project. I thank all the people for their help directly and indirectly to complete this project. Thank you, Abdul Afnan Bin Basir iii ABSTRACT Urban communities are becoming more reliant to public transportation. Traffic congestion differs based on the time of day and the route being taken. Thus, making the bus time table unreliable and bus users are wasting time at bus stops waiting for transport to come. This open the users to become prey to crimes because some of the bus stops are in secluded area. The objectives of this study are to design an easy system using suitable interfaces and iconic that fulfill the Human Computer Interaction (HCI) and user friendly system that are can used by all ages in this country that using public transportation. Secondly are to develop the appropriate and usable system to facilitate users or passengers that using public transportation daily especially bus. Lastly is to evaluate the effectiveness of this system which are could avoid passengers from missed the bus. The method is being used is WDMS which is require four phases which are user modelling, conceptual design, implementation design and actual implementation. The technologies such as Global Positioning System (GPS), Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM), and Arduino. By the end of this study, it is expected that the developed application can help peoples or bus passenger avoid from missed the bus arrival time. This been done by user or passenger get notification from the bus. The bus will update the latest location to the nearest bus station or bus stand. iv ABSTRAK Masyarakat bandar masa kini banyak bergantung kepada system pengangkutan awam. Keadaan trafik yang dilalui mereka berbeza berdasarkan hari dan laluan yang dilalui mereka. Jadual harian bas awam yang dibuat membuatkan pengguna-pengguna bas tertunggu-tunggu dan membuang masa di stesen bas. Hal yang demikian memyebabkan mereka terdedah kepada jenayah kerana kebanyakan perhentian bas berada di kawasan- kawasan terpencil. Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk mereka system yang mudah dan sesuai untuk memenuhi kriteria Interaksi Manusia dan Komputer (HCI) dan mesra pengguna yang dapat digunakan oleh semua lapisan masyarakat di negara ini yang menggunakan sistem pengangkutan awam. Keduanya, sistem ini dibangunkan bertujuan membolehkan semua pengguna yang menaiki pengangkutan awam berasa mudah untuk digunakan. Ketiganya ialah untuk menilai sejauh mana keberkesanan system ini untuk mengatasi pengguna-pengguna pengangkutan awam daripada terlepas bas. Metodologi kajian ialah WDMS yang memerlukan empat fasa iaitu permodelan pengguna, reka bentuk pelaksanaan dan pelaksaaan yang sebenar. Teknologi yang digunakan dlm kajian ini adalah Sistem Kedudukan Global (GPS), Sistem Global untuk Komunikasi Mudah Alih (GSM) dan Arduino. Di akhir kajian ini, jangkaan hasil yang dapat dinyatakan ialah sistem yang dibangunkan dapat membantu pengguna mengatasi masalah ketinggalan bas. Hal ini dapat diselesaikan dengan penumpang bas menerima ‘notification’ daripada sistem. Sistem ini juga akan sentiasa memperbaharui maklumat, info serta lokasi bas yang berhampiran dengan stesen bas atau perhentian bas. v CONTENTS PAGE DECLARATION i CONFIRMATION ii DEDICATION iii ABSTRACT iv ABSTRAK v CONTENTS vi LIST OF TABLES ix LIST OF FIGURES xvi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS x CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Project Background 1 1.2 Problem statement 4 1.3 Objectives 4 1.4 Scopes and Limitation 5 CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Public Transport Applications 8 2.2 Distance Calculation Techniques 13 2.2.1 Euclidean 14 11 2.2.2 Haversine 15 2.3 Summary 16 CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY 3.1 Project Life Cycle 17 3.1.1 Planning Phase 19 3.1.2 Requirement Analysis and Specification 20 3.1.3 Design Phase 20 3.1.4 Implementation Phase 20 3.1.6 Deployment Phase 21 3.2 Gantt Chart 22 vi 3.3 System Requirement 23 3.3.1 Software 23 3.3.2 Hardware 24 3.4 System Design 25 3.4.1 Framework Design 25 3.4.2 Process Design 26 3.4.2.1 Context Diagram 26 3.4.2.2 Data Flow Diagram 27 3.4.3 Data Model 28 3.4.3.1 Entity Relational Diagram 28 3.4.3.2 Database Scheme 29 3.4.4 Interfaces 31 3.4.4.1 Passenger 31 3.5 References 33 vii LIST OF TABLES TABLE TITLE PAGE 1.1 First table in chapter 1 10 1.2 Second table in chapter 1 11 2.1 First table in chapter 2 20 2.2 Second table in chapter 2 25 VIII LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE TITLE PAGE 1.1 First figure in chapter 1 10 1.2 Second figure in chapter 1 11 2.1 First figure in chapter 2 20 2.2 Second figure in chapter 2 25 IX LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS / TERMS / SYMBOLS CD Context Diagram DFD Data Flow Diagram ERD Entity Relationship Diagram FYP Final year project GA Genetic algorithm HCI Human computer interface IOT Internet of Things X CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Project Background Public transportation in Malaysia is expanding and growing to satisfy the demand of peoples to travel from one place to another (Abdullah, 2013). Public transportation assume a major part in transportation industry. This public transportation consume a lot of transport services to most peoples living in Malaysia. People use busses to go work, schools, or other places. Bus is a very vital today because it is used by most of people because it can reduce the number of vehicles on road that can cause traffic jams. Some users like to sit in the bus with another passengers while waiting to reach their destinations. This indirectly will influence people to communicate each other. (Dissertation & Jeong, 2004) . 1 Basically in Malaysia, bus public transportation is covered by Rapid Bus Sdn Bhd which supervised under Prasarana Malaysia Berhad as the asset owner and operator of LRT, KL Monorail, Mass Rapid Transit (MRT), Sunway-BRT and bus services in Kuala Lumpur, Penang and Kamunting. Basically in Kuala Lumpur, RapidKL covered at Ampang, Cheras, Damansara, Jalan Ipoh, Jalan Klang Lama, Jalan Pahang, Lebuhraya Persekutuan, Sungai Besi and Puchong (Abdullah, 2013). Rapid KL also used by Rapid Bus Sdn Bhd for the first bus rapid transit service in Malaysia and it is also one of the largest stage bus operators in the Klang Valley, next to Metrobus. Currently, there are 98 stage bus routes and 39 feeder bus services which operate from LRT stations. The bus routes operated by Rapid Bus were previously operated by Intrakota Komposit Sdn Bhd, a subsidiary of DRB-Hicom Bhd; and Cityliner Sdn Bhd, a subsidiary of Park May Bhd (Abdullah, 2013). Bus stands or bus stops is the place for passengers to waiting for the bus. Several standard is being set when considering build a bus stops. Bus stop must located at straight roads to improve the sight distance for bus drivers as they leave the stop, and easier for driver to draw in. There must be adequate weave length provided where buses are required to enter the traffic lane and cross additional lanes to make turning movement. Bus stops should not located adjacent to facilities that induce a high parking turnover such as ATMs, shops and etc. as is likely that vehicles will park illegally near the bus stop (Cortés, Fernández, & Burgos, 2007). 2 Public transports, especially buses have been used throughout the world. Vehicle tracking system was first being implemented in shipping because there is a need to track item from courier. Technology is growing in a fast pace, automated bus tracking system can be used to track and display location in real-time. This paper proposes a bus tracking system using GPS/GSM technology and smartphone application to give a better and cost effectiveness services to the user.