Public Bus Transportation Tracking and Arrival Time

PUBLIC BUS TRANSPORTATION TRACKING AND

ARRIVAL TIME ESTIMATION USING HAVERSINE

ABDUL AFNAN BIN BASIR

BACHELOR OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

(INTERNET COMPUTING)

UNIVERSITI SULTAN ZAINAL ABIDIN

2017

PUBLIC BUS TRANSPORTATION TRACKING AND ARRIVAL TIME

ESTIMATION USING HAVERSINE

ABDUL AFNAN BIN BASIR

Bachelor of Computer Science (Internet Computing)

Faculty of Informatics and Computing

Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu, Malaysia

MAY 2017

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this project is based on my own effort with helps getting information from sources that I have confessing. All sections of the text and results which have been obtained from other workers or sources are fully references. I understand that are cheating and plagiarism constitute a breach of university regulations and will be dealt with accordingly.

______

Name : ......

Date :......

CONFIRMATION

I hereby declare that this report is based on my original work except for quotations and citations, which have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has not been previously or concurrently submitted for any other degree at Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin or other institutions.

______

Name : ......

Date : ......

DEDICATION

I am using this opportunity to express my greatest gratitude to everyone who supported me throughout my final year project, Public Bus Transportation Tracking and

Arrival Time Estimation Using Haversine. I am thankful for their aspiring guidance, invaluably constructive criticism and friendly advice during the project work. I am sincerely grateful to them for truthful and illuminating views on a number of issues related to the project.

Firstly, I express my thanks to Dr Azrul Amri Bin Jamal as my supervisor for guidance, monitoring and constant encouragement throughout the course of this final year project. I want to take this opportunity to thank my parent and also special thanks to all lecturers of

Faculty Informatics and Computing for their attention, guidance and advice to help in the development of this project.

I would also like to thanks all my friends and classmates for their valuable comments and suggestions on this project which gave me an inspiration to improve this project. I thank all the people for their help directly and indirectly to complete this project.

Thank you,

Abdul Afnan Bin Basir

iii

ABSTRACT

Urban communities are becoming more reliant to public transportation. Traffic congestion differs based on the time of day and the route being taken. Thus, making the bus time table unreliable and bus users are wasting time at bus stops waiting for transport to come. This open the users to become prey to crimes because some of the bus stops are in secluded area.

The objectives of this study are to design an easy system using suitable interfaces and iconic that fulfill the Human Computer Interaction (HCI) and user friendly system that are can used by all ages in this country that using public transportation. Secondly are to develop the appropriate and usable system to facilitate users or passengers that using public transportation daily especially bus. Lastly is to evaluate the effectiveness of this system which are could avoid passengers from missed the bus. The method is being used is WDMS which is require four phases which are user modelling, conceptual design, implementation design and actual implementation. The technologies such as Global Positioning System

(GPS), Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM), and Arduino. By the end of this study, it is expected that the developed application can help peoples or bus passenger avoid from missed the bus arrival time. This been done by user or passenger get notification from the bus. The bus will update the latest location to the nearest bus station or bus stand.

ABSTRAK

Masyarakat bandar masa kini banyak bergantung kepada system pengangkutan awam. Keadaan trafik yang dilalui mereka berbeza berdasarkan hari dan laluan yang dilalui mereka. Jadual harian bas awam yang dibuat membuatkan pengguna-pengguna bas tertunggu-tunggu dan membuang masa di stesen bas. Hal yang demikian memyebabkan mereka terdedah kepada jenayah kerana kebanyakan perhentian bas berada di kawasan- kawasan terpencil. Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk mereka system yang mudah dan sesuai untuk memenuhi kriteria Interaksi Manusia dan Komputer (HCI) dan mesra pengguna yang dapat digunakan oleh semua lapisan masyarakat di negara ini yang menggunakan sistem pengangkutan awam. Keduanya, sistem ini dibangunkan bertujuan membolehkan semua pengguna yang menaiki pengangkutan awam berasa mudah untuk digunakan. Ketiganya ialah untuk menilai sejauh mana keberkesanan system ini untuk mengatasi pengguna-pengguna pengangkutan awam daripada terlepas bas. Metodologi kajian ialah WDMS yang memerlukan empat fasa iaitu permodelan pengguna, reka bentuk pelaksanaan dan pelaksaaan yang sebenar. Teknologi yang digunakan dlm kajian ini adalah Sistem Kedudukan Global (GPS), Sistem Global untuk Komunikasi Mudah Alih (GSM) dan Arduino. Di akhir kajian ini, jangkaan hasil yang dapat dinyatakan ialah sistem yang dibangunkan dapat membantu pengguna mengatasi masalah ketinggalan bas. Hal ini dapat diselesaikan dengan penumpang bas menerima ‘notification’ daripada sistem. Sistem ini juga akan sentiasa memperbaharui maklumat, info serta lokasi bas yang berhampiran dengan stesen bas atau perhentian bas.

CONTENTS PAGE DECLARATION i CONFIRMATION ii DEDICATION iii ABSTRACT iv ABSTRAK v CONTENTS vi LIST OF TABLES ix LIST OF FIGURES xvi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS x

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Project Background 1 1.2 Problem statement 4 1.3 Objectives 4 1.4 Scopes and Limitation 5

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Public Transport Applications 8 2.2 Distance Calculation Techniques 13 2.2.1 Euclidean 14 11 2.2.2 Haversine 15 2.3 Summary 16

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY 3.1 Project Life Cycle 17 3.1.1 Planning Phase 19 3.1.2 Requirement Analysis and Specification 20 3.1.3 Design Phase 20 3.1.4 Implementation Phase 20 3.1.6 Deployment Phase 21 3.2 Gantt Chart 22

3.3 System Requirement 23 3.3.1 Software 23 3.3.2 Hardware 24 3.4 System Design 25 3.4.1 Framework Design 25 3.4.2 Process Design 26 3.4.2.1 Context Diagram 26 3.4.2.2 Data Flow Diagram 27 3.4.3 Data Model 28 3.4.3.1 Entity Relational Diagram 28 3.4.3.2 Database Scheme 29 3.4.4 Interfaces 31 3.4.4.1 Passenger 31 3.5 References 33

vii

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE TITLE PAGE 1.1 First table in chapter 1 10 1.2 Second table in chapter 1 11 2.1 First table in chapter 2 20 2.2 Second table in chapter 2 25

VIII

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE 1.1 First figure in chapter 1 10 1.2 Second figure in chapter 1 11 2.1 First figure in chapter 2 20 2.2 Second figure in chapter 2 25

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS / TERMS / SYMBOLS

CD Context Diagram DFD Data Flow Diagram ERD Entity Relationship Diagram FYP Final year project GA Genetic algorithm HCI Human computer interface IOT Internet of Things

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project Background

Public transportation in Malaysia is expanding and growing to satisfy the demand of peoples to travel from one place to another (Abdullah, 2013). Public transportation assume a major part in transportation industry. This public transportation consume a lot of transport services to most peoples living in Malaysia. People use busses to go work, schools, or other places. Bus is a very vital today because it is used by most of people because it can reduce the number of vehicles on road that can cause traffic jams. Some users like to sit in the bus with another passengers while waiting to reach their destinations.

This indirectly will influence people to communicate each other. (Dissertation & Jeong,

2004) .

Basically in Malaysia, bus public transportation is covered by Rapid Bus Sdn Bhd which supervised under Prasarana Malaysia Berhad as the asset owner and operator of LRT,

KL Monorail, Mass Rapid Transit (MRT), Sunway-BRT and bus services in Kuala

Lumpur, Penang and Kamunting. Basically in Kuala Lumpur, RapidKL covered at

Ampang, Cheras, Damansara, Jalan Ipoh, Jalan Klang Lama, Jalan Pahang, Lebuhraya

Persekutuan, Sungai Besi and Puchong (Abdullah, 2013). Rapid KL also used by Rapid

Bus Sdn Bhd for the first bus rapid transit service in Malaysia and it is also one of the largest stage bus operators in the Klang Valley, next to Metrobus. Currently, there are 98 stage bus routes and 39 feeder bus services which operate from LRT stations. The bus routes operated by Rapid Bus were previously operated by Intrakota Komposit Sdn Bhd, a subsidiary of DRB-Hicom Bhd; and Cityliner Sdn Bhd, a subsidiary of Park May Bhd

(Abdullah, 2013).

Bus stands or bus stops is the place for passengers to waiting for the bus. Several standard is being set when considering build a bus stops. Bus stop must located at straight roads to improve the sight distance for bus drivers as they leave the stop, and easier for driver to draw in. There must be adequate weave length provided where buses are required to enter the traffic lane and cross additional lanes to make turning movement. Bus stops should not located adjacent to facilities that induce a high parking turnover such as ATMs, shops and etc. as is likely that vehicles will park illegally near the bus stop (Cortés,

Fernández, & Burgos, 2007).

Public transports, especially buses have been used throughout the world. Vehicle tracking system was first being implemented in shipping because there is a need to track item from courier. Technology is growing in a fast pace, automated bus tracking system can be used to track and display location in real-time. This paper proposes a bus tracking system using GPS/GSM technology and smartphone application to give a better and cost effectiveness services to the user. This project work on bus arrival time are predicted based on location of previous station. The travel prediction time also take into accounting other unpredictable factors such as traffic jam, harsh weather situation and the worst, bus breakdowns. The model and algorithm are based on vector data for bus route, bus stand, and road network with junctions and segments. Passengers with access to the Internet earn obtain to get real-time arrival information, notification via SMS or some other wireless push mechanism.

Bus arrival time and prediction is very vital to passengers, not only at the terminal, but on every bus stop (Abdullah, 2013). Problem arise if the arrival times or departures time of the buses at bus stop cannot be predicted by passengers. Bus stops are the place that familiar to bus passengers. This relationship lead to the bus arrival time at different stop on a route. Inaccurate bus arrival time will affect the schedule designed by the bus management. Bus management design bus operations and produce bus arrival time schedule, however the implementation is depends on bus speed, bus operator, and the traffic conditions on road. This paper focus on basic development of optimum bus arrival time by tracking and estimate the arrival time using Haversine formula based on the ground speed of the bus travelling. Then, every 5 minutes the GPS tracking will capture ground speed of the bus. So that calculation is happen there based on the speed capture of the vehicle.

1.2 Problem Statement

There are several problems need to be solved in this system. The first problem was mostly bus in Malaysia is not real time and they could not track or predict when the bus is arrived or departed from bus stops. Lack of estimation time provided will hard to users and passengers to plan their trip such as head to go to working place. They did not know when the bus is arrived, badly they could missed the bus because do not know the arrival time of the bus.

Secondly, people waiting a lot of times waiting at bus stops, therefore I will exposed them to prey of crimes while waiting at bus stops. Previous studies (Cervero, 1997) proved that waiting at bus stops bring them to exposed to crime and risk rider’s security. They using crime data from 1994 until 1995 made by Los Angeles Metropolitan Transportation

Authority said that transit crime (crime on the bus or train or at bus stop or rail station) is quite much and many (Cervero, 1997).

1.3 Objectives

- To study the most suitable prediction methodology for bus arrival time from

previous station to the next station

- To design an application useful and suitable interfaces for predict bus arrival time

- To develop the complete system that could identify the prediction interval of bus

arrival time and the probability of a bus being on time

1.4 Scope and Limitation

In this project scope involves are User or Passenger. User is a person using bus public transport to go to working or head to their destination. User could request the route number, or search location or the live departures or live arrival time of the specific bus stops. There could request through their smartphone which have internet access. They could see live map of the route and could gain the arrival and departures time based on the bus stops.

They could also request the official schedule provided by bus transport management.

Therefore they could track and monitor the bus location precisely by give them a real time access.

Administrator is the is bus management itself which are staff responsible to analyze the information about updated location of the bus and provide the arrival and departures schedule of the whole bus trip of the bus. Admin also responsible to specify the location of bus stop and facilitate the passengers to manage their trip using bus transportation. Admin responsible to update location of the bus to insert to system.

Internet of Things involved was Arduino board GPS/GSM module. They play role similar as Administrator but it done automatically to transmit to system. The GPS capture ground speed of the bus to calculate estimation to arrive at bus stop requested by user. Each bus has GPS module to track and trace the location of the bus.

The limitation was the system only worked if there are internet connection whether mobile connection or Wi-Fi connection. It was internet of things, so internet connection is a vital to make this system run. It also work on smartphone only which have latest features of technologies such as internet connection, GPS and etc. It does not working on mobile phones or basic phones.

1.5 Expected Outcome

Based on the objective of the development for this project, this tracking application will be run as below:

i. This application or system will enable passengers or transit riders get the real

time access of the bus public transportation

ii. This application will help passengers to prevent the transit riders from missed

the bus at the bus stop

iii. This application will help passengers to plan their journey and trip where ever

their destinations effectively and clearly.

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

RapidKL is a sub brand of myRapid a company of Prasarana Malaysia Berhad.

RapidKL buses provided services to 6 main areas of Klang Valley with a total of 165 routes.

RapidKL Bus operate whopping 18.5 hours daily at 5.30 am to 12 am midnight (Abdullah,

2013). RapidKL Bus commonly divided into categories that were city shuttles using the letter ‘B’ stand for Bandar for example was B114. Secondly trunk services using letter ‘T’ stand for Tempatan for example was T323. Lastly express services using letter ‘E’ stand for Ekspres for example was E1. These codes are provided to ease passengers to ride the bus and guide them to identify which bus should they ride to arrive at their destination safely.

Peoples are easily to become a prey of crimes while they waiting at the bus stops.

Mostly woman and children are become victims of crimes. A survey made in 1994 and

1995 by Los Angeles Metropolitan Transportation Authority, police indicate the data that majority of reported crime happen on bus and bus stops. The crimes at bus stops being increased and concentrated (Cervero, 1997). A limited number of bus stops attract the excessive amount of crime incidents. Mostly number of crimes occur during rush hours of late afternoon, early evening, and at night when there are a few pedestrians walking around bus stops. It is reported that transit riders run twice the risk to become a victims compared to non-transit riders. People especially children are risky to accidents. They should wait in a safe place away from the road. Kids should never speak to strangers and never get into the car with a stranger. Do not run and play while waiting the bus (Cervero, 1997). 7

2.1 Public Transport Applications

Real-time arrival estimation system is vital today to ensure passenger could get information when bus is arrived. Actually real time arrival estimation system give benefits to bus transit company and passengers (Haghani & Banihashemi, 2002). It could save money. The high cost of diesel fuel and transit labor require that transit agencies operate as efficiently as possible. A good real time prediction system give big impact by reduce significant cost. Once these areas is cut, the remaining route segments can be reorganized and served using fewer routes, vehicles, and operators (Schweiger, 2003).

In Malaysia, the most popular web-based system was www.myrapid.com.my portal

“Plan My Journey”. This system provide a plan for a tourist or bus riders to ride public transportation either LRT, BRT, Monorail or RapidKL Bus. Passengers fill in depart location and the destination they heading. There are an options to go by Bus, Rail or both.

The departure time also provided to estimate when the bus or rail trip arrive at current location. After that, system will give result what transportation should they ride. The travel time provided and Estimated Time of Arrival (ETA) is given. Basically in Malaysia there are no specific prediction time system for a bus transportation because Malaysian still prefer using their own vehicles. Prediction time arrival of bus many used at Europe because their government encourage their citizens to ride public transportation. Figure 2.1 shows the rapidkl system.

Figure 2.1: myrapid bus system

In Chicago, there is one system is used to tracked the location of the bus called ctabustracker.com by Chicago Transit Authority (CTA). CTA Bus Tracker using GPS devices to give data location back to their server. Then in real time, they show the passenger where the bus on map and estimate when they will arrive at bus stops. If bus went on an irregular route, the system could not predict the accurate arrival time of the bus.

Furthermore, they could not locate the bus on map. If bus is unable to move for several minutes because of being stuck on irregular event e.g. (traffic jam or stop by freight train at crossing and etc), arrival estimate will be switched to “DELAYED”. During that time the bus stop transmitting data to the server and disappear from the website.

Figure 2.2: CTA bus tracking system

In London, there is one system used was Transport for London. The system used domain named tfl.gov.uk. In the portal, passenger choose public transportation either Bus,

Tube or Overground or TFL Rail or DLR or Tram, River or Emirates Air Line. The Bus passenger will choose number of bus such as 1-50, then passenger choose ‘3’.Number ‘3’ was towards Crystal Palace. They list all of the streets. One street such as ‘Trafalgar Sq /

Charing Cross Stn’ is chosen. The next bus is listed from bus number ‘3’. The estimate arrival time is given in next column of the list of the bus. This system update is not real time because they do not give exact location if irregular incident occur such as traffic jam or flat tire.

Figure 2.3: TFL bus tracking system

In Bridgeport, the city of Connecticut, United States, there is one system called

GBT tracker (Greater Bridgeport Transit) provides local, regional and express bus throughout the Bridgeport region with routes extending from Milford to Norwalk and from

Bridgeport to Naugatuck Valley. It included a map-click through map showing all the routes in GBT system along with timetables and schedules for individual routes. Web- watch is its real time information system that allows passengers to track bus.

Figure 2.4: GBT bus system

All bus system integrated mostly similar to each other. Passenger or transit rider will request route number or station name to get the estimated arrival time of the bus. Bus managements design bus operations with convenient headway and release the bus schedule based on bus operation manual standards. The availability of real-time bus information at stops will help passengers plan their bus trips efficiently and reduce long queues and waiting times at stops.

2.2 Distance Calculation Techniques

Distance is a numerical description of how far apart objects are. In physics context, distance is a physical length, or an estimation based on other criteria. In mathematics, a distance function or metric is a generalization of physical distance concept (Mwemezi &

Huang, 2011). The techniques popular used is Euclidean and Haversine. If we want to calculate the distance between two point, we must consider the shape of the earth

(Mwemezi & Huang, 2011). For the example, the assumption that interior angle of a triangle add up to 180 degrees is no longer true. People use this mathematics to measure the land, construct religious buildings, and calculate the positions of stars and planets. In fact, we still take our calendar and our measurement of time from the positions of stars and planets.

2.2.1 Euclidean

Euclidean distance can be produced efficiently by sequential algorithms. The map indicates, for each pixel in the objects (or the background) of the originally binary picture, the shortest distance to the nearest pixel in the background (or the objects). In mathematics,

Euclidean distance is said as an ordinary straight line distance between two points. Despite the development of numerous types of geometry. Euclidean geometry is still by far the most used geometrical tool of applied scientist. Euclidean is also known as Cartesian Distance .

Geometry in the earliest was measuring land. Ancient, countries like Babylonia and Assyria often flooded, this mean that people live in the river banks had to measure out the boundaries of their land. This made them expert in geometry of flat surfaces very quickly.

They learn how to create right angles and right-angle triangles and they could calculate areas using simple multiplication (Gower, 1982).

Euclidean geometry is named after the Greek mathematician, Euclid. His focus was on using logical thinking and deductive reasoning to make mathematical statement, and then go on to prove them. Euclidean geometry focuses on point lines and shape on flat surfaces or planes. It is not concerned with what happen when the surfaces curves. Actually when we want to find a distance between two points, we have set the points (latitude and longitude) e.g point one (5,2) and point two (-3,-4), we using formula

. So the distance from point one and two is 10

(Danielsson, 1980).

2.2.2 Haversine

If a vehicle had to move from point A to B and the distance those two points is about 36 km and the geographical coordinates (latitude and longitude) and the point from

A(43.901N,79.222W) to B(43.901N,78.772W) is straight line. Since the latitude are the same, it is considered that it had to head to east, but there are reason why that would not work. For the record heading due to east in a straight line will result about 330 meters from the target. The earth is spherical and as such follows a different set of geometric rules . The flight routes to go far up north in arc is because that is the shortest route. Common mistake in navigation is representing the geographical coordinates as points on a two dimensional plane without realizing their angles about the center of earth. Navigation using something else called the law of Haversine to calculate large distance on the spherical planet (Chopde

& Nichat, 2013).

Supposed a traveler want to go a city from point A to point B and he take road south and a road to east and arrive at the destination. The total distance traveled is the length of the road south plus road to east. However we must consider that the earth is sphere, if a traveler want to go from one point in earth to another point in earth e.g Toronto to

Johannesburg and traveled in straight line, basically will be straight line on spherical surface of the earth. Point from Toronto to Johannesburg in a world map is not be equal to spherical distance because straight line on a sphere is actually part of great circle and great circle basically is a circle whose planes travels through the center of the earth or passes through the center of the earth. All distances calculated on the surface of the earth are basically spherical great circle distance (Ganesh & Kumar, 2015).

2.3 Summary

The absence of information on arrival times at stops or inaccurate information will affect the uncertainty regarding the frequency of buses at stops. For example, in the case of

30-min bus frequency, if the first bus arrives too early and the next bus arrives quite late, the service frequency will not comply with the information of one bus every 30 minutes.

The passengers will have a negative impression regarding the service because they had assumed that the bus would arrive within 30 min. So it is very important to the system to implement the specific calculation to ease users and passengers to know the arrival time of the bus (Abdul Wahab, Borhan, & OK Rahmat, 2017).

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Project Life Cycle

In this section, the detail methodology that used to develop this system is described.

The use of the methodology is to solve all the problem arising and to ensure that the project will works as well as the planning to develop this system smoothly and complete within the given time. There are many types of methodology that we can applied and used in the development of the system. The approach must be chosen correctly so that it is suitable for the development of the project. It is the important step to guide the researcher to manage the given task. Hence, this project hence on to use Waterfall Model for this project. The details of every phases that involved is described

Waterfall model is a model which was develop for software development. The basic idea it is called as such because the model develop systematically from one phases to other phase in downwards style like a waterfall. The phases consist of definition study or analysis, basic design, technical design, construction and implementation, testing, integration and maintenance. The reason why this model is chosen because it’s parallel to the time taken to complete this project which is for two semester.

Figure 3.1:Waterfall Model

Waterfall model has been chosen based on the following consideration:

1) Project Monitoring

- Each phase of the development is monitored from time to time to ensure all the system

module match earlier system requirement.

2) Allow changes

- Any changes in developing the system can be implement at every phases to improve

the functionality of the system.

3) Save cost

- The development of the system can save the cost because the information collected at

each phases are very particular until the final test of the system.

This project is using Structured Analysis and Design Methodology (SSADM) by applies waterfall model. This methodology is adaptable to time given for complete the task.

It starts with the planning, requirement analysis, design, implementation and testing and operation and maintenance. Every phase must fulfil the requirement specification. After the system complete, it will undergo maintenance as final test.

3.1.1 Planning phase

The objective in this phase is to choose and decide the system and title for this project with supervisor. The title that has been agreed to proceed was Public Bus Transportation

Tracking and Arrival Time Estimation using Haversine. This system will develop for passengers and transit riders to estimate the bus arrival time of the bus. An abstract is done based on information gathered and the system that has been agreed to develop.

3.1.2 Requirement Analysis and Specification phase

The objective in this phase is to gather all the requirement needed to develop the system and analyze the existing system. In this phase, the information gather regarding on online appointment and the way to implement the scheduling technique is based on the analyzing from the internet searching to understand more about the system will develop.

For better understanding about the existing bus tracking application, an observation of the real time system an observation of the real system is done by looking the system that are already had. Technique used also discovered in this project.

3.1.3 Design Phases

Design phases contains several diagram to show the process of the system will functioning. This phases contain Context Diagram, Data Flow Diagram (DFD) Level 0, and Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD). These entire diagram is the guide for user to understand the flow of the system that will be functioning. The database for overall system also is develop at this phase.

3.1.4 Implementation Phase

This phase will transform the design into the real system by implementing the coding. This project developing using GPS/GSM module to implement at bus to get the location of the bus, plus could capture the ground speed of the bus to estimate when the bus is arrived at bus stops or bus stations. RFID tag and reader are used in this project. Tag is put on bus stops or bus stations while the reader is on the bus which bus has power source.

The GPS module is on the bus to track and every 5 minutes it will capture the ground speed of the bus so that it could estimate the time arrival of the bus.

Android Studio is used to create the mobile platform that used by users or passenger to request the arrival or departures of the bus.

3.1.5 Testing Phase

After writing the code, the system module is tested by using single unit testing to test the single module of the system. Then, the integration testing is conducted to test the integrated modules. After that, system testing in conducted to test error of the whole system. Any errors or bugs will be fixed and the system will repeat the testing phase until there none of errors and bugs are founds. The finishing of testing phase, will released the first version of the system.

3.1.6 Deployment Phase

After the system is bug free, the system can be released and users can use the system. Once the system is in the steady state, it is reviewed that the system has meet all the goals, requirement and the objective for the project plan satisfactory results.

3.2 Gantt Chart

No. Tasks Weeks 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 1 Planning System 1.1 Problem Definition 1.2 Project Identification 1.3 Project Proposal 2 System Analysis 2.1 Analysis of System Operation and current Problem 2.2 Specification of Requirements 2.3 Selection of Technical Options 3 Designing System 3.1 Data Design 3.2 Process Design 3.3 Physical Design 4 Implementing System 4.1 Construct System 4.2 Install System 5 Performing Test 5.1 System Test 5.2 Maintain System 6 Document System 7 Presentation & Submission

Figure 3.2: Gantt Chart

3.3 System Requirement

3.3.1 Software

List of software used in this project Table 3.1: List of software requirement

No Software Name Description 1 Android Studio Platform to build android application 2 Notepad ++ Editor to write PHP language for web 3 Xampp Act as a local server to run and test the system 4 Adobe Photoshop Platform to design header and logo of the system 5 Java JDK Development environment for application 6 Google Chrome Browser to open the web system 7 MySQL Platform for the database of the system 8 Microsoft Office Word 2013 Platform for documentation the system 9 Microsoft Office Power Point Platform to manage the presentation slide 2013 10 Arduino 1.6.12 Programming IDE` 11 Arduino Bootloader Programmer 12 AVR GCC Compiler

3.3.2 Hardware

List of hardware used in this project Table 3.2: List of hardware requirement

No Item Name Description 1 Laptop Processor: Intel Core i7- 6500U CPU @ 2.50 GHz (Asus : A556U) RAM : 12GB Operating System: Windows 10 System Type: 64-bit Operating System, x64-based processor 2 ATmega328 Arduino module Microcontroller With Arduino Bootloader 3 SIM800A GSM MODEM 4 GPS Receiver Receive the GPS transmission 5 7.5V DC Adapter Power supply 6 5V Regulated Power Power supply supply 7 RC522 RFID RFID reader and tag

3.4 System Design

3.4.1 Framework Design

Figure 3.3: Framework of Bus tracking system

3.4.2 Process Design

3.4.2.1 Context Diagram

Admin Profile

ADMIN Bus info

0 Bus report

Estimation Time Arrival Public Bus Transportation and Arrival Time Estimation using Verification admin Haversine

Bus number IOT Update automatically USER

Figure 3.4: Context Diagram

There are only User or passenger involved, user request bus number and the system will send the ETA of the bus to arrive at bus stop. Authorized admin will authenticate to access the system as a bus management system. They could manage the bus information regarding the request by the user. At the end, the system could generate report upon request. IOT will update automatically the location of the bus heading to next bus stop.

3.4.2.2 Data Flow Diagram Level 0

1.0 D1 ADMIN Admin admin verification profile Register Admin

station info ADMIN D2 bus data BUS

2.0 bus info

bus info arrival info Manage Bus Information route info

D3 ARRIVAL arrival detail

IOT location detail route data

arrival data 3.0

Estimated Time Arrival station data D4 ROUTE Calculate Bus Arrival Time

bus no route data USER time estimation

D5 STATION 4.0

report detail arrival data Generate Report station data

bus data

Figure 3.5: Data Flow Diagram Level 0

Figure 3.5 show the data flow that consist of four processes and five data stores. The

processes are register admin, manage bus information, calculate bus arrival time, and

generate report. The report will generated based on the data accumulated all of those data

stores.

3.4.3 Data Model

3.4.3.1 Entity Relational Diagram

Plate_No BusID Route_No

Route_Name

BUS

has

ROUTE CheckpointID Route_No

manage

has ARRIVAL AdminID

StationID ADMIN Time_Arrive STATION

Longitude Admin_Pwd BusID StationID

Station_Name Latitude Admin_UName

Figure 3.6: Entity Relational Diagram

Figure 3.6 shows ER Diagram, An entity-relationship diagram (ERD) illustrates system’s entities information and entities’ relationship. ERD composed of 3 things such as identifying and defining the entities, determine entities’ interaction and the cardinality of the relationship. Every boxes illustrate the table in database and lines is to illustrate relationship.

3.4.3.2 Database Scheme

Table 3.1: Admin Table Attribute Explanation Data Type Size Remark AdminID Identification of VARCHAR 10 PK admin Admin_UName Admin Name VARCHAR 30

Admin_Pwd Admin Password VARCHAR 10

Table 3.2: Bus Table Attribute Explanation Data Type Size Remark BusID Identification of VARCHAR 5 PK bus Plate_No Bus plate number INT 6

Route_No Identification of INT 2 FK route

Table 3.3: Route Table Attribute Explanation Data Type Size Remark Route_No Identification of INT 2 PK route Route_Name Route name VARCHAR 20

CheckpointID Identification of INT 20 checkpoint every 5 minutes

Table 3.4: Table Station Attribute Explanation Data Type Size Remark StationID Identification of VARCHAR 10 PK station or stop

Station_Name Station Name VARCHAR 20

Latitude Latitude of bus VARCHAR 10 location Longitude Longitude of bus VARCHAR 10 location

Table 3.5: Arrival Table Attribute Explanation Data Type Size Remark Time_Arrive Arrival Time INT 10

BusID Identification of VARCHAR 5 FK bus StationID Identification of VARCHAR 10 FK station or stop

3.4.4 Interfaces

3.4.4.1 Passenger

Figure 3.4: Interface design for Passenger request for estimation arrival time

Figure 3.4 shows that the interface by passenger request for the route number and the system will give back the arrival time of the bus at the bus stops. It will display 3 upcoming bus to arrive. 31

Figure 3.5: Interface design for live view map of the bus

Figure 3.5 shows the interface design for live view map to see map-through where the bus stop either southbound, northbound, westbound or eastbound, so that user can make sure where exactly they heading for their destination.

3.5 References

Abdul Wahab, R., Borhan, M. N., & OK Rahmat, R. A. A. (2017). PREDICTION OF BUS ARRIVAL TIMES AT BUS STOP. Organic Syntheses, 5, 99. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/0471264180.os005.31/full Abdullah, A. A. (2013). Rapidkl Bus Service in City Center , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia : An Epitome of Good Service ? International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 3(4), 333–349. Cervero, R. (1997). Hot Spots of Bus Stop Crime: The Importance of Environmental Attributes, 2(2), 107–123. https://doi.org/10.1068/a201285 Chopde, N., & Nichat, M. (2013). Landmark Based Shortest Path Detection by Using A* and Haversine Formula. GH Raisoni College of Engineering and …, 1(2), 298–302. Retrieved from http://www.ijircce.com/upload/2013/april/17_V1204030_Landmark_H.pdf Cortés, C. E., Fernández, R., & Burgos, V. (2007). Modeling Passengers, Buses, and Stops in Traffic Microsimulators: MISTRANSIT Approach on PARAMICS Platform. Transportation Research Board 86th Annual Meeting, (March). Retrieved from http://trid.trb.org.globalproxy.cvt.dk/view.aspx?id=802638 Danielsson, P. E. (1980). Euclidean Distance Mapping. Computer Graphics and Image Processing, 14(3), 227–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-664X(80)90054-4 Dissertation, a, & Jeong, R. a N. H. E. E. (2004). the Prediction of Bus Arrival Time Using Automatic Vehicle Location Systems Data the Prediction of Bus Arrival Time. Information Systems, (December). Ganesh, & Kumar, V. (2015). Indoor Wireless Localization using Haversine Formula. Iarjset, 2(7), 59–63. https://doi.org/10.17148/IARJSET.2015.2713 Gower, J. C. (1982). Euclidean Distance Geometry. Mathematical Scientist, 7(1), 1–14. Retrieved from http://convexoptimization.com/TOOLS/Gower2.pdf Haghani, A., & Banihashemi, M. (2002). Heuristic Approaches for Solving Large-scale Bus transit Vehicle Scheduling Problem with Route Time Constraints. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 36(4), 309–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0965-8564(01)00004-0 Mwemezi, J. J., & Huang, Y. (2011). Optimal Facility Location on Spherical Surfaces: Algorithm and Application. New York Science Journal, 44(77), 21–28. Retrieved from http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork%5Cnhttp://www.americanscience.org%5Cnhttp ://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. Schweiger, C. (2003). TCRP Synthesis 48: Real-Time Bus Arrival Information Systems. In Transit Cooperative Research Program (p. 71).