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Information to Users INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 9307846 Multiwavelength studies of classical nova shells Saizar, Pedro, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1992 UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 M ultiwavelength S t u d i e s o f C l a s s ic a l N o v a S h e l l s dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Pedro Saizar, The Ohio State University 1992 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Dr. Gary J. Ferland Dr. Kristen Sellgren Adviser Di. Darren L. DePoy Department of Astronomy To my parents, Alicia E. Fernandez and Pedro Saizar (h) A cknowledgements I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my adviser, Dr. Gary J. Ferland, for guiding me through the fascinating world of nebular astrophysics. His well-known experience and insight were often crucial to point out the right direction in a complex subject. But, at the same time, I had from him a high degree of independence and a sense of being a colleague, rather than a student, all of which I feel also contributed to my scientific formation. Finally, I need to thank his financial support for my participation in the 1991 Workshop on Cataclysmic Variables, in Vina del Mar, Chile, and the General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union, in my hometown Buenos Aires, Argentina. I am also greatly indebted to Dr. Sumner Starrfield, from Arizona State Univer­ sity, who also taught me many wonders in the field of Classical Novae. His constant support, and critical review of this work are greatly appreciated. Next, I need to acknowledge Drs. Starrfield, Mark Wagner, and Steve Shore, for their warm hospitality during my visits to ASU, Lowell Observatory and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, respectively. Many thanks also to Drs. R. Williams, J. Truran, W. Sparks, S. Kenyon, L. Stryker, M. Livio and R. Pogge, for their various contributions in the form of data, reviews and/or comments; to the IUE Observatory, for the ultraviolet data; and to the Lowell Observatory Computer Center for providing the facilities where the optical data were reduced and measured. After 5 years at Ohio State, I could not possibly mention every person who helped me go through these difficult times. I would like to mention here a few names, but I certainly treasure many great feelings from as many friends. First, my appreciation to Dr. Capriotti, former Chairman of the Department, and through him, to all the Faculty, for accepting me into the program and for their constant support. Among them, I must mention Drs. R. Wing and J. Villumsen. My appreciation also to my fellow students, and particularly to my good friends Bill Welsh, with whom I shared many sleepless nights and coffees in our quest for survival, and Nancy Jo Lame. To my friends in the USA, especially Fernando Fischer, Alejandra Zanetta, and Martin Olivera, and to those back in Argentina, to whom I have never forgotten. Among my former teachers at La Plata Observatory, I need to acknowledge Dr. Hugo Levato for guiding me through my first steps in scientific research. And my gratitude to the scientists, journalists, and amateur astronomers, who helped me develop over the years a love for science writing and teaching. Finally, the most sincere word of gratitude and love to my family. My trip to the United States was only possible thanks to the financial support of my father and Roberto and Ana Marfa Campi. My mother has been a permanent driving force behind me, and I certainly owe this degree to her. And as I ponder about the future, I can only express a last word of love to my future wife, Marina Folatelli, with whom I hope to share all the delights and hardships of being an astronomer. V it a July 23, 1959 ............... Born in Buenos Aires, Argentina. 1984 ................................. Licenciado en Astronomia Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina. 1985 ................................. Teaching Assistant, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina. 1988-1992 ........ ............. Graduate Research Assistant, Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. P ublications “PW Vulpeculae: A Nova with Nearly Solar Abundances”; Saizar, P., Starrfield, S., Ferland, G., Wagner, R. M., Truran, J. W., Kenyon, S. J., Sparks, W. M., Williams, R. E., and Stryker, L. L., 1991, Ap. J. 367, 310. “PW Vul: A Classical Nova with Nearly Solar Abundances”; Saizar, P., Starrfield, S., Austin, S., Ferland, G. J., Wagner, R. M., Truran, J. W., Sonneborn, G., Kenyon, S. J., Sparks, W. M., Williams, R. E., Wade, R., and Gehrz, R. D., 1990, In Evolution in Astrophysics, ed. E. Rolfe (ESA SP-310), p. 435. “Late Stages in the Evolution of Classical Novae”; Starrfield, S., Krautter, J., Son­ neborn, G., Shore, S. N., Wagner, R. M., Austin, S., Saizar, P., Ferland, G. J., Wade, R., Gehrz, R. D., Truran, J. W., Sparks, W. M., Shaviv, G., and Williams, R. E., 1990. In Evolution in Astrophysics, ed. E. Rolfe (ESA SP-310), p. 451. “Ultraviolet Light Curves of Galactic and Extragalactic Classical CNO Novae: PW Vul, OS And, LMC 1988 # 1 and # 2” ; Austin, S., Starrfield, S., Saizar, P., Shore, S. N., and Sonneborn, G., 1990, In Evolution in Astrophysics, ed. E. Rolfe (ESA SP-310), p. 367. F ie l d s o f S t u d y Major Field: Astronomy Studies in: Novae, Gaseous Nebulae - Dr. Gary J. Ferland Infrared Photometry - Dr. Robert F. Wing T a b l e o f C o n t e n t s ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................. iii VITA ...................................................................................................................................... v LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... ix LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. xii CHAPTER PAGE I Introduction ....................................................... 1 1.1 Overview of the Classical Nova O utburst ............................................... 2 1.1.1 Thermonuclear R u n aw ay s .............................................................. 2 1.1.2 T he Ejected S h e ll .............................................................................. 5 1.2 Presentation of the P r o j e c t ........................................................................ 6 II Nova PW Vulpeculae 1984 ............................................................................ 9 2.1 The Outburst .................................................................................................. 9 2.2 Observational Material ................................................................................. 10 2.2.1 O ptical S p ectra.................................................................................. 10 2.2.2 Ultraviolet S p e c tra .......................................................................... 16 2.3 Reddening and Distance .............................................................................. 22 2.4 The N ebular Gas R eg io n .............................................................................. 24 2.4.1 Evolution of Emission L in es .......................................................... 24 2.4.2 Temperatures and D ensities .......................................................... 31 2.4.3 Chemical Composition .................................................................... 34 2.5 The Coronal Line Region .......................................................................... 40 2.6 A Model of the Ejecta ................................................................................. 45 2.6.1 M odel P a ra m e te rs .......................................................................... 45 2.6.2 Comparison with the Observations .............................................. 46 2.7 Discussion and Sum m ary ........................................................................... 48 III Nova QU Vulpeculae 1984: The Cold
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