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Sports Science-Based Research on the Sport of Muay Thai: a Review of the Literature

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Sports Science-Based Research on the Sport of Muay Thai: a Review of the Literature http://wjst.wu.ac.th MiniReview Sports Science-Based Research on the Sport of Muay Thai: A Review of the Literature Nur Ikhwan MOHAMAD1,2,*, Chamnan CHINNASEE2, Witthaya HEMAPANDHA2, Naruepon VONGJATURAPAT3, Niromlee MAKAJE4, Parkpoom RATANAROJANAKOOL5 and Luckhana PIMJAN6 1Faculty of Sports Science & Coaching, Sultan Idris Education University, Perak 35900, Malaysia 2Faculty of Health & Sports Science, Thaksin University, Phatthalung 93210, Thailand 3Faculty of Sports Science, Burapha University, Chon Buri 20131, Thailand 4Faculty of Sports Science, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand 5Faculty of Physical Education, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand 6School of Liberal Arts, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand (*Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected]) Received: 24 February 2016, Revised: 12 July 2016, Accepted: 12 August 2016 Abstract This article aims to provide a systematic review of the sports science-based research that has been done on the sport of Muay Thai boxing. The first phase of the process involved a search made using several research databases, using specific keywords. Muay Thai related articles that were selected were then reviewed and categorized into classifications based on their major area of study. The second phase involved a critical review of 14 published articles that fell into the 4 major areas of study in sports science (strength & conditioning, sports physiology, sports biomechanics, and sports psychology). This critical review provided insight and discussions into approaches, limitations, and conclusions of each research publication, and how they may relate to each other. From the review, it can be concluded that Muay Thai sports science-based research has been far from sufficient. The near non-existence of physiological, biomechanical, and psychological findings limits scientifically-based strength and conditioning applications which, if implemented, may improve performance and reduce risk of injury. Future studies should focus on current Muay Thai athlete profiling (physiologically, biomechanically and psychologically) at all levels, to provide baseline findings which are much needed when developing strength and conditioning programs. Research concentrating on interventions should then be focused on. Keywords: Muay Thai, physiology, biomechanics, psychology, physical conditioning Introduction Muay Thai, literally can be translated as Thai Boxing, is one of the most popular sports in Thailand, and one of the cultural exports of Thailand, and has seen huge impact on the world of combat sports and commercial trends. Muay Thai, in comparison with other types of combat sports, uses almost all body parts, producing 8 points of contact (fists, elbows, knees, and feet), and includes fighting techniques such as punches, elbows, knee strikes, kicks, and grappling [1,2]. Other popular combat sports, such as boxing or taekwondo, use only 2 (boxing: fists) or 4 (taekwondo: fists and feet) points of contact [3,4]. Because of this difference, other physical conditioning programs and training skills may not be suited to Muay Thai fighting. Walailak J Sci & Tech 2017; 14(8): 615-625. Review: Sports Science Research on Muay Thai Nur Ikhwan MOHAMAD et al. http://wjst.wu.ac.th Thus, to provide an insight on current status of sports science-related research that has been done so far on the sport of Muay Thai, a review of the literature is needed. We suggest that this needs future study in the Muay Thai fraternity, both within and outside of Thailand. Materials and methods A search was made on the Google Scholar database between 27th to 28th January 2016, using specific key words (Muay Thai and muaythai). The key word “Muay Thai” generated about 2,730 results. The results generated included all other publications that had the words “Muay Thai’ or “muaythai” in them. Searches were also made on other databases such as ProQuest, Ebscohost, and Scopus. Other key words, such as ‘Thai kickboxing’ or ‘Thai boxing’, were also used. The search and re-search in all database yielded near-similar results. Selection criteria for inclusion were made to eliminate all non-related or irrelevant publications. The main criteria for inclusion in phase one was that the publications had to be an original research paper specifically written on Muay Thai, with at least one of the specific sub-criteria, as below: (a) The participants involved were Muay Thai-trained or practiced Muay Thai skills and techniques. (b) Interventions prescribed simulated actual Muay Thai conditions or in actual Muay Thai competition set-ups. (c) Comparisons and discussions made were all for the purpose of the sport of Muay Thai (i.e., not just a mere mention, without any focus on Muay Thai), (d) Outcomes provided additional scientific-based information for the body of knowledge in the sport of Muay Thai. Other than that, the articles had to be in the English language, or with translation into the English language, and the full text had to be retrievable by any online means. All publications fulfilling the stated criteria were then selected for the next phase of the review process. Elimination of search results was due to them not fulfilling at least one of the 4 sub-criteria. Criteria for inclusion in phase 2: All articles selected in phase one were put into specific areas of classification, which were based on the foundational area of studies for Sports Science. Five areas of classification were suggested for all articles found: (a) Strength & Conditioning; (b) Sports Physiology; (c) Sports Biomechanics; (d) Sports Psychology; (e) Other areas outside sports science (including sports medicine and sports management). From the 5 areas of studies, only papers that were categorized in the fields of strength & conditioning, sports physiology, sports biomechanics and sports psychology were chosen to be critically discussed in this paper, with Table 1 summarizing the content of each publication. Publications that fell in the ‘Other areas outside sports science’ category, although not discussed thoroughly, are presented in later part of this review. Results and discussion Based on Table 1, a critical review of the studies that fulfilled all the criteria are presented as follows, based on the selected area of studies as indicated earlier. 616 Walailak J Sci & Tech 2017; 14(8) Review: Sports Science Research on Muay Thai Nur Ikhwan MOHAMAD et al. http://wjst.wu.ac.th Table 1 Publications in Sports Science that focus on the sport of Muay Thai. Number of Classification, Authors, participants, Inclusion No. Publication Age range, Study design Outcomes/Conclusions reason(s), Types of year [refs] Height and weight, publication Experience level 1. Crisafulli et n = 10 male Muay - Experimental profiling during Preliminary test (profile): Sports Physiology. -1 al. 2009 [6] Thai athletes; simulation Muay Thai match. VO2max 48.52 ± 1.7 ml·min·kg fulfils all the 23.7 ± 1.5 yrs; - Two sessions. Preliminary HRmax 182.9 ± 1.6 bpm inclusion criteria. -1 174.3 ± 0.0 cm; incremental exercise test for VO2 AT 30.8 ± 1.6 ml·min·kg Original research 65.1 ± 1.2 kg; anaerobic threshold & maximal HR AT 137.5 ± 4.5 bpm article. 2 yrs regular oxygen uptake. Simulated Match: competition. - Second session of fighting - Average energy expenditure simulation test (3 rounds with 6 10.75 ± 1.58 kcal.min-1, attacks & 6 defensive actions per - metabolic equivalents 9.39 ± 1.38 round) (15 sec per action = 180 - Immediate increase in CO2 excess in sec per round), 1 min sitting rest in round 1, with maximum value between rounds. 636 ± 66.5 mL min-1. Value - Final effort levels were decreased gradually afterwards. evaluated using a scale of ∙ 1 (not similar) to 5 (very Conclusion: high involvement of similar), compared with both aerobic metabolism and normal fights. All tests anaerobic glycolysis. conducted between 0900 and 1400 h in a room set at a temperature of 22 °C with relative humidity of 50 %. 2. Cappai et al. n = 20 skilled male - Experimental profiling during Preliminary Test (profile) Sports Physiology. -1 2012 [7] Muay Thai athletes; actual Muay Thai match. VO2max: 54.3 ± 1.4 ml·min·kg Fulfils all the -1 24.6 ± 1.2 yrs; - Two sessions. Preliminary VO2 AT: 30.8 ± 1.7 ml·min·kg inclusion criteria. 176.1 ± 1.3 cm; incremental exercise test for (~ at 50 % of VO2max) Original research 69.4 ± 2.2 kg anaerobic threshold (AT) & Mean max HR 187.2 ± 0.5 bpm article. trained 8 - 10 maximal oxygen uptake. HR at AT: 168.4 ± 1.3 bpm hours/week, upper- - Second session of Muay Thai - Total 10 matches filmed and middle level (12 match test (4 rounds of 2 min per analyzed. international, 8 round), 1 min recovery in between Total time in: national levels). rounds. - Study phase: 47.89 ± 4.17 sec - Heart rate and blood lactate taken - Clinch attacks: 24.58 ± 4.64 sec pre, during and post match. - Attacks at distance: 47.5 ± 5.9 sec - Video camera recorded all Average heart rate: 178.9 ± 0.3 bpm matches for match analysis. Average blood lactate - Match conducted between 4-9pm - Round 1: 6.02 mmol·L in regular Muay Thai ring. - Round 4: 12.55 mmol·L - All rounds average: 9.72 ± 0.6 mmol·L Conclusions: Winners and losers used similar physical effort and number of techniques executed. Winners used more effective attacks. 3. Rossi, de n = 30 male Muay - Experimental profiling. Anthropometry n = 10: Sports Physiology Oliveira, da Thai practitioners. - Instead of all 30 participants being Age 23.8 ± 5.3 yrs; (nutrition). Fulfils Silva tested, only 10 tested for Height 177.1 ± 4.9 cm; criteria. Original Borges, & Age above 18 yrs anthropometry, and 20 for dietary Weight 70.9 ± 9.7 kg research article. Malavazzi, intake. BMI 22.59 ± 2.88 kg·m-2 2011 [8] 12 months training - Study was done at 3 gyms in Sao Body fat 15.4 ± 4.3 % experience Paulo City, Brazil.
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