Commission on the Defence Forces Public Consultation Response Template

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Commission on the Defence Forces Public Consultation Response Template Commission on the Defence Forces Public Consultation Response Template • Capabilities – In this regard, you may wish to consider future integrated capability development and the planning and delivery requirements to support a joint force approach in terms of new equipment, professional military education and training, maintenance and development of infrastructure, developments in military doctrine, and transformative concepts, including specialist capabilities, that prepare and support the Defence Forces for future operations. The Defence Forces need the military capabilities to successfully carry out its operational taskings both within the State and while deployed on international missions. Army Force protection Force protection on overseas deployments must be paramount. Force protection equipment, both personal issue and unit equipment must be of the highest standard and in significant quantity. Insignificant funding has caused a slow introduction of some essential force protection items, such as flame-resistant clothing, with some items, for example, flame-resistant facemasks and gloves for Armoured Personnel Carrier crew, individual first aid kits and ballistic glasses being none existent. Other militaries have learned hard lessons in recent conflicts when it comes to personal force protection, the results of which must be examined and adapted. A minimum quantity level of equipment needs to be put into policy. For example, the insignificant number of Armoured Personnel Carriers for overseas operational requirements has resulted in the Army having to take a loan of old substandard SISU 6x6 Armoured Personnel Carriers from the United Nations to fill the gap. This should not have to happen. The minimum number of Armoured Personnel Carriers required for overseas operations and training at home needs to be put into policy. The National Development Plan has earmarked the Army's problematic fleet of Light Tactical Armoured Vehicles for replacement. This should be used as an opportunity to increase the number of Armoured Personnel Carriers to the minimum quantity level needed, as well as other types of armoured vehicles, such as armoured ambulances, which there are currently insignificant numbers of in service. A single-family of 4x4 and 6x6 armoured vehicles, using the same chassis, powerpack and drive train, in a number of different variants for specific mission roles should be procured. Examples being, 4x4 Infantry Patrol Vehicle, 4x4 Special Operations Forces Reconnaissance Vehicle, 4x4 Artillery Surveillance Target Acquisition Vehicle, 4x4 Communications Information Services Vehicle, 6x6 Armoured Personnel Carrier and 6x6 Armoured Ambulance. Such a family of armoured vehicles would provide ballistic, mine and improvised explosive device protection to supplement the Mowag 8x8 Armoured Personnel Carrier fleet. The threat posed by low-cost mini and micro unmanned aerial systems, both armed and unarmed has greatly increased in the current mission areas where the Army is deployed overseas. A Counter Unmanned Aerial System capability needs to be developed and deployed. The Cavalry Corps currently operates three different types of armoured reconnaissance vehicles. For such a small corps, a single variant armoured vehicle would be more efficient for their formation-level intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance role and should be considered when the current fleet is due for replacement. Unmanned aerial systems There is currently no reconnaissance unmanned aerial systems used by infantry battalions or cavalry squadrons. These units must have organic beyond visible line of sight unmanned aerial systems for intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance as well as for mortar fire control. Infrastructure The Defence Forces infrastructure consists of barracks, camps, an airbase, a naval base, training lands, rifle ranges, an artillery range, medical hospital and Reserve Defence Forces premises. A number of these permanently occupied locations are of strategic defence importance, being located near the border, airports, seaports, government buildings and other vital installations. The closure of a number of barracks in the border region has left a 140 km distance between the two remaining permanently occupied bases along the border, Finner Camp on the west coast and Aiken Barracks on the east, a travelling time of four hours on regional roads. A commitment needs to be made to maintain these and all other strategically important permanently occupied bases. Investment in barracks and training areas has improved and modernised many locations with various other projects ongoing and in planning. However, many buildings have fallen into disrepair due to a lack of funding being available. Temporary facilities such as containers and tentage are being used for storage in a number of locations. Funding in infrastructure needs to increase to continue the modernisation and maintenance of facilities. Legislation must be put into place to protect military training areas from encroachment by civilian building developments. Tall structures such as wind turbines and stacks can pose a dangerous hazard to aircraft flight training in the Low Flying Training Areas. Legislation should also protect the usage of traditional training areas not owned by the Defence Forces such as mountains and lakes. Cyber and electronic attack While cyber and electronic warfare are separate entities, both methods can have equivalent effects. In a cyber attack, hackers using the internet and information systems could attack the State or companies located within the State for military or other strategic purposes. The same threat of attack could also be used against the Defence Forces on overseas missions. An electronic attack would result in the jamming and overpowering of computer systems, communications systems, electronics, telecommunications, radars and navigation systems. Again this form of attack is a threat to the State and the Defence Forces on overseas missions. A dedicated unit must be established to defend against these forms of attack. Rapid Deployment The Army should develop its own rapid deployment capability, built around an infantry battalions Support Company, to be able to deploy troops overseas at short notice. An infantry battalions Support Company would be best suited for such a role as its personnel are trained in the use of mortars, anti-armour missiles, heavy machine guns, as well as reconnaissance and sniping, but still being able to operate in the conventional infantry role. A rapid deployment standby unit should be rotated between battalions after a fixed period of time, ie every six months. This capability would require a tactical airlift aircraft to support any deployment. Army Ranger Wing The Army Ranger Wing in order to carry out its elite capabilities needs the support from other units in the Defence Forces particularly in the form of Air Corps aircraft. It is vital that all the assets needed for the Army Ranger Wing to carry out its roles both within the State and on overseas missions is made available and obtained. Air Corps Air mobility There are significant gaps in the Defence Forces air mobility capabilities which have drawn special attention a number of times over the last decade. The Air Corps has never had a strategic or tactical airlift aircraft to support Army and Army Ranger Wing operations overseas. A tactical turboprop airlift aircraft capable of troop transport, equipment transport, medical evacuation and airdrop operations is needed to support operations overseas, having the advantage of speed and also the ability to reach areas that are inaccessible by land or sea. Priority should be given to the procurement of an airlift aircraft over the "freight carrying" ship mentioned in the 2015 White Paper on Defence. The 2015 White Paper on Defence also mentions that the Learjet 45 is due for replacement in 2024. While primarily used for the Ministerial Air Transport Service, it has also been used to support Army missions overseas carrying out a small number of medical evacuation, equipment transport and troop transport flights. The Learjet 45 has the advantage of being able to fly at twice the speed of the Air Corps turboprop aircraft and having a longer range. When the Learjet 45 is due for replacement it should be replaced by a larger multi-role business jet, with a longer range and capable of having more utility to support Army operations overseas. The Air Corps EC135 and AW139 utility helicopters have significantly improved the Defence Forces air mobility capabilities since they were introduced into service. However, they are not without their limitations due to their size and that there are only being eight helicopters in total. Islamic terrorist attacks in other European countries in recent years has proven the need for helicopters to insert Special Operations Forces, Army support troops, specialist police and for medical evacuation, when time is critical. For such operations within the State, in addition to the current helicopter fleet, a number of medium-lift helicopters need to be obtained. Medium-lift helicopters can carry more than double the number of troops as the AW139 helicopter, while still only requiring the same number of pilots and crew to operate the aircraft. Overseas missions While the Air Corps has deployed personnel on overseas operations and Air Corps aircraft have been used to transport troops, equipment and carried out medical evacuations to and from mission areas in support of the Army, no Air Corps aircraft
Recommended publications
  • The Public Administration & Defence Sector in the Western Region
    The Public Administration & Defence Sector in the Western Region Regional Sectoral Profile July 2019 Contents 1.0 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 2 1.1 Public Administration & Defence ........................................................................................ 2 1.2 Data Used ............................................................................................................................ 3 2.0 Employment in Public Administration & Defence ........................................................... 4 2.1 Employment in the Western Region and its counties 2016 ............................................... 4 2.2 Employment in Public Administration & Defence sub-sectors ........................................... 7 2.3 Employment in western towns ......................................................................................... 10 2.4 Employment by gender ..................................................................................................... 12 2.5 Self-employment in Public Administration & Defence ..................................................... 17 3.0 Key Policy Issues for the Western Region’s Public Administration & Defence Sector ...... 20 Higher reliance on public sector employment in the Western Region ......................................... 20 Providing professional career opportunities in smaller towns and more rural areas .................. 21 Important role in female employment ........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Status and Roles Assigned Female Personnel in the Permanent Defence Forces
    Dublin City University Women in Combat: The status and roles assigned female personnel in the Permanent Defence Forces. Thesis submitted to the School of Applied Language and Intercultural Studies for the degree of Ph.D August 2000 Thomas Martin Clonan B.Ed. M.A.C.C.S. Supervisor: Dr. Maggie Gibbon I hereby certify that this material, which I now submit for assessment on the programme of study leading to the award of Ph. D. is entirely my own work and has not been taken from the work of others save and to the extent that such work has been cited and acknowledged within the text of my work. SIGNED: ID No. 96970499 DATE: 01 August 2000. ABSTRACT Women in Combat: The Status and Roles Assigned Female Personnel in the Permanent Defence Forces (PDF). The aim of the PhD study is to examine critically the integration of female personnel within the Permanent Defence Forces (PDF). Their integration is examined in light of the deployment of women in the international military, and in light of a liberal-feminist examination of the workplace in terms of its equality of opportunity agenda. It is argued that the sex-role stereotyping used to recruit young men in to the military in the past along with socio-biological theories of women’s and men’s appropriate spheres of activity have combined to disempower women within military culture, i.e; women’s involvement represents a threat to the constructed masculinity the military embodies. Despite the persistence of patriarchal culture within the sphere of the military, there has been an unprecedented growth in the numbers of women within the military in the west due to the demands of modem total and technological warfare.
    [Show full text]
  • Reserve Intelligence Support Within the Defence Forces
    Commission on the Defence Forces Public Consultation Response Template 1. Capabilities – In this regard, you may wish to consider future integrated capability development and the planning and delivery requirements to support a joint force approach in terms of new equipment, professional military education and training, maintenance and development of infrastructure, developments in military doctrine, and transformative concepts, including specialist capabilities, that prepare and support the Defence Forces for future operations. Reserve Intelligence Support within the Defence Forces. Rationale The aim of this submission is to propose the establishment of a Reserve Military Intelligence Corps, mirroring current structure of other Corps units within the Defence Forces at both national and Brigade levels. The proposal outlines the establishment of two Military Intelligence Reserve Coys, a Reserve MI training Group located at the DFTC and a Reserve Specialist Research Group located at DFHQ. It is proposed that Platoons from each Coy be regionally dispersed in order to attract a broader academic skillset, provide a vehicle for entry of highly skilled graduates to the Permanent Defence Force and provide commanders with a cohort of personnel capable of deploying in support of Brigade or Battalion operations. Current Situation The Defence Forces exist an ever changing and dynamic operational environment. Military commanders and national decision makers are faced with an array of issues each with varying information requirements. At an operational level, commanders may need rapidly adapt to changing local, national and international situations. The current international security environment has been variously characterised as being in a state of ‘constant competition’1. States no longer declare war on each other, as the consequences, costs and particularly the constraints and legal obligations associated with doing so are judged to be too expensive2.
    [Show full text]
  • Patrolling Sierra Leone Naval Diving a Battalion Profile RDF on Recce
    ISSN 0010-9460 00-An Cos-MAR-06(p1-15)7/3/063:32pmPage1 0 1 THE DEFENCEFORCESMAGAZINE MARCH2006 9 770010 946001 RDF on Recce A BattalionProfile Naval Diving Patrolling SierraLeone € 2.20 (Stg£1.40) 00-An Cos-MAR-06 (p1-15) 7/3/06 3:32 pm Page 2 ANSAC CREDIT UNION LTD 75 Amiens Street, Dublin 1. Tel: 01 8554489, Fax: 01 8558067, Email: [email protected] Opening Hours Monday - Thursday 9am - 5pm Friday 9am - 4pm Open to all members of PDFORRA and to retired members, who are members of ANSAC on the day they retire. Services available include: • Savings • Loans • Budget Plan Service • Free Mortgage Advice • Home Heating Oil Scheme • Free Savings & Loan Insurance • Petrol Card Scheme • Members Draw www.ansaccu.ie ANSAC are also on the World-Wide Web, where you can now apply for a loan online. Anyone visiting the site will have access to the following: • News • Membership application form • Available services • Draw results • How to contact us • Links to other sites There will also be a ‘Members Only’ area that ANSAC members can access with a Log-on number and a PIN (personal identity number), which they can obtain from the ANSAC office. This area will allow access to: • Account balances for shares, loans & budget • Standing Order form • Loan calculator • Pension form • Loan application form • Petrol Card request form • Budget Plan form • Budget rules • Share withdrawal form • Bulletin Board • Image upload • Suggestion box Internet Business Banking All loans and share withdrawals can now be paid directly into your bank account, doing away with the delay in wait- ing for a cheque to clear.
    [Show full text]
  • Dept of Defence & Defence Forces Annual Report 2012
    An Roinn Cosanta Department of Defence Department of Defence and Defence Forces Annual Report 2012 Department of Defence and Defence Forces Annual Report 2012 Department of Defence and Defence Forces Annual Report 2012 An Roinn Cosanta Department of Defence © 2013 copyright Department of Defence and Defence Forces Station Road, Newbridge, Co. Kildare. Tel: (045) 492000 Fax: (045) 49 2017 Lo Call: 1890 251 890 ISSN: 1649-9999 ANNUAL REPORT 2012 1 2 ANNUAL REPORT 2012 Minister, We are pleased to submit to you the Annual Report on the performance of the Department of Defence and the Defence Forces for 2012. Michael Howard, Lt Gen Conor O’Boyle, Secretary General Chief of Staff ANNUAL REPORT 2012 3 4 ANNUAL REPORT 2012 FOREWORD Minister for Justice, Equality and Defence I am pleased to accept delivery of this Annual Report, which sets out the progress that the Defence Organisation has made over the course of 2012 in meeting the strategic objectives set out in the Department of Defence and Defence Forces Strategy Statement 2011 – 2014. On a day to day basis the Defence Organisation continues to deliver a broad range of services both at home and overseas. This Report highlights this important work and provides detailed information on the operations conducted by the Defence Forces during the course of 2012. Ireland has a proud record of supporting the United Nations. The deployment of our Defence Forces on overseas peace support missions continues to provide the most concrete expression of that support. The high level of ongoing domestic security and support operations differentiate our Defence Forces from other Defence Forces, many of which exist solely to provide a contingent capacity or to service Alan Shatter TD, Minister for Justice, Equality and Defence overseas operations.
    [Show full text]
  • Department of Defence and Defence Forces Annual Report To
    Department of Defence and Defence Forces Annual Report to the Minister for Defence for 2007 1 Foreword by the Minister I am pleased to present this Annual Report for 2007 encompassing the performance of both the Department of Defence and the Defence Forces. Ensuring the continued modernisation of Defence has been my main priority since becoming Minister. I am very pleased to be able to report significant progress in developing modern and flexible military capabilities. The White Paper on Defence set out a challenging programme of reform and modernisation for the Defence Organisation. Following a detailed review of the White Paper’s implementation, a report outlining the findings was published in April 2007. This report highlighted that substantial progress has been made and that the many detailed recommendations for change that were laid out in the White Paper, have been implemented or are being implemented according to agreed timetables. The report also concluded that all the detailed targets should be met within the time frame of the White Paper i.e. up to 2010 . I remain fully committed to ensuring the ongoing development of Defence in the years ahead. Among the significant developments that took place in 2007, were: • 1,646 members of the Defence Forces served with 19 different Peace Support Operations and postings in 2007, with numbers serving overseas at any one-time peaking at 830 personnel. • The Defence (Amendment) Act 2007 was enacted by the Oireachtas in April 2007. The purpose of this Act is to modernise the military code of discipline by amending Part V of the Defence Acts relating to summary procedures and courts- martial.
    [Show full text]
  • New Chief of Staff New Deputy Chief of Staff - Logistics
    RDF Newslr Aut/Wint No25 D2_Layout 1 08/12/2013 13:47 Page 1 Cumann na nlar - Oifigeach Coimisiúnta newsletter Association of Retired Commissioned Officers Issue No:25 (Autumn/Winter 13) ARCO Web Site: www.iarco.info New Chief of Staff New Deputy Chief of Staff - Logistics Minister for Justice Alan Shatter has The Government on the recommendation of promoted a Naval Service officer to the the Minister for Justice, Equality and Defence, position of Defence Forces Deputy Chief of Mr Alan Shatter T.D., has nominated Deputy Staff for the first time in the State’s history. Chief of Staff Support Major General Conor Commodore Mark Mellett was confirmed in the new O’Boyle for appointment by the President as position by Cabinet, following Mr Shatter’s nomination. Chief of Staff of the Defence Forces. The promotion is perceived as recognition of the strategic importance of the maritime economy, and the Major-General Conor O’ Boyle joined the Defence Naval Service’s role in patrolling one of Europe’s Forces in 1970 and was commissioned into the Artillery largest sea areas. Corps of the Army in 1972. He has served in a wide variety of appointments and ranks throughout the Cmdr Mellett, who holds a distinguished service medal Defence Forces as a commander, staff officer and for drug interdiction, has been associated with instructor. His overseas experience includes over three developing the Irish Maritime and Energy Resource and half years in the Middle East with UNTSO and Cluster in Cork, which is focusing on ocean energy UNIFIL with multiple tours to Lebanon, Syria and Israel research and innovation partnerships.
    [Show full text]
  • State Contracts for Laundry Services
    Chapter 14 Chapter 14: Financial (B): State contracts for laundry services Summary of findings: This Chapter examines State contracts for laundry services with the Magdalen Laundries. It details all known State contracts for laundry services, as well as the process used to award these contracts and their value (where known). Tendering processes were employed by the State in awarding contracts for laundry services. The Committee found that, in general, where a contract was awarded to a Magdalen Laundry, this occurred on the basis of it being the only or the most competitive tender submitted. This Chapter also quantifies the value of State contracts placed with the Magdalen Laundry at Sean McDermott Street, Dublin from 1960 to 1966, which amounted to approximately 18% of the total business of the Laundry for this period. Introduction 1. This Chapter examines and sets out the findings of the Committee in relation to contracts by Government Departments or State agencies with the Magdalen Laundries for laundry services. 2. It was decided that such use by the State of the laundry services provided by the Magdalen Laundries should be explored as part of the overall landscape of State interaction with the Laundries. Moreover and in any case, it was decided that efforts should be made to identify and, where possible, quantify 656 Report of the Inter-Departmental Committee to establish the facts of State involvement with the Magdalen Laundries Chapter 14 what might be considered as the indirect financial support provided by the State to the Magdalen Laundries in this manner. 3. A variety of sources were utilised to build a picture of the extent of use by Government Departments or State agencies of the laundry services provided by the Magdalen Laundries.
    [Show full text]
  • Defence Forces Review 2009
    www.military.ie Óglaigh na hÉireann The De F en C e F ORC D e f e n c e fo r c e s l r e l a n D e S Rev l ew 2009 Defence Forces Review 2009 • Origins of 2 Fd Arty Regt • The Cork City Bridge Guard of 1915 • The Battle for the Targeting Battle Space v The Lost Tombs of Finner Camp OL • Printed by the Defence Forces Printing Press j10493/June2009/5000 6 • Irish Aid and the Defence Forces Óglaigh na hÉireann Defence Forces Review 2009 ISSN 1649-7066 Published for the Military Authorities by the Public Relations Section at the Chief of Staff’s Branch, and printed at the Defence Forces Printing Press, Parkgate Street, Dublin 8 © Copyright in accordance with Section 56 of the Copyright Act, 1963, Section 7 of the University of Limerick Act, 1989 and Section 6 of the Dublin University Act, 1989. Preface As Director of Defence Forces’ Public Relations it is my great pleasure to publish the Defence Forces Review for 2009. I have no doubt that this edition will be enjoyed as much as previous editions. The purpose of the Defence Forces Review is to provide a forum whereby contributors can raise current issues, provoke thought, and generate discussion across the wider Defence Community. I have every confidence that this edition of the Review will achieve all these goals and indeed look forward to receiving any constructive comments as a consequence. The richness of the Defence Forces’ military tradition is apparent in this edition of the review and I hope that everybody is included in the diversity of articles reproduced here.
    [Show full text]
  • Remni July 26
    remembrance ni Legacy of Belfast’s unofficial WW1 photographer When Belfastman George Hackney was called to fight in World War I in October of 1915, he brought his camera with him. He defied orders and risked facing court-martial to document life on the front line. Page 1 Lance-Corporal George Hackney George was born in Belfast in 1888 and joined the Young Citizen Volunteers (YCV) from the Boys Brigade in 1912. He was part of a mass enlistment in September 1914 when the YCV was incorporated into the 14th Battalion of the Royal Irish Rifles. Taking his new Klimax camera with him, George was sent to training camps in Co. Donegal at Finner, I Co. Antrim at Randalstown and he south of England before sailing to France in October 1915. George survived the carnage of the Battle of the Somme but was invalided out soon afterwards and sent to Sheffield to recuperate in September 1916. He spent the rest of the war in Ireland and England working as a trainer. His incredible collection now at the Ulster Museum, Belfast, is a testimony to life behind the scenes in a war that saw over 37 million soldiers killed – where the men laugh, write letters home, huddle for warmth and read the newspaper. But the Lance Corporal didn’t just capture the daily routine; he risked his life to document exact moments that have recorded the deeda of the Ulster Division in history books. One of his photographs captures the 36th Ulster Division forcing German soldiers to surrender in the Battle of Page 2 Somme, July 1916.
    [Show full text]
  • No. 6, July/August
    00-An Cos-july-aug-10 (p1-5 EDITORIAL) 12/07/2010 10:58 Page 3 VOLUME 70 Number 6 July-August 2010 11 18 20 23 28 34 FEATURES 11 Lt Gen Dermot Earley DSM An Eulogy 13 Congo Vets Remember By Wesley Bourke 20 Advance and Overcome By Wesley Bourke 23 The Minister for Defence Interviewed by Wesley Bourke REGULARS 6 On Parade 10 World Strategic Picture 18 Def Tech 25 Tac Aide 26 Overseas 28 Sport 31 Gadgets 32 Noticeboard 33 Reviews 13 34 What I do… AN COSANTÓIR July-August 2010 3 00-An Cos-july-aug-10 (p1-5 EDITORIAL) 12/07/2010 10:58 Page 4 00-An Cos-july-aug-10 (p1-5 EDITORIAL) 14/07/2010 13:16 Page 5 An Cosantóir VOLUME 70 editorial Number 6 July-August 2010 MANAGER: n this issue, our lead article is the printed version of the eulogy given by the Chief of Staff Lt Gen Sean Capt Rory Esler McCann at the Requiem Mass to the late Lt Gen Dermot Earley DSM, who died on June 23rd. It is a [email protected] fitting tribute to a distinguished officer, colleague and friend who epitomised the very essence of EDITOR: professionalism, both as a soldier and as a sportsman. Sgt David Nagle I [email protected] On a personal note, on behalf of everyone in An Cosantóír and Public Relations Section, I would like to JOURNALISTS: extend my deepest sympathies to the Earley family. Lt Gen Earley as Chief of Staff, but also in an earlier Wesley Bourke command as Director of Public Relations Section, was always there – to lead, offer advice and guide.
    [Show full text]
  • Sleeping Flags Campaign ‘The Bags We Didn’T Want to Make’
    Issue 56 SUMMER 2019 ONEConnect THE OFFICIAL MAGAZINE OF ÓGLAIGH NÁISIÚNTA NA hÉIREANN SLEEPING FLAGS CAMPAIGN ‘The bags we didn’t want to make’ On Monday, February 11th ONE commenced other internet portals, was edited by Raygun decided that the deliverers and users of a campaign to raise public awareness and a post production company. Garret Harte ONE homeless services would front the aid for the homeless Irish Defence Forces’ from Harte Media was brought in to handle campaign. The Sleeping Flags Campaign was veterans it supports by situating veterans the Public Relations Campaign. quickly picked up by print, broadcast and in specially-created Tricolour sleeping bags Ollie O’Connor, CEO of ONE, “Our first social media and raised public awareness of around the streets of Dublin. homeless hostel opened in direct response the work carried out by ONE on behalf of Dubbed ‘Sleeping Flags’, the symbolic act to a number of veterans dying on the streets homeless and in need veterans. The House which challenges protocols around the of Dublin. Since then, we’ve helped over 900 Managers and former and current residents treatment and representation of the Irish flag, homeless veterans from all over Ireland who of all three homes were interviewed on TV, is to represent both the homeless veterans could have faced the same situation. These radio and for the print media. who died on Dublin’s streets, which was the Sleeping Flags are bags we never wanted to While fundraising remains vital, the most catalyst for ONE setting up its first homeless make, but if we can’t get enough funding, our important product of the campaign was that hostel, and the reality facing current and veterans will end up back on the streets”.
    [Show full text]