www.military.ie Óglaigh na hÉireann The De F en C e F ORC D e f e n c e fo r c e s l r e l a n D e S Rev l ew 2009 Defence Forces Review 2009 • Origins of 2 Fd Arty Regt • The Cork City Bridge Guard of 1915 • The Battle for the Targeting Battle Space v The Lost Tombs of Finner Camp OL • Printed by the Defence Forces Printing Press j10493/June2009/5000 6 • Irish Aid and the Defence Forces Óglaigh na hÉireann Defence Forces Review 2009 ISSN 1649-7066 Published for the Military Authorities by the Public Relations Section at the Chief of Staff’s Branch, and printed at the Defence Forces Printing Press, Parkgate Street, Dublin 8 © Copyright in accordance with Section 56 of the Copyright Act, 1963, Section 7 of the University of Limerick Act, 1989 and Section 6 of the Dublin University Act, 1989. Preface As Director of Defence Forces’ Public Relations it is my great pleasure to publish the Defence Forces Review for 2009. I have no doubt that this edition will be enjoyed as much as previous editions. The purpose of the Defence Forces Review is to provide a forum whereby contributors can raise current issues, provoke thought, and generate discussion across the wider Defence Community. I have every confidence that this edition of the Review will achieve all these goals and indeed look forward to receiving any constructive comments as a consequence. The richness of the Defence Forces’ military tradition is apparent in this edition of the review and I hope that everybody is included in the diversity of articles reproduced here. For the 2009 Review the Editor has assembled an outstanding group of contributors all of whom I wish to thank personally for having taken the time to produce their essays, which I have no doubt will prove both very informative and indeed challenging for the reader. I am particularly grateful to our Editor Lt Col Mick Dolan who despite his normal duties has undertaken the task of editing this review with enthusiasm and commitment. Again many thanks to all our contributors without whose commitment and generosity the production and publication of this Review would not have been possible. Kieran Brennan Lt Col Director of Defence Forces’ Public Relations The fact that an article appears In this journal does not indicate official approval of the views expressed by the author. Editor’s Note Since 2005, when we changed its format to accommodate the academic output from students of the Command and Staff Course in pursuit of their Masters’ Degree, feedback for the Defence Forces Review has been positive and we continue it again this year. The full Defence Forces Review in 2008 was devoted to the anniversary of DF involvement in International Peacekeeping, at the expense of the Military College. As a result, I include, this year, the Abstracts of the dissertations from both the 63rd and 64th Command and Staff Courses. Great credit must be given to those students who undertook the task of “filleting” their own work in the interests of delivering a shortened version of what represented blood, sweat and tears. More credit is due to them for even having the courage and stamina to revisit the work before the pages had cooled on the shelves. These are important sources of information, both from the quality of the work and the diversity of topics studied in depth. The full versions are shelved in the Defence Forces Library, located in the Military College, DFTC*. If the readers’ interest is caught by any particular topic, the full dissertation can be made available, electronically, on request. I would especially recommend study of the bibliographies of these works – a flavour of which can by gleaned from the footnotes included with these reworked articles. On taking command of 2 Field Artillery Regiment in January 2009, I came across an OES book with the handwritten work of Comdt William Donnelly. The focus on names in this work is important as it will fill in blanks for many gunners – serving and departed. No doubt other units have benefitted from the diaries kept by former commanders. The Defence Forces review would feel privileged to collaborate in producing these for wider consumption. The original works reproduced here are gratefully received and I have no doubt but the readers will appreciate the contribution made by the authors. The inclusion of articles by Legal Officers reflects the complexity of modern military operations and shows that the role of Legal Officers in overseas operations has changed dramatically in the last years. It is hoped that the work of the Senior Officers’ Course, currently underway in the Military College in partnership with NUIM, will provide a rich vein of information to be mined in future issues of the Defence Forces Review. Until then, I hope you, the reader will enjoy this, the 2009, offering. I have enjoyed the challenge of producing this work. The cooperation of the DF Printing Press was absolute and the professionalism of the staff there was a lesson in “Yes, we can!” approach. Lt Col Mick Dolan MA (LMDS) DLIS * This library has opening hours to suit all readers. It will honour ALCID cards and welcomes readers from other educational establishments. However, borrowing rights are restricted to DF and RDF Personnel. (Ph 045-445870/1) TABLE OF CONTENTS Article Title Page The Lost Tombs of Finner Camp, Co. Donegal 1 Comdt Kevin McDonald ‘Wigs on the Green’: Legads in the Ops Room 11 Lt Cdr Pat Burke Challenges of a Battlespace: Military Leadership in Assymetric Conflict 19 Comdt Rory Sheerin Irish Aid and the Defence Forces: A Synthesis of Humanitarian Forces or an Incompatible Union 33 Comdt Kevin McCarthy The Battle for the Targeting Battle Space 45 Comdt Richard Brennan Operational Art: And its Application to the Cromwellian Campaign in Ireland 57 Comdt Ian Byrne United Nations Security Resolution 1325: Just add Women and Stir – A Recipe for Gender Stereotyping in Peacekeeping Operations? 71 Comdt Maureen O’Brien The Cork City Bridge Guard of 1915 81 CQMS Gerry White and Lt Col Brendan O’Shea Origins of 2 Fd Arty Regt 95 Comdt W. Donnelly Abstracts – 63 C&S Course 109 Abstracts – 64 C&S Course 133 Short Biographical Details 155 The Lost Tombs of Finner Camp, Co. Donegal The Lost Tombs of Finner Camp, Co. Donegal Comdt Kevin McDonald Acknowledgment: The author wishes to especially acknowledge the assistance of Col (retd) Declan O’Carroll for his expert advice and assistance in relation to the history of Finner Camp, in particular in relation to the use of Ffolliot map and the 1916 British Army map. References to archaeological sites at Finner appear in a number of publications during the final quarter of the 19th century. Of particular interest are three megalithic tombs that were sketched by the antiquarian William F. Wakeman. William C. Borlase included these sketches in his three-volume work The Dolmens of Ireland, published in 1897. While discussing various monuments in the Donegal area, Borlase mentions that there were five megalithic tombs in Finner that were not apparently marked on the OS maps. Three of these monuments are shown in Figures 222 and 223 on page 237 and Figure 224 on page 238 of Volume 1 of Borlase’s work. The drawings are reproduced below. (See Figures 1, 2 & 3) The tomb shown in Borlase’s Figure 223 is still extant. It is located near the Grenade Range at the west end of the camp. It is a smaller version of Ireland’s most famous passage tomb, Newgrange in County Meath. It would have been entered along a passage of which there is now no trace, leading from the south. At the inner end of the passage a side chamber opened to the left (west) and right (east). The western side-chamber is still in place but only part of the eastern one remains. Beyond the side-chambers there is an end-chamber, which would have been in line with the passage. The monument would have originally been roofed. Records in the National Museum refer to the recovery of both burnt and unburnt bone at the site in the 1950’s. (1955:30) The other two tombs (Borlase’s Figures 222 and 224) had not been located since the end of the 19th century. Borlase’s Figure 222 shows a large cairn with a door-like entrance giving access to the interior where it is recorded that there was a chamber measuring 9 feet long and 6 feet, 5 inches wide (about 2.75m by 1.95m). The circumference of the large cairn that covered the chamber is said to have measured 120 or 121 paces. Another drawing by Wakeman in 1880 is included as Figure 9 in Michael Herity’s Irish Passage Graves published in 1964. Borlase’s Figure 224 shows what appears to be a long narrow gallery-type grave. It is said to have been 16 feet long and 7 feet wide (about 4.85m by 2.15m). It is difficult to say what type of megalithic tomb this was but the indications from the drawing is that it was a court tomb. So what happened to the two sites shown in Borlase’s Figures 222 and 224 and where exactly did they stand? The first published reference to these sites date to the late 1870’s. At this stage the lands that now comprise Finner Camp were in the ownership of a Col Ffolliott. He was well aware that on his lands stood a number of ancient monuments, including “an array of primitive antiquities, sepulchral mounds, giants graves, pillar stones and caves, and at least one cromleac” It was also noted at the time in Finner that “By keeping a good lookout between the dunes, especially on spots from which the sand has recently been blown away, a collector of archaic remains might interestingly increase his store by picking up waifs, such as 1 Defence Forces Review 2009 Figure 1 - (Borlase’s fig 222) Figure 2 - (Borlase’s fig 223) Figure 3 - (Borlase’s fig 224) 2 The Lost Tombs of Finner Camp, Co.