Historic Landscape Assessment for the Wiltshire Core Strategy

Prepared for Wiltshire Council by Land Use Consultants

January 2012

www.landuse.co.uk

LUC SERVICES

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DOCUMENT CONTROL SHEET

Version Status: Version Details: Prepared Checked Approved by: by: by: Ver: Date: Principal V1 20/01/01 FULL DRAFT WC/LC WC LC

V2 27/01/01 FINAL REPORT WC/LC WC LC

CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION 2 Background ...... 2 Local Policy Context ...... 2 Study objectives ...... 3 Proposed development sites ...... 3 Structure of this report ...... 5

2 METHODOLOGY 6 Data sources ...... 6 Method ...... 6

3 CONTEXT 10 Introduction ...... 10 Bradford-on-Avon ...... 10 Chippenham ...... 10 Devizes ...... 11 Marlborough ...... 11 Tidworth & Ludgershall ...... 12 Trowbridge ...... 13 Warminster ...... 13 Westbury ...... 14 Heritage values ...... 15 Sense of place ...... 15 Understanding sites in context ...... 15

4 SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 16

TABLES Table 1.1: Proposed Development sites Table 4.1: Summary of conclusions on the risk to the historic environment (known sites) Table 4.2: Summary of conclusions on the risk to potential archaeology Table 4.3: Combined summary of the risk to the historic environment and to potential archaeology

APPENDICES

1 Introduction

BACKGROUND 1.1 Wiltshire Council is currently in the process of producing a single Core Strategy to manage strategic land use planning decisions across its whole area. An important part of this strategy will be the identification and allocation of strategically important growth sites for both housing and employment. The emerging work identifies only a comparatively small number of such sites (12 in total). 1.2 In view of the national significance of Wiltshire’s historic landscape, Wiltshire Council is anxious to ensure strategic spatial decisions are made with a clear understanding of the effect on the historic environment. Ongoing discussions with English Heritage have confirmed that there is a need to ensure that the selection of these strategic growth areas is underpinned by evidence relating to an assessment of heritage landscape. This study focuses on the appraisal of areas where potential growth sites have been identified (see Table 1.1 below) and helps inform the relative merits of each site against known alternatives. 1.3 PPS 12 outlines the requirement for local development documents to be informed by a shared “robust and credible” evidence base. It requires that policy development is informed by an up-to-date evidence base: "Evidence gathered should be proportionate to the job being undertaken by the plan, relevant to the place in question and as up-to-date as practical having regard to what may have changed since the evidence was collected.” (Para. 4.37) 1.4 Furthermore Planning Policy Statement 5: Planning for the Historic Environment and its supporting Historic Environment Planning Practice Guide, look at the issue of the setting of heritage assets and define what the setting should incorporate: “The surroundings in which a heritage asset is experienced. Its extent is not fixed and may change as the asset and its surroundings evolve. Elements of a setting may make a positive or negative contribution to the significance of an asset, may affect the ability to appreciate that significance or may be neutral.”

1.5 It is therefore essential that the impacts of the strategic sites are critically assessed to ensure that the strategy is achievable. This assessment will therefore be an important element of the council’s evidence base and relied upon through the examination process to support the draft Wiltshire Core Strategy.

Local Policy Context 1.6 Work is underway to prepare a range of Development Plan Documents (DPDs) for a single Wiltshire Local Development Framework (LDF). The LDF will replace the saved policies of the extant district plans (produced by the former district councils); and component saved policies of the Wiltshire and Swindon Structure Plan 2016. The Wiltshire LDF will present the planning policies for the council area over the period to 2026.

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1.7 The council has undertaken extensive consultation outlining the requirements for development across Wiltshire to 2026. The council is now responding to the emerging localism agenda outlined by the government. This will include a comprehensive review of the development needs of Wiltshire based upon local evidence and circumstance. This assessment will play an important role in evidencing this work. 1.8 The council is currently focusing on the preparation of a Core Strategy for Wiltshire (excluding minerals and waste matters for which separate core strategies have already been prepared and found sound; and strategic sites in south Wiltshire, which also has a sound core strategy). The Wiltshire Core Strategy will build upon work carried out by the former district and county councils.

Study objectives 1.9 The aim of the study is to deliver robust and defensible evidence to assess the heritage landscape impacts of the proposed strategic site allocations set out in the draft Wiltshire Core Strategy. 1.10 Specifically, this study has been required to consider the impact of the proposed development sites on:

• the prehistoric landscape, including an assessment of known and unknown archaeology in local vicinity;

• the setting of individual scheduled monuments in the local area;

• the setting of historic designed parks and gardens;

• the setting of key views in and out of the settlements identified for change;

• local historic farmsteads.

Proposed development sites 1.11 The list of proposed development sites was provided by Wiltshire Council, along with GIS boundaries of each site. The proposed sites are for either employment or residential development, or for a mixture of the two. They also vary in size from around 150 dwellings to those of up to over 2,500 dwellings. The proposed sites are listed below in Table 1.1 and mapped in Figure 1.1.

Land Use Consultants 3 Table 1.1: Proposed development sites Settlement Site no. Site name Development type Bradford-on-Avon 1 Land at Kingston Farm 2 – 3 ha employment and 150 dwellings Chippenham 2 Land North East Chippenham 2.5 ha. up to 750 dwellings 3 Land South East Chippenham 18 ha. up to 1,500 dwellings 4 Land SW of Abbeyﬁ eld School 1 ha up to 150 dwellings 5 Land East of Chippenham 2.5 – 6 ha up to 700 dwellings Devizes 6 Land between A361 and Horton Road (Hop- employment ton Industrial Estate) 8.4 ha Marlborough 7 Land to West of A 346 (Salisbury Road) up to 230 dwellings Tidworth & Lugdershall 8 Depot site South of A342 residential Trowbridge 9 Ashton Park Urban Extension 12ha employment and up to 2,650 dwellings Warminster 10 West Warminster Urban Extension 6 ha employment and up to 900 dwellings Westbury 11 Land at Mill Lane Hawkeridge Farm 14 ha employment 12 Land at Station Road up to 300 dwellings

Map 1.1: Proposed development sites

Site 2 Site 5

Site 4 Site 3

Site 7 Site 1

Site 6

Site 9

Site 11

Site 12 Site 8

Site 10

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Structure of this report 1.12 This report divides into two main parts: • The Main Report: Chapters 1-4 seek to summarise the main findings of this study. Chapter 2 sets out the methodology followed; Chapter 3 describes the strategic historic context of Wiltshire and the affected settlements; while Chapter 4 summarises the recommendations and conclusions reached through this study.

• Appendix 1: Proposed Development Sites – takes each proposed development site in turn and describes the site’s background; known and unknown archaeology on the site and in the immediate vicinity (including identification of statutory heritage sites); possible influences on the setting and visual sensitivity of settlements, historic monuments, listed building and designed parks and gardens; and concludes with a summary of key values and pressures. 1.13 The Appendix therefore contains all the site-specific detail.

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2 Methodology

DATA SOURCES 2.1 Data used to support this study included: Data and supporting information st • Historic OS maps (1 edition 1886 onwards)

• Modern OS maps (25k)

• Recent aerial photography

• The Wiltshire and Swindon Sites and Monuments Record http://history.wiltshire.gov.uk/smr/

• The National Monuments Record (NMR) (through Pastscape) http://www.pastscape.org.uk/)

• Extensive Urban Survey (2009), Wiltshire Council and English Heritage

GIS layers • Proposed development sites (as supplied by Wiltshire Council)

• OS (25k) base map tiles (as supplied by Wiltshire Council)

• English Heritage statutory sites (Registered Parks and Gardens; Registered Battlefields; Scheduled Monuments and Listed Buildings) – accessed from English Heritage NMR

• Conservation Areas for the relevant settlements (as supplied by Wiltshire Council)

• (digitised information on the location of historic farmsteads was not available for this assessment, although the Wiltshire Building Record (Wiltshire History Centre) is in the process of digitising this information and so it should become available in future years)

METHOD 2.2 In 2008 English Heritage published Conservation Principles, Policies and Guidance that looks at the sustainable management of the historic environment. This emphasises the different types of value that may be inherent in a place and how to manage these sustainably. 2.3 Following these guidelines, we have made an assessment of the historic values relating to each proposed development site; the key sensitivities and impact on the historic environment raised by the potential development of each site; and the potential opportunities available to address or reduce these impacts. 2.4 Specifically the key tasks that have been undertaken are: 1. Proposed development sites: Identification with Wiltshire Council of the potential development sites to be considered by the study and collection of all relevant historic data relating to each site, based on

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contacts with Wiltshire Council and the County Archaeologist Faye Glover, along with the publically available resources listed above. 2. Review of digital data and preparation of a published map for each development site and its environs: Preparation of an ArcReader published map of digital data for each development site covering the site itself, all features of historic interest within 1km of the proposed development site and a broad landscape-scale assessment within 5km of the proposed development site. This included the Conservation Areas within and around each of the selected settlements. 3. Strategic Context: Preparation of a brief strategic historic context statement for each of the eight settlements under consideration. This was informed by the Extensive Urban Survey (2009, Wiltshire Council and English Heritage), the Wiltshire Community History pages1, as well as relevant information from the datasets. 4. Desk study: A rapid desk-based assessment of each proposed development site in turn and review of all relevant historic data (see para 2.1 above). As above, the scale of analysis considered a broad landscape scale review at 5km from the proposed sites identifying key historic sites that may be affected by the development, and a more detailed in depth study at 1km from the proposed sites. Aerial photographs and historic OS maps were reviewed for every site using all the sources as identified in para 2.1 above. This desk study also included:

• brief literature review of the main monuments and any designed landscapes within the study area to understand their historic sphere of influence / setting and, in the case of the designed landscapes, views and vistas integral to the original design

• review of the published map of data layers to identify sites and areas of particular sensitivity again using the '5km' and '1km' study areas.

• Review of Wiltshire NMR and assessment of key archaeological finds and features to provide evidence for the assessment of known and unknown archaeology. This included an analysis of digitised records within a 1km of the proposed development site, as well as a brief assessment of written reports relating to the development sites following a visit to the County Archaeology department and discussion with Faye Glover, County Archaeologist. This led to the drafting of a summary description for each development site that forms the basis for Appendix 1. 5. Site visits: Initial conclusions reached on the impacts on monuments and listed buildings; on the setting of settlements, monuments, designed landscapes and historic farmsteads; and on views to and from settlements, monuments, designed parks and gardens, were tested in the field to ensure their validity. This included assessing how each proposed development site can be viewed from key sites and monuments of historic

1 http://history.wiltshire.gov.uk/community/

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importance2. It also included taking photographs to illustrate the points that are made in the Appendix. It should be noted that this field survey did not include any original survey work, except for the identification of key historic farmsteads that occurred within the development sites or within key views to or from proposed development sites. The field surveys did also not allow for viewing of development sites from vantage points within designed landscapes, as predominantly these were not open to the public at the time of study (January) and arranging access within the timescales of the study did not prove possible. Any views that have the potential to be affected were noted. 6. Analysis and conclusions: A final assessment was made of the likely impacts of the proposed development sites on the historic environment, based on all the findings of the study (as summarised in Chapter 4). 2.5 An outline description of each development site and its potential impact on the historic environment is set out in Chapter 4. Appendix 1 provides the analysis for each proposed development site in turn, split into four main sections in line with the objectives of this study:

Site location

Planning context

Evidence Looking at: Known and unknown archaeology: What potential evidential value3 is there within the site? What is known surrounding the site, and what is there potentially to be found? Also covering statutory sites, known archaeology (prehistoric to modern), farmsteads and field systems, designed landscapes, and historic buildings.

Possible influence on setting and views: Considering how development of the site could affect the setting or key views in or out relating to sites and monuments, farmsteads and designed landscapes, and the setting to individual historic settlements.

Summary of sensitivities and impacts Considering the sensitivity of the historic environment of the site and surroundings to the impacts of development, a summary of impacts, mitigation measures required to reduce these impacts on the historic environment, and what further information is needed to understand these

2 The assessment of views from and to historic buildings and scheduled monuments was undertaken in line with “Seeing History in the View: A method of assessing heritage significance within views (English Heritage, 2008)”. However, views were only assessed where they included a potential development site. The impact of development on views was then included as part of the overall assessment of impact on settlement setting, site or monument setting or designed landscape setting in Table 4.1 and described more fully in the “Possible influence on setting and views” section in each site description in Appendix 1. 3 According to English Heritage, 2008. Conservation Principles, Policies and Guidance Ch 3

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impacts (reflecting the guidance in English Heritage’s Conservation Principles (2008). In all cases it is assumed that development will be of the highest quality and there will be ongoing efforts by the planning authority to minimise impacts on the historic environment as plans and proposals evolve.

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3 Context

INTRODUCTION 3.1 This chapter considers the historic context of the eight towns that together provide the setting of the 12 individual proposed development sites. A brief summary is provided of the historic development of each town and its relevant environs in turn, giving important background to the review of each of the proposed development sites (described in Appendix 1).

Bradford-on-Avon 3.2 The earlier prehistoric period is relatively poorly represented in Bradford-on- Avon, although there have been finds dating to the Mesolithic, Neolithic and Bronze Age. The earliest known settlement in the area was the Iron Age fort at Budbury on the northern hill above the town. Several prominent discoveries also attest to settlement during the Romano-British era, including the remains of a Romano-British bath house and a mosaic from c360. 3.3 The earliest documentary evidence for the town comes in the Anglo-Saxon chronicle when, in 652, Cenwalh, the King of Wessex, fought a battle at Bradonforde be afne. St. Aldhelm founded a monastery here in 705, which in 1001 was granted to Shaftesbury Abbey. The town continued to be held by Shaftesbury until the dissolution of the monasteries in 1539. Apart from the chapel of St Laurence little remains to locate this original Saxon settlement. 3.4 The medieval economy was based on the cloth trade aided by the water power of the Avon, with the prosperous merchants building their houses along the main streets in the town. However, by the time of the construction of the Kennet & Avon Canal and later the railway in the mid-19th century, the cloth industry was in serious decline, although the new infrastructure benefitted the emerging rubber industry. The footprint of the town remained largely unchanged in the first half of the 20th century, although significant new development occurred after 1960. Development spread in all directions (most notably to the south), although directly to the east and west of the town (along the railway) remained largely undeveloped.

Chippenham 3.5 There is good evidence of prehistoric activity within the area as evidenced by Stone Age and Bronze Age archaeology found both within the town and in its immediate vicinity, including within two of the proposed Development Sites. Romano-British findspots are also prevalent throughout the town and the surrounding fields, including coins, sherds and evidence of settlement to the south of the town within proposed Development Site 3. 3.6 Earliest references to Chippenham itself date from the 9th century, when it was a settlement of some importance in a strategic location on a meander in the River Avon. No Saxon-era remains have been discovered in the town’s historic core to-date, although there are finds from the era within the periphery, including within the boundary of proposed Development Site 2. The town grew only slowly during the Medieval period: a major factor in this

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may have been the manorial division of the 12th century. By this time it is probable that the settlement had extended north across the Avon, but remained a relatively insignificant market town. Equally, the town grew little during the post-medieval era, with its main expansion being directly connected with the Industrial Revolution. 3.7 The arrival of the canal in 1810 heralded the expansion of the cloth industry, to be replaced by a focus on heavy industry with the coming of the railway in 1841. The town’s housing stock had more than doubled by the later 19th century, mainly to the south of the railway line, and by 1945 had expanded by half as much again, notably to the north. The town continued to expand during the second half of the 20th century largely as a commuter town, well positioned close to the M4 and Swindon, with the town now spreading to the west and east. Buckley Barracks close to Chippenham is the home of 9 Regiment Royal Logistic Corps and the town also has strong links with RAF Lyneham which lies some seven miles to the north east of the town.

Devizes 3.8 Devizes is thought to have developed as a result of the building of the castle in c.1080 by Bishop Osmund, which would have exercised significant control over the western end of the Vale of Pewsey. The earliest record for a market in the town dates to 1228. This was revived in the late 16th century when major restructuring of the town centre took place. 3.9 There was only minimal expansion of the town before the end of the 18th century, with its major industry (cloth manufacturing) hampered by lack of a good water supply. The construction of the Kennet and Avon canal in 1810 brought light industrial development along the waterfront to the west and east (lying adjacent to Development Site 6). Further changes occurred as a result of the development of turnpike roads in the 1850s and the coming of the railways to Devizes shortly afterwards. Expansion along these new routes was nevertheless slow, much dating from the mid-20th century. The area of Hopton Industrial Estate (which contains Development Site 6) remained largely undeveloped until WWII, when an army barracks was constructed and subsequently cleared in the 1970s-80s to make way for the Industrial Estate. 3.10 Roundway Hill, lying around 1km to the north of the town and the proposed site, is an important feature that evidences a long and varied history within the area. There is evidence of Neolithic and Bronze Age activity on the Hill, including numerous bowl barrows, whilst Oliver’s Castle is a substantial Iron Age hillfort in the same location. Roundway Hill also has a place in national history as the site of the battle between Lord Wilmot’s Royalists and William Waller’s Parliamentary forces during the Civil War, when the latter was defeated. A white horse was cut into the hillside just below the camp in 1845 by the shoemakers of Devizes.

Marlborough 3.11 Prehistoric activity within the wider area is of international importance, with Avebury World Heritage Site lying some 5km to the north west of the town. Prehistoric activity within the immediate area is evidenced by numerous finds,

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generally within 300m of the River Kennet although not confined to this area. The medieval castle mound (within the grounds of Marlborough College) is a Scheduled Monument and possibly of prehistoric origin. The earthworks of a large Iron Age camp (Scheduled Monument AM850) on Forest Hill to the south east of the town is the nearest evidence to Marlborough of an Iron Age settlement. A major concentration of Romano-British finds occurs 2km to the east of the current town, at the site of the Roman Town of Cunetio, the largest town in Roman Wiltshire. There are also Roman villa sites at Brown’s Farm and Forest Hill to the south and east of the town respectively. To the south of the town runs the Wansdyke, a 5th century earthwork running from Savernake to the Avon valley, large sections of which are scheduled. 3.12 Despite very sparse archaeological evidence, most research points to a Saxon settlement at Marlborough clustered around the Green. The Great Bedwyn mint was transferred to Marlborough in 1068, and the town appears to have undergone a period of very rapid expansion in the following two hundred years due to its royal patronage until at least 1273. As a result, the historical record for the medieval town is very good. The town was severely damaged by fire in April 1653. Much of the surviving visible architecture therefore dates from the 18th and 19th centuries, a period of renewed prosperity thanks to the town’s good water supply, benefitting the mills, tanneries and breweries. 3.13 To the south of the town Tottenham Park was laid out within Savernake Forest in the 18th century with design input from Lancelot Brown. In the mid-19th century the development and growth of Marlborough College led to significant new construction at the western end of the town. The major area of 20th century growth occurred south of the river. The majority of this land had been at least partially developed up to the line of the railway by WWII, including the sewage works to the south of the railway adjacent to Development Site 7. The railway was dismantled in the 1960s and new development occurred over it in the 1970s, forming the northern boundary of proposed Development Site 7. Within the last 15 years commercial development has occurred south of the old railway line immediately to the east of the proposed Development Site (on the other side of the A346).

Tidworth & Ludgershall 3.14 Prehistoric finds have been made throughout the area, including extant Bronze Age earthworks on Sidbury and Windmill Hills (to the west of the site) which are now scheduled monuments. An Iron Age hillfort is a further feature of Sidbury Hill. Roman activity is also evidenced in the area, including three headless skeletons that relate to this period, found directly to the north of the proposed site. 3.15 The first indication of a village at Ludgershall is in Saxon times. It may have its origins as a hunting lodge: lying within a forested area it would have become a local administrative centre, with a castle built during the late 11th century. During the 12th and 13th centuries the castle was adopted by successive kings, including King John and Henry III, after which it passed into private ownership but by the 16th century was a ruin. The castle today

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consists of the remains of a flint tower and extensive earthworks dating to this era. 3.16 The village continued as a trading settlement of changeable prosperity throughout the centuries, with the real growth of Ludgershall not seen until the early 20th century. At this time various military camps were established at Tidworth to the south west of Ludgershall, encompassing the proposed site and its vicinity, which combined to transform Ludgershall into a small town of ribbon development along the A3026 and A342. Military use of proposed Development Site 8 continued until the turn of the century, first as an Armoured Vehicle Depot and later as a depot for the Medical Supplies Agency.

Trowbridge 3.17 Trowbridge is situated on a low ridge within the Avon valley, a site that proved attractive to early settlers as evidenced by a number of prehistoric finds in the area. These include Bronze Age pottery and pits along with an Iron Age structure. Roman occupation is confirmed by a number of finds but only one recorded feature. More substantial archaeological evidence exists for Saxon settlement, indicating permanent settlement here from the 7th century. The existence of a castle at Trowbridge is first mentioned in 1139, although it appears to have quickly diminished in importance and was recorded as being demolished by the 1540s. 3.18 Trowbridge grew into a prosperous medieval town based primarily on the cloth trade. After 1660 the town expanded beyond its medieval boundaries, with the population doubling between 1600 and the mid-18th century. By the 18th century, Trowbridge had become one of the chief centres of medley cloth manufacture in England. Industrialisation in the early 19th century with the arrival of other industries saw the town’s greatest expansion, with new factories appearing and a further doubling of the population between 1800 and 1871 to reach a total of some 12,000 inhabitants. Growth of the town has continued throughout the 20th century and into the present day, most notably between 1960 and 1987, with growth to the north east, west and south west.

Warminster 3.19 Evidence of prehistoric settlement in the area includes barrows on the hills surrounding Warminster, including Copheap and Battlesbury Hills to the north and north east respectively. There have also been a number of prehistoric finds in the area dating from the Mesolithic onwards. Battlesbury Hill is also the location of a prominent Iron Age hillfort. Very little Romano- British material have been found in the town, although the ruins of a Roman villa were discovered at Pitmead to the south east. 3.20 Modern Warminster has its origins in the Saxon era, developing into a royal manor with a population of around 500 by the time of the Domesday Book. Warminster developed into an important medieval market town centred on the wool and corn trades. The town’s market was well established by the 16th century and was to remain Warminster’s economic mainstay with the woollen and malting industries until the 19th century. Both industries,

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however, subsequently collapsed and by the 1890s Warminster was stagnating. Nevertheless, the re-armament programme of the late 1930s brought large army camps and barracks to the town, which expanded during the second World War and continue to be a mainstay of the town’s prosperity to the present day. As a result much of the town’s recent expansion has occurred in the latter half of the 20th century, most notably in the 1960s, to the south and east.

Westbury 3.21 Westbury lies within an area rich in Prehistoric archaeological sites, with scattered flint finds surrounding the town and evidence of Iron Age settlement at Wellhead to the south east. The town itself, however, remains scant in evidence for this period. There is extensive evidence of Romano- British settlement at The Ham and Wellhead, just to the north and south of the town respectively, with a couple of finds from the period within the town itself. Westbury itself is first referred to in the Domesday Survey and is known to be of Saxon origin, although archaeological evidence is scarce. There is little information for the town in the Medieval period, although in common with other towns of north and west Wiltshire it had emerged as a centre of the cloth industry by the end of the 15th century. 3.22 Westbury experienced varying fortunes in the following centuries in tandem with the cloth industry. The arrival of the railway in 1841 opened the town up to new trading and industries and was also responsible for the discovery of iron ore beneath the Ham. This was extensively mined for smelting at the adjacent Westbury Iron Foundry, located just to the north of the town. The foundry and mine closed in 1920, but their legacy survives today as the lakes and ponds from flooded open-cast pits. Extensive growth of Westbury continued throughout the 20th century up to the present day, most notably to the north and west of the town. The town continues as an important railway junction on the Paddington to Exeter line and, lying close to Warminster, has strong associations with the Armed Forces.

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HERITAGE VALUES

Sense of place 3.23 The historic environment is central to a sense of place and cultural identity. Evidence of the past, going back thousands of years, is all around us. Our relationship with a place can be directly linked to the physical evidence of the past. If this evidence is removed, our links to the past and our rootedness to that place are negatively affected. 3.24 The visual elements of the historic environment - the temporal element of place - add depth and strength to a sense of place, providing visual continuity with the past.

Understanding sites in context 3.25 The visual setting or context of historic sites, monuments, and settlements is of great importance to understanding and appreciating them. The past importance and physical prominence of an historic site in the landscape is likely to be altered by development that occurs around it. Some development may add to the setting and context of sites, others may detract from it. 3.26 How historic sites interrelate and what can be seen, and from where, has been demonstrated as being of central importance to the original location of sites and monuments from prehistory to the Picturesque designed landscapes of the 18th century. 3.27 Equally, sites may be linked within a landscape by historical association, or period, so providing greater understanding of how past communities lived within that landscape. But these links or associations may be lost by destroying the visual links between them, detracting from their importance as a combined whole. 3.28 Attempting to understand the role of views in the past, therefore, can help our understanding and appreciation of sites in the present, and thus help to guide the sensitive use and reuse of sites within a landscape into the future. 3.29 Overall, therefore, preserving the historic environment within and as part of a landscape is important to retaining sense of place and local distinctiveness, and in turn retaining a rootedness to that place. Preserving the context within which the historic evidence is found is also important for understanding and appreciating the evolution of these sites and the lives that they affected.

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4 Summary of Conclusions and Recommendations

4.1 Each proposed development site has been classified as being generally of high, moderate, low, or minimal risk to the known historic environment if developed, as follows: High Risk Moderate Risk Low Risk Minimal Risk There is a severe problem There is a problem There is a slight problem relating to the criterion The criterion is not relating to the criterion relating to the criterion which may or may not be adversely affected. but this may be lessened if which may be lessened if lessened if certain Therefore no mitigation certain mitigation certain mitigation mitigation measures are measures are required. measures are adopted measures are adopted adopted Classification of risks to the known historic environment

4.2 Each proposed development site has also been classified as being generally of high, moderate, low, or minimal risk to unknown archaeology if developed, as follows: High Risk Moderate Risk Low Risk Minimal Risk High likelihood of Some possibility of Likelihood of discovery of discovery of important discovery of hidden Little possibility of hidden archaeology hidden archaeology archaeology indicated by discovery of hidden indicated by undisturbed indicated by undisturbed undisturbed nature of archaeology due to nature of ground and/or nature of ground and ground and/or limited previous development of notable presence of presence of important presence of archaeology site and/or ground archaeology close to the archaeology on or very within the vicinity of the disturbance. site. close to the site. site. Classification of risks to unknown archaeology

4.3 This ‘scoring’ of potential effect on the historic environment has been assessed against two sets of criteria that reflect the objectives of this study (para 1.10). The first set of criteria is concerned with known archaeology, sites and monuments and is as follows: • Effects on the known archaeology of the site and the surrounding historic landscape • Effects on the setting, context, and key views to or from individual sites and monuments • Effects on the setting, and key views in and out of the designed landscapes that could be affected by the development sites • Effects on the setting and key views in and out of the settlements affected by the proposed development sites • Effects on the setting of historic farmsteads

4.4 These potential impacts on the known aspects of the historic environment take account of both direct impacts (caused by the development) and indirect impacts (such as lighting and increased traffic movements and their effects on the aesthetics and tranquillity of the setting). These are detailed in Appendix 1 and are summarised in Table 4.1. This table also gives an overall risk

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‘score’ for each proposed development site, taking full account of all the ‘scores’ against each of the above criterion. Where appropriate, Table 4.1 summarises potential mitigation measures but reference must be made to Appendix 1 for further details. Map 4.1 represents these site scores spatially.

4.5 The second criterion relates to unknown archaeology and the potential for a site to contain unrecorded archaeological remains. This risk is shown in Table 4.2 and Map 4.2, with a summary of all risks provided in Table 4.3.

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Table 4.1: Summary of conclusions on the risk to the historic environment (known sites) from each proposed development site

Known Site or Designed landscape Site name Overall heritage Monument or farmstead Settlement setting (and number) rating on site setting/context setting/context

Land at *Effects upon the setting of *Limited effect upon setting Bradford-on-Avon Conservation Moderate Kingston Farm of The Hall Area Risk (1)

Land North +Screen planting required along *Proximity to Barrow Moderate East site’s north boundary to soften Farmhouse Risk Chippenham (2) development *Rowden Farm *Roman & Land South East Scheduled *Rowden Farmhouse and *Impacts upon Chippenham & medieval High Risk Chippenham (3) Monument within Conservation Area in site surrounding Conservation Areas settlements site Land SW of +Screen planting needed along north & east boundary Abbeyfield Low Risk School (4) to reduce impact on Gate Farm & Harden’s Farm +Screen planting needed along Land East of * Roman *Rawlings Farm within site, site’s north boundary to lessen Moderate

Chippenham (5) settlement Upper Peckingell adjacent impact on Conservation Areas & Risk farmstead Land between +Restrict building +Screen planting & building A361 and height to same as height limit needed to reduce Low Risk Horton Road surrounding impact upon views from Bishops (6) development Cannings +New and enhanced tree Land to West *Impact upon Tottenham screening needed to lessen Moderate of A346 (7) Park and Gate Lodge impact upon setting of Risk Marlborough Depot site +Enhance screening +Opportunity exists to improve to soften impact setting of Ludgershall through South of A342 Low Risk (8) upon views from enhanced tree screening & Ludgershall Castle sensitive design Ashton Park +Tree screening required along * Biss Farm lies adjacent to southern boundary to lessen Moderate to Urban Extension (9) eastern boundary impacts upon Yarnbrook & Low Risk West Ashton West +Limit extent of development Warminster *Effects on Bugley Barton *Significant impact upon & provide robust High Risk Urban Farm Warminster Conservation Area Extension (10) tree screening to soften impact Land at Mill +Introduce tree planting to Lane *Ridge & * Effects on Hawkeridge Mill Moderate reduce impact on the setting of Hawkeridge furrow & Court Farmhouse Risk Farm (11) Hawkeridge

+ Provide screen planting Land at Station along south west boundary Moderate to

Road (12) to reduce impact upon low Risk views

*Features affected / +Proposed mitigation

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Land North East Chippenham Land East of Chippenham Figure 4.1

Risk to Historic Environment Land South West of Abbeyfield School

Risk level to proposed development site

High Risk Moderate Risk Land South East Chippenham Land to West of A346 Low Risk

Land between A361 and Horton Road

Land at Kingston Farm

Ashton Park urban extension

Land at Mill Lane Hawkeridge Farm

Land at Station Road Depot site South of A342

West Warminster urban extension

Map Scale @ A3:1:150,000

² 0 2.5 5 Kilometers Reproduced from Ordnance Survey digital map data © Crown copyright 2012. All rights reserved. Licence numbers 100047514, 0100031673. LUC LDN 5333-01_03_Risk_historic_environment 20/01/2012 Source: Wiltshire Council, LUC

Table 4.2: Summary of conclusions on the risk to potential archaeology on each proposed development site

Overall Site name (and number) Potential heritage on site rating *Proximity to town with extensive Saxon & medieval evidence nearby Land at Kingston Farm (1) *Presence of unidentified earthworks on site High Risk *Areas of pasture potentially undisturbed by ploughing *Extent of Prehistoric, Roman, Saxon & medieval activity within site & vicinity Land North East Chippenham (2) High Risk *Areas of pasture potentially undisturbed by ploughing *Roman settlement within the site *Evidence of prehistoric & medieval activity Land South East Chippenham (3) High Risk *Areas of pasture potentially undisturbed by ploughing Land SW of Abbeyfield School (4) *Roman activity within the vicinity Moderate *Undeveloped nature of site Risk *Roman settlement discovered within site Land East of Chippenham (5) *Evidence of Bronze Age, Iron Age & High Risk medieval activity on site & vicinity Land between A361 and Horton Road *Roman & medieval activity in the vicinity Moderate (6) *Undisturbed deep horizons Risk

Land to West of A346 (7) *Extensive prehistoric, Roman and medieval Moderate activity within the near vicinity Risk *Undeveloped north east edge of site, with Depot site South of A342 (8) proximity to prehistoric, Roman & medieval Moderate to finds minimal Risk *Majority of site is developed & minimal risk *Undisturbed areas of pasture Moderate to Ashton Park Urban Extension (9) *Bronze Age and medieval finds within the Low Risk vicinity *Prehistoric activity, Roman settlement and High to West Warminster Urban Extension Medieval site within near vicinity Moderate (10) *Areas of pasture/woodland potentially Risk undisturbed by ploughing Land at Mill Lane Hawkeridge Farm (11) *Iron Age, Roman & medieval finds within Moderate site Risk

*Evaluation of area suggests little likelihood Land at Station Road (12) Low Risk of find

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Land North East Chippenham Land East of Chippenham Figure 4.2

Risk to Potential Archaeology Land South West of Abbeyfield School

Risk level to proposed development site

High Risk Moderate Risk Land South East Chippenham Land to West of A346 Low Risk

Land between A361 and Horton Road

Land at Kingston Farm

Ashton Park urban extension

Land at Mill Lane Hawkeridge Farm

Land at Station Road Depot site South of A342

West Warminster urban extension

Map Scale @ A3:1:150,000

² 0 2.5 5 Kilometers Reproduced from Ordnance Survey digital map data © Crown copyright 2012. All rights reserved. Licence numbers 100047514, 0100031673. LUC LDN 5333-01_04_Risk_archaeology 20/01/2012 Source: Wiltshire Council, LUC

Table 4.3: Summary of the risk to the historic environment overall, and the risk to potential archaeology of each proposed development site. Known Heritage Potential Site name (and number) Summary Heritage

Land at Kingston Farm (1) Moderate Risk High Risk Land North East Chippenham (2) Moderate Risk High Risk Land South East Chippenham (3) High Risk High Risk Land SW of Abbeyfield School (4) Low Risk Moderate Risk Land East of Chippenham (5) Moderate Risk High Risk Land between A361 and Horton Road (6) Low Risk Moderate Risk Land to West of A346 (7) Moderate Risk Moderate Risk Moderate to Depot site South of A342 (8) Low Risk minimal Risk Moderate to Low Ashton Park Urban Extension (9) Moderate to Low Risk Risk High to Moderate West Warminster Urban Extension (10) High Risk Risk Land at Mill Lane Hawkeridge Farm (11) Moderate Risk Moderate Risk Land at Station Road (12) Moderate to low Risk Low Risk

Mitigation measures 4.6 In all cases it is assumed that development will be of the highest quality design. Where there is potential direct or indirect impact on the historic environment, mitigation measures are recommended in Appendix 1. These relate to the height and massing of buildings, the retention of green space, minimisation of indirect impacts and tree planting. In the latter case it will be important that essential screen belts and other plantings are put in place well before the start of development so that they are able to provide adequate screening from day one. It is also essential that the design of screening takes full account of climate change effects including potential susceptibility to wind throw, drought and increased heat stress. Some species, such as beech, whilst locally typical, are unlikely to be suitable in the future and alternative species sympathetic to the locality will need to be selected.

Undiscovered archaeology 4.7 Where there is a high or moderate risk of undiscovered archaeological remains it is recommended that a further archaeological field survey is undertaken before site allocations are confirmed. There is likely to be further, as yet unrecorded, history of human activity on these sites and there should be an expectation of consequences to development, with development potentially needing to adapt to respond to these findings in discussion with English Heritage. 4.8 When allocation decisions are finalised, all sites will need to be informed by further archaeological investigations and planning applications will need to be in accordance with Policy Statement 5: Planning for the Historic Environment.

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Appendix 1

Proposed Development Site Descriptions

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Site 1 (Bradford-on-Avon)

Site Name: Land at Kingston Farm 2 – 3 ha

Size: Employment and up to 150 dwellings

LOCATION This proposed development site lies on the east edge of Bradford-on-Avon, between the B3107 to the north and the railway line and the River Avon to the south.

PLANNING CONTEXT The proposed development site is two pasture fields lying to the north of the railway line and the River Avon (the hedgerow boundary separating the fields dates from at least the 1886 1st edition Ordnance Survey). The site lies directly adjacent to, and incorporates a small section of, Bradford-on-Avon Conservation Area. The western site boundary also abuts The Hall Grade II Registered Park & Garden, within which sits its Grade I listed building (around 200m from the proposed site boundary). Some 300m to the north of the proposed site lies Woolley Conservation Area, which is a north eastern suburb of the town. Around 750m to the north of the site sits the Grade II* listed Woolley Grange, which is now a hotel. A scheduled monument lies within Great Bradford Wood 1km to the east of the site.

EVIDENCE

Roman • Roman coins found at the site of the Priory in the town centre c500m to the west of the site, although nothing is known about them (ST 86 SW 27).

Saxon • There is good evidence of Saxon settlement in the centre of the town, around 750m to the west of the proposed site, including: o Late Saxon settlement identified to the north of the railway station (ST 86 SW 70); o Church of St Lawrence in the town centre representing the site of an 8th century monastery founded by St Aldhelm (ST 86 SW 13); o 9th century carved stone fragment (ST 86 SW 152); o Saxon burials c960-1020 suggesting a late Saxon cemetery at 12 Church Street.

Medieval & post-Medieval • There is good evidence of medieval Bradford-on-Avon within the town centre and surrounding it, including Holy Trinity Church, The Chantry and The Priory. The medieval Tithe Barn is one of the finest medieval monastic barns in England, lying to the south of the town around 1km from the site.

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• Pottery with disarticulated human remains from the 12th/13th centuries found at 12 Church Street, town centre, c750m from the site. • Woolley, lying 500m to the north of the site, is a settlement with medieval origins, now forming an eastern part of the town. • Woolley Grange is a 17th century house lying some 750m to the north of the site, originally surrounded by parkland as evidenced by the 1886 1st edition Ordnance Survey. • Evidence of the town’s industrial past include Kingston Mills and Upper Green Mills, 18th and 19th century Mill buildings respectively lying 200m to the west and south of the site, on the opposite side of the River Avon (ST 86 SW 91, ST 36 SE 32). • Bradford-on-Avon cemetery opened in the mid-19th century and lies near to the north east corner of the proposed site. • The Hall lies 200m to the west of the proposed site and is a Grade I listed building dating from the 17th century surrounded by designed gardens of the 19th century (the eastern edge of which abut the proposed site).

Modern • WWII Type 24 pillbox on the Hall Estate, just to the south of the proposed site (ST 86 SW 150), plus reinforced concrete Type 26 pillbox at Bradford- on-Avon weir, a little further south (ST 86 SW 149).

Monument lines are recorded within the proposed site boundary on the Wiltshire HER as Bradford on Avon eastern suburbs, although no further detail is given.

There is also a Scheduled earthwork enclosure of uncertain date lying within Great Bradford Wood, 1km to the east of the site.

Statutory heritage sites Local area (within Wider context On site 1km) (within 5km) Listed buildings: Grade I 0619 Grade II* 02940 Grade II 0 276 724 Scheduled Monuments 0 3 9 Parks & Gardens 0 1 5 Conservation Areas 0 2 14 Registered Battlefields 0 0 0

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Statutory heritage sites within the 1km study area

Possible influence on setting and views

Site or monument setting and key views • Views from the Scheduled Earthwork Enclosure in Great Bradford Wood 1km to the east of the proposed development site are unlikely to be affected since the monument sits in Great Bradford Wood. The monument is also on private land and thus inaccessible to the public. Its setting may be affected to a limited extent by the closer growth of the urban edge of Bradford-on-Avon. • Bradford-on-Avon cemetery lies within 100m of the proposed site, and thus its setting will be altered as separation between cemetery and town is removed. Views, however, are unlikely to be significantly affected since the cemetery wall and adjacent screening restricts direct views to the site.

Bradford-on-Avon cemetery Woolley Grange Hotel

Designed landscape and farmstead setting and key views • The setting of The Hall grade II Registered Park & Garden (adjacent to the proposed development site) and its grade I listed house (200m from the

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proposed site) will be affected to some degree by new development to its east side, further encircling the property with development. The effect is likely to be less marked than that of earlier development immediately surrounding the property, although there is likely to be an impact on views east from the house and possibly from the garden (although this was not accessible at the time of survey, and so further investigation is required).

Settlement setting and key views • The setting of Bradford-on-Avon Conservation Area will be altered as new development occurs adjacent to its eastern edge, further removing the rural setting of the historic town centre. • The setting of Woolley Conservation Area 300m to the north will also be affected to some extent, although will be largely protected by existing settlement between the two. • The setting of Woolley Grange Hotel (Grade II* listed), 750m to the north of the site, will be affected to a limited degree due to some reduction in the rural buffer between the property and the developed edge of Bradford-on- Avon. Direct impacts are likely to be negligible, however, since development currently occurs between the property and the proposed site already. Views from the property may possibly be slightly affected, mainly from upper floors and in winter when tree screening is less effective.

SUMMARY OF SENSITIVITIES AND IMPACTS

Sensitivities

Known and unknown archaeology: There is good evidence of Saxon and medieval settlement within the town around 500m from the proposed development site, although no finds have yet been recorded from within the site itself or its immediate vicinity. The identification of monument lines within the site, however, suggests that there is a high likelihood of unknown archaeology to occur here given the undisturbed nature of the site and the extent of finds within the near vicinity.

Setting of Bradford-on-Avon Conservation Area: Development on the proposed site will have a relatively significant impact upon the setting of the historic centre of Bradford, removing one of the few remaining areas of open countryside that adjoins it.

Setting of The Hall: The setting of and potentially views east from this grade I listed house and grade II Registered Park & Garden will be affected as development further encloses the property on its eastern side. The actual impact will be limited given that the property is currently already surrounded by development including along its frontage – the impact relates to the loss of the tongue of open land currently occurring to within 100m to the east of the property.

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Summary of impacts

Overall HIGH risk of unknown archaeology on the site. Overall MODERATE risk to the known historic environment so long as the following mitigation measures are undertaken.

Required mitigation measures • Archaeological investigations undertaken prior to the site allocations as currently undiscovered archaeology could be of sufficient importance to significantly affect the development. • Detailed archaeological watching brief during excavations. • Retention of historic field boundary as part of green infrastructure with new development. • Robust screen planting along the site’s northern and eastern boundary to help lessen the impact of development upon the setting of and views from Bradford-on-Avon cemetery and Woolley Grange Hotel. • Lighting not to exceed the height of the development and designed to minimise light pollution and skyglow. • Overall building mass is in keeping with the rural setting.

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Site 2 (Chippenham)

Site Name: Land North East Chippenham

Size: 2.5ha / up to 750 dwellings

LOCATION This proposed development site lies along the north east edge of Chippenham, between Malmesbury Road (B4158) and Maud Heath’s Causeway (B4069).

PLANNING CONTEXT The proposed development site is formed of a mixture of pasture and arable farmland. The field pattern has changed little since the 1886 1st edition Ordnance Survey, and is most likely to be significantly older. The southern boundary of the site is formed by the northern edge of Chippenham, a combination of residential and commercial development. To the north lies undeveloped farmland and woodland. Chippenham, Langley Burrell and Kington Langley Conservation Areas lie some 1km from the proposed site to the south, east and north respectively.

EVIDENCE

Prehistoric • Part of a Bronze Age tool was found within the proposed development site boundary (ST97NW151). • A number of prehistoric finds have been recorded within the near vicinity, including: o a Palaeolithic flint flake within 500m to the NE of the site (ST 97 NW 33); o Mesolithic discoveries, including flint scatters adjacent to the north boundary (ST97NW064, ST97NW063), within 500m to the SW of the site in NW Chippenham (ST 97 SW 2) and further south in the town (e.g. ST 97 SW 53); o Neolithic axes found in the centre of Chippenham (ST 97 SW 23, ST 97 SW 21).

Roman • Seventeen Romano-British pottery fragments and a whetstone were found within the proposed site (ST97NW310). • Roman bronze figurine of Hercules found at Chippenham (ST 97 SW 50).

Saxon • A Saxon findspot occurs within the proposed site boundary (MWI30160). • Funton Hlaew, "the Low (tumulus) of the Spring", boundary mark of a Saxon charter of AD 854 occurs adjacent to the proposed northern site boundary

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(ST 97 NW 4) – a round barrow at ST 91957522 may possibly be associated with this, as may the name of Barrow Farm (see below).

Medieval & post-Medieval • Barrow Farmhouse is a farmstead of medieval origin adjacent to the proposed site’s NW boundary. • A medieval coin was found within the proposed development site (MWI25837), whilst a number of medieval and early-medieval findspots occur in the near vicinity (within 1km radius) (e.g. ST 97 NW 29, ST 97 NW 37, ST97NW462). • There is also extensive evidence of medieval Chippenham within the footprint of the current town, such as Hill Corner, a medieval settlement site lying adjacent to the site’s south east boundary (ST97SW461), Maude Heath’s Causeway (LINEAR 108) built in the 15th century and numerous buildings within the town of medieval origin. • A post-medieval findspot occurs within the proposed site boundary (MWI30159). • Kilvert’s Parsonage and Langley House are grade II* listed buildings lying 1km to the east and north east of the proposed site respectively. • Chippenham, Langley Burrell and Kington Langley Conservation Areas lie some 1km from the proposed site to the south, east and north respectively.

Statutory heritage sites Local area (within Wider context On site 1km) (within 5km) Listed buildings Grade I 015 Grade II* 0634 Grade II 1 54 519 Scheduled Monuments 0 0 7 Parks & Gardens 0 0 2 Conservation Areas 0 3 16 Registered Battlefields 0 0 0

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Statutory heritage sites within the 1km study area

Possible influence on setting and views

Designed landscape and farmstead setting and key views • Barrow Farmhouse (grade II listed) lies adjacent to the proposed site’s NW boundary, and thus its setting and views south will be significantly altered.

Barrow Farmhouse… …and its affected setting

Settlement setting and key views • The setting of Langley Burrell Conservation Area (some 600m to the north east of the proposed development site) will be affected by the nearer proximity of Chippenham’s developed edge and some loss of the rural buffer between town and village, whilst views from the south west of the village will be affected. • The setting of Kington Langley Conservation Area (1km to the north of the proposed site) will also be affected to some degree by the nearer proximity of Chippenham’s developed edge. There may possibly be glimpses of the

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development depending upon building height, although these can be filtered by planting. • Kilvert’s Parsonage is a grade II* listed building lying 1km to the east of the proposed site, with potential impact upon views although the property is currently surrounded by mature planting. • Langley House is a grade II* listed building lying 1km to the north east of the proposed site. There will be some impact upon setting due to the nearer proximity of Chippenham’s developed edge, although views to the proposed site are currently restricted.

Affected view from the south west edge of Langley Burrell Conservation Area

SUMMARY OF SENSITIVITIES AND IMPACTS

Sensitivities

Known and unknown archaeology: There are a number of archaeological findspots within the proposed site and surrounding it, including from the Prehistoric, Roman, Saxon and medieval era. The importance of Chippenham in Saxon times also suggests there may still remain unknown archaeological finds relating to this era, especially considering the nearby identified location of Funton Hlaew, a Saxon boundary mark with possible connections to the adjacent barrow.

Setting of surrounding Conservation Areas: The setting of Langley Burrell and to a lesser extent Kington Langley Conservation Areas will be affected by the nearer proximity of Chippenham’s developed edge and some loss of the rural buffer between town and village (a loss of around 200m).

Setting of historic houses and farmsteads: Barrow Farmhouse (grade II listed and of medieval origin) lies adjacent to the proposed site’s NW boundary, and thus its setting and views south will be significantly altered. The setting of and views from Kilvert’s Parsonage and Langley House (both grade II* listed) will also be affected to some extent, bearing in mind restriction on views (see above).

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Summary of impacts

Overall HIGH risk of unknown archaeology on the site, although deep ploughing in some fields may lessen this risk to some extent. Overall MODERATE risk to the known historic environment so long as measures are taken to lessen the impact of development upon the setting of Langley Burrell and Kington Langley Conservation Areas and historic houses and farmsteads.

Required mitigation measures • Archaeological investigations undertaken prior to the site allocations as currently undiscovered archaeology could be of sufficient importance to significantly affect the development. • Detailed archaeological watching brief during excavations. • Robust screen planting along the site’s northern boundary to help lessen the impact of development upon the setting of and views from Langley Burrell and Kington Langley Conservation Areas and Barrow Farmhouse, as well as Kilvert’s Parsonage and Langley House. • Provision of greenspace (e.g. ‘Village Green’) adjacent to Barrow Farmhouse to help further conserve its setting. • Conserve historic field boundaries within the green infrastructure framework. • Lighting not to exceed the height of the development and designed to minimise light pollution and skyglow. • Overall building mass is in keeping with the rural setting.

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Site 3 (Chippenham)

Site Name: Land South East Chippenham

Size: 18ha / up to 1,500 dwellings

LOCATION This proposed development site is located to the south of Chippenham, encompassing the floodplain of the River Avon which runs through the eastern half of the site. The site’s western boundary is formed by the railway line, whilst the south west boundary stretches down to the A350. The south east boundary is formed by a combination of farmland, a tributary of the Avon and development (a sewage works and plant nursery), whilst the eastern boundary is formed by the Pewsham suburb of Chippenham.

PLANNING CONTEXT The proposed development site is predominantly comprised of productive agricultural farmland, a mixture of arable and pasture. The River Avon runs through the eastern half of the site. The Rowden Conservation Area occupies the northern and central part of the site, at the centre of which sits the grade II* listed Rowden Farmhouse and the scheduled earthworks of a medieval moated house. The vast majority of the Conservation Area remains undeveloped. The proposed site also contains numerous recorded archaeological features, including post-medieval linear features north of Rowden Farm, evidence of Roman settlement in the south of the site, and numerous Roman and medieval findspots.

Eastam and Corsham Conservation Areas, along with the grade I listed Corsham Court and its grade II* registered park and garden, lie just over 1km away to the south west. Some 2.5km to the south lies Lacock Conservation Area, along with the grade I listed Lacock Abbey and its grade II registered park and garden, as well as Bowden Hill Conservation Area and the grade I listed Bewley Court. Around 4km to the south east of the proposed site lies the grade I registered Bowood Park.

EVIDENCE

Prehistoric • A Late Bronze Age dagger was found within the proposed development site south of Rowden Farm (ST97SW153). • A number of prehistoric finds have been recorded in the wider area, including Mesolithic discoveries in the centre of Chippenham (e.g. ST 97 SW 53) and to the south east of the site (ST 97 SW 65), and Neolithic axes in Chippenham just to the north of the site (ST 97 SW 23, ST 97 SW 21) and a Neolithic pit 1km to the west of the site (ST 87 SE 35).

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• Possible round barrow sites of Prehistoric or Roman date seen as cropmarks in a field adjacent to the south west boundary of the site (ST 87 SE 38) (as well as over 1km away in north west Chippenham).

Roman • Roman archaeological evidence is extensive within the proposed development site, with Romano-British settlement to the north of Showell nursery and adjacent to Showell Farm, and with numerous Roman findspots scattered throughout the southern half of the site (e.g. MWI27242, MWI26663, MWI26664). • Roman bronze figurine of Hercules found in Chippenham (ST 97 SW 50). • Roman pottery & ditches found 1km to the west of the site (ST 87 SE 34, ST 87 SE 36).

Saxon • A Viking stirrup found in the River Avon (ST 97 SW 49).

Medieval & post-Medieval • Lying within the centre of the proposed development site are Rowden Farmhouse, a grade II* listed building of 15th century origin, and the earthworks of a medieval moated site and fishponds which constitute a Scheduled Monument. The surrounding area, falling within the proposed development site, is designated as Rowden Conservation Area. • Numerous medieval findspots occur within the proposed site and in the immediate vicinity (e.g. MWI27342, ST97SW460, MWI26662), whilst linear post-medieval earthworks occur within the proposed site to the north of Rowden Farm (ST97SW529). • There is also extensive evidence of medieval Chippenham within the footprint of the current town, such as Maude Heath’s Causeway (LINEAR 108) built in the 15th century and numerous buildings of medieval origin. • Corsham Court is a grade 1 listed house dating from the late 16th century surrounded by a registered park and garden designed by Lancelot Brown in the 18th century, lying some 1km to the west of the proposed site, alongside Eastam and Corsham Conservation Areas. • Showell and Patterdown Farms are grade II listed farmhouses lying adjacent to the site boundary. • Lackham House is a grade II listed building dating from the late 18th century some 1km to the south east of the site boundary. • The Ivy is a grade I listed house dating from the 18th century situated in southern Chippenham, within 500m to the north of the proposed site. • St Andrews Hospital is a grade II listed building, formerly a workhouse built in the mid-19th century. • Lacock Conservation Area is a medieval village of historic importance, including a registered park and garden and grade I listed Abbey, lying some 2.5km to the south of the site. Bowden Hill Conservation Area and the grade I listed Bewley Court lie adjacent. • Bowood is a grade I registered park and garden laid out by Lancelot Brown in the 18th century within 5km to the south east of the site, lying adjacent to Derry Hill Conservation Area.

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Modern • Neighbouring parts of Chippenham to the north of the site retain a number of features relating to the town’s industrial heritage, e.g. the 19th railway viaduct (ST 97 SW 27) and Heaths Factory (ST 97 SW 68). • A WWII type 24 pillbox occurs within the proposed development site north of Rowden Farm (ST 97 SW 102), whilst there are also several WWII features within the immediate vicinity.

Statutory heritage sites Local area (within Wider context On site 1km) (within 5km) Listed buildings Grade I 0214 Grade II* 11550 Grade II 2 217 840 Scheduled Monuments 1 1 13 Parks & Gardens 0 0 5 Conservation Areas 1 2 16 Registered Battlefields 0 0 0

Statutory heritage sites within the 1km study area

Possible influence on setting and views

Site or monument setting and key views • Rowden Farm Scheduled Monument lies within the centre of the proposed development site and thus its setting would be altered significantly.

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Designed landscape and farmstead setting and key views • The grade II* listed Rowden Farmhouse lies at the centre of the proposed development site and thus its setting and views both to and from it would be significantly altered. • Showell and Patterdown Farms (both grade II listed) lie adjacent to the proposed development site’s boundary to the south and west respectively, and thus their setting and views will be significantly altered. • The setting of grade II listed Lackham House (now Wiltshire College), which lies 1km to the south east, will be affected by the increased proximity of the developed edge of Chippenham. There will also be some impact upon views from the house. • The setting of the grade II listed St Andrews Hospital, which lies adjacent to the north west edge of the proposed site, will be significantly affected, as will views to the east across the Rowden Conservation Area. • The setting of the grade I listed Ivy House, which lies to the south of Chippenham close to the proposed site’s northern boundary, will be further altered as it becomes ever more enclosed by development, although in reality the effect will be minimal given that it is already surrounded by development. • The setting of Corsham Court registered park and garden and its grade I listed house will be affected to some extent by the expansion of the south west edge of Chippenham closer to its boundary. • The settings of Bowood and Lacock registered parks and gardens will be affected to a limited extent as the developed edge of Chippenham expands towards them.

View from Naish Hill: Impact upon setting of Lackham House

Settlement setting and key views • The proposed development site forms one of the few remaining areas of open countryside that extends near to the centre of Chippenham, with its northern boundary abutting the Chippenham Conservation Area. Development of this area will thus have a significant impact upon the setting of Chippenham and its historic centre. • Rowden Conservation Area comprises the northern and central part of the proposed development site and as a predominantly rural area its character would be irreversibly altered, to the extent that the Conservation Area status would be removed or significantly reduced in size.

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• The settings of Corsham and Easton Conservation Areas just over 1km to the west of the proposed development site will be affected by the nearer proximity of the developed edge of Chippenham and loss of a sizeable rural area surrounding the River Avon. On the whole, views are unlikely to be affected, although it is possible there are some views to the site from private houses on the eastern edge of the Conservation Areas. • The setting of Lacock Conservation Area some 2km to the south will be affected as the southern edge of Chippenham expands closer to its boundary, reducing the rural buffer between town and village and with implications of increased traffic through the site. • Views from Derry Hill Conservation Area, which lies some 4km to the south east, will be affected as development expands across the Avon valley, although the impact is likely to be minimal.

View east from St Andrews Hospital of Rowden Conservation Area

View towards proposed site from Derry Hill Conservation Area

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SUMMARY OF SENSITIVITIES AND IMPACTS

Sensitivities

Known and unknown archaeology: There are numerous archaeological findspots and features from the prehistoric, Roman and medieval periods both within the proposed site and surrounding it, including a Scheduled Monument at Rowden Farm within the site. The importance of Chippenham in Saxon times also suggests there may still remain unknown archaeology finds relating to this era. The pastoral character of the northern part of the Avon floodplain also suggests that the ground is likely to have been protected from deep ploughing, making them of potentially high value for unknown archaeology.

Rowden Conservation Area and Farmhouse: The proposed development site encompasses the full extent of the Rowden Conservation Area, and thus will alter its character beyond recognition. The Conservation Area description states that “By virtue of its protected river valley nature, it is one of the two green fingers of countryside that follow the line of the river Avon right into the centre of Chippenham.” At the heart of the Conservation Area lies the Rowden grade II* listed farmhouse, the setting of which will be significantly and irreversibly altered.

Setting of surrounding Conservation Areas: The setting of Chippenham Conservation Area lying adjacent to the site’s northern boundary, Corsham and Easton Conservation Areas lying just over 1km to the west and Lacock Conservation Area some 2km to the south, will all be altered to some degree by development within the proposed site. The developed edge of Chippenham will be brought closer to Corsham, Easton and Lacock Conservation Areas, reducing their rural context, whilst the open area of countryside adjacent to the historic centre of Chippenham will be lost.

Setting of surrounding Registered Parks and Gardens: The setting of Corsham Court (1km), Lacock (2.5km), Bowood (<5km) and Spye (<5km) registered parks and gardens will all be affected to a certain extent by the growth of Chippenham to the south within the proposed development site, reducing the rural ‘buffer’ between the town and these designed landscapes.

Setting of historic houses and farmsteads: Aside from Rowden Farmhouse (see above), development within the proposed site will have a significant impact upon the setting and views of a number of listed farmhouses in the near vicinity, including Showell and Patterdown Farms (both grade II listed) which lie adjacent to the proposed site boundary. The setting of a number of historic houses will also be affected, notably Lackham House (grade II listed).

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Summary of impacts

Overall HIGH risk of unknown archaeology on the site given the presence of potentially unploughed pasture on the site and the extent of finds and features recorded both within and surrounding the site. Overall HIGH risk to the known historic environment given the extent of proposed development and its potential impacts on surrounding and on-site heritage.

Required mitigation measures • Archaeological investigations are undertaken prior to the site allocations as currently undiscovered archaeology could be of sufficient importance to significantly affect the development. • There is NO development over or in the immediate vicinity of Rowden Farm scheduled monument or the grade II* listed farmhouse. • There is a significant reduction in the extent of the proposed site’s southern boundary to reduce the impact upon the setting of surrounding Conservation Areas and designed landscapes – Setting Studies should be consulted or commissioned to determine a new boundary with more acceptable impacts. • A substantial green buffer is retained along the River Avon corridor, retaining the ‘green finger’ of countryside extending up to Chippenham’s historic centre. • Robust screen planting along the southern edge to help integrate development within its rural setting and reduce impact upon views from surrounding historic buildings, farmsteads and designed landscapes. • Retention of key historic field boundaries within the pattern of green infrastructure. • Lighting not to exceed the height of the development and designed to minimise light pollution and skyglow. • Overall building mass is in keeping with the rural setting. • Detailed archaeological watching brief during excavations.

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Site 4 (Chippenham)

Site Name: Land SW of Abbeyfield School 1 ha

Size: 1 ha / up to 150 dwellings

LOCATION This proposed site lies on the south east edge of Chippenham, north of the London Road and Stanley Lane, adjacent to Abbeyfield School.

PLANNING CONTEXT The proposed site is currently a field of rough pasture. Historically the site was surrounded by farmland and its current boundary remains the same as on the 1886 1st edition Ordnance Survey. The growth of Chippenham towards the site occurred during the 20th century, reaching the site’s western boundary in the 1960s. Today residential development lies to the west and south of the proposed site, although the latter is separated by the cemetery and a pasture field. Abbeyfield School lies to the north east of the site, appearing after 1985. Chippenham cemetery, which lies just to the west of the proposed site boundary, includes three grade II listed features, whilst the grade II listed Gate Farmhouse (originally Old Turnpike Farm on the 1886 1st edition OS) lies adjacent to the south east boundary. Harden’s Farmhouse is a grade II listed farmstead with medieval origins lying some 500m to the north of the proposed site, whilst Hither Farm cottage is a grade II listed farmstead within 1km to the east of the site.

EVIDENCE

Prehistoric • Mesolithic finds have been recorded within and around Chippenham, although not within 1km of the proposed site boundary. • An assemblage of Neolithic flint tools (ST97SW104) was discovered around 800m to the west of the site within Chippenham. • Neolithic axes were also found over 1km away in the centre of Chippenham (ST 97 SW 23, ST 97 SW 21).

Roman • Two transitory Roman settlement sites have been identified within 1km to the north west of the proposed site through a combination of geophysical survey and trial trench excavation (refer to Excavation Report for further information). • Two Romano-British coins found some 300m to the south west of the proposed site. • Roman bronze figurine of Hercules found near Chippenham town centre (ST 97 SW 50), beyond 1km of the proposed site boundary.

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Medieval & post-Medieval • There is extensive evidence of medieval Chippenham within the footprint of the current town, such as Maude Heath’s Causeway (LINEAR 108) built in the 15th century and numerous buildings of medieval origin, although this largely occurs beyond 1km of the proposed site boundary. • Late medieval ridge-and-furrow occurs around 1km to the east of the proposed site (ST97SW471). • Chippenham cemetery dates from the mid-19th century and lies adjacent to the south west corner of the site. • Gate Farmhouse is a grade II listed building lying adjacent to the east boundary of the proposed site. • Harden and Hither Farms are both grade II listed farmsteads lying 500m to the north and 1km to the north east of the site respectively.

Statutory heritage sites Local area (within Wider context On site 1km) (within 5km) Listed buildings Grade I 0 0 11 Grade II* 0 19 636 Grade II 0 0 43 Scheduled Monuments 0 0 9 Parks & Gardens 0 0 5 Conservation Areas 0 1 14 Registered Battlefields 0 0 0

Statutory heritage sites within the 1km study area

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Possible influence on setting and views

Designed farmstead setting and key views • Although already suburban in character, the setting of and views from Gate Farmhouse (grade II listed) will be further affected by new development on the opposite side of Stanley Road. • Views from Harden’s Farm will likely be affected to some degree (depending upon height of development), although Abbeyfield school (post-1985) already sits adjacent to the proposed site’s southern boundary and has already established a developed context to views from the property. • Views from or setting of Hither Farm are unlikely to be significantly affected.

View from Hardens Farm

Settlement setting and key views • The setting of and views from the eastern row of houses in the 1960s residential development to the west will be affected, as will those of the house adjacent to Gate Farmhouse on Stanley Road.

The setting of Gate Farmhouse

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SUMMARY OF SENSITIVITIES AND IMPACTS

Sensitivities

Known and unknown archaeology: There is no known archaeology within the site itself. A few archaeological findspots occur within 1km of the site, including Neolithic and Roman discoveries but as uncultivated pasture that has not been disturbed for many years finds are possible.

Setting of Chippenham cemetery: The cemetery already lies in a very urban setting as a result of 20th century growth of the town. Development of the site will continue the process as new housing replaces the field that lies to its north east.

Setting of neighbouring Farmsteads: The settings of and views from Gate Farmhouse (grade II listed), although already suburban in character, will be further affected as it lies adjacent to the proposed site’s south eastern boundary. There may also be some impact upon Harden’s Farm and Hither Farm (both grade II listed), which lie to the north and east of the site respectively, but they are already separated from the site to some extent by Abbeyfield School.

Summary of impacts

Overall MODERATE risk of unknown archaeology on the site. Overall LOW risk to the known historic environment so long as measures are taken to lessen the impact of development upon the setting of the cemetery and neighbouring farmsteads.

Required mitigation measures • Archaeological watching brief during excavations. • Robust screen planting along the site’s eastern and northern boundary to help lessen the impact of development upon the setting of and views from Gate Farmhouse, Harden’s Farm and Hither farm. • Lighting not to exceed the height of the development and designed to minimise light pollution and skyglow. • Overall building mass is in keeping with the adjacent rural setting.

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Site 5 (Chippenham)

Site Name: Land East of Chippenham

Size: 2.5 – 6 ha / up to 700 dwellings

LOCATION This proposed site lies on the eastern edge of Chippenham, between the Chippenham-London railway line and the River Avon.

PLANNING CONTEXT The proposed site is formed of a mixture of pasture and arable farmland. Despite some instances of field amalgamation, the field pattern has changed little since the 1886 1st edition Ordnance Survey, and is most likely significantly older – several boundaries are recorded on an estate map of 1725. Rawlings Farm is a grade II listed farmstead of medieval origin lying near the centre of the proposed site. The south east boundary of the site is formed by the River Avon, whilst the south west boundary is formed by the north east edge of Chippenham. The north west boundary is formed by the main Chippenham-London railway line, beyond which lies a major industrial estate. To the north east lies farmland surrounding Upper Peckingell Farm, a grade II listed farmhouse. Langley Burrell, Tytherton Lucas and Chippenham Conservation areas lie some 1km from the proposed site to the north, east and south west respectively.

EVIDENCE4

Prehistoric • A number of Mesolithic discoveries finds have been recorded within the near vicinity, including flint scatters some 200m to the NE of the site (ST97SW053), and further south west near the town centre (e.g. ST 97 SW 11, ST 97 SW 53). • Residual flint flakes were found within the site possibly dating to the Neolithic or Early Bronze Age. • In the wider area Neolithic axes were found in the centre of Chippenham (ST 97 SW 23, ST 97 SW 21). • Bronze Age pottery was found during excavation within the site, whilst a Bronze Age pottery fragment was found just to the east of the site boundary (ST97SW150). • Residual sherds of Iron Age pottery were recovered during excavation within the site.

4 An Archaeological Evaluation for this site was undertaken in 2010 by Cotswold Archaeology for Barratt Strategic, following earlier an Desk-Based Assessment and Geophysical Surveys by Archaeological Surveys Ltd, which involved excavation of a total of 44 trenches within the site

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Roman • A Roman settlement site has been identified within the south west part of the site from a combination of geophysical survey and excavation. The later revealed fragments of pottery, brick tile and animal bones. The site is comparable to that at Showell Farm to the south of Chippenham, located within Proposed Development Site 3 (see above). For further information refer to the Archaeological Evaluation by Cotswold Archaeology, November 2010. • Two transitory Roman settlement sites have also been identified 1km to the south east through a combination of geophysical survey and trial trench excavation.

Medieval & post-Medieval • A settlement is recorded at Peckinghell, 200m north of the site, in a document of AD 940, suggesting a Saxon date of origin. • A medieval ditch and pottery was recovered from excavation within the site, whilst the site of Rawlings Farm dates from the late-medieval period (ST97SW462). • Extensive ridge and furrow extends across the wider area, although was little seen within the proposed site itself. • Possible medieval enclosure 500m to the NW of the site (ST97SW600) • There is also extensive evidence of medieval Chippenham within the footprint of the current town, the centre of which is a Conservation Area, such as Maude Heath’s Causeway (LINEAR 108) built in the 15th century and numerous buildings of medieval origin. • A post-medieval coin was found within the proposed site boundary (MWI30855). • Rawlings Farm is a grade II listed farmstead of medieval origin lying near the centre of the proposed site. • Upper Peckingell Farm is a grade II listed farmhouse lying 200m to the north east of the site. • Langley Burrell and Tytherton Lucas Conservation Areas areas lie some 1km from the proposed site to the north and east respectively.

Modern • A WWII Pillbox lies to the south of the site, adjacent to the River Avon.

Statutory heritage sites Local area (within Wider context On site 1km) (within 5km) Listed buildings Grade I 01 5 Grade II* 01325 Grade II 1 145 447 Scheduled Monuments 0 0 7 Parks & Gardens 0 0 3 Conservation Areas 0 3 11 Registered Battlefields 0 0 0

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Statutory heritage sites within the 1km study area

Possible influence on setting and views

Designed landscape and farmstead setting and key views • Rawlings Farm is a grade II listed farmstead of medieval origins lying within the proposed site, and thus its setting and views will be significantly altered. • There will also be a significant impact upon the setting of and views south from Upper Peckingell Farm (also grade II listed), which lies some 200m from the northern site boundary and has open views to it.

Rawlings Farm within the proposed development site

Settlement setting and key views • The settings of Langley Burrell (500m to the north) and Tytherton Lucas Conservation Areas (1km to the east) will be affected by the nearer proximity of the developed edge of Chippenham and some loss of the rural buffer between town and village. Views are also likely to be affected from the

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edges of these Conservation Areas, their impact depending upon factors such as height of development and level of screening. • Kilvert’s Parsonage is a grade II* listed building lying within 1km to the north west of the proposed site boundary in undeveloped farmland between Langley Burrell and Chippenham. The development of the proposed site would have some impact upon its views and setting, although the property is currently surrounded by woodland.

View from Tytherton Lucas Conservation Area

SUMMARY OF SENSITIVITIES AND IMPACTS

Sensitivities

Known and unknown archaeology: Recent excavation and geophysical survey has revealed the presence of a Roman settlement within the site with numerous associated finds. Finds have also been made from the Bronze Age, Iron Age and medieval periods within the proposed site boundary as well as in the near vicinity.

Setting of Rawlings Farm: Rawlings Farm is a grade II listed farmstead of medieval origins lying within the proposed site, and thus its setting and views will be significantly altered.

Setting of neighbouring Conservation Areas: The settings of Langley Burrell and Tytherton Lucas Conservation Areas will be affected by the nearer proximity of the developed edge of Chippenham and some loss of the rural buffer between town and village, whilst there is likely to be some impact upon views from some parts of these villages.

Setting of neighbouring farmsteads/houses: There will be impacts upon the setting of and views south from Upper Peckingell Farm (grade II listed) given its proximity (200m) and open views to the northern boundary. There will also be impacts but to a lesser extent on views from Kilvert’s Parsonage (grade II* listed), given that it lies 350m away is currently surrounded by tree planting.

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Summary of impacts

Overall HIGH risk of unknown archaeology on the site given the extent of discoveries made on the site following recent excavation. Overall MODERATE risk to the known historic environment so long as measures are taken to lessen the impact of development upon the setting and medieval archaeology of Rawlings Farm, as well as of the setting of Langley Burrell and Tytherton Lucas Conservation Areas and other historic houses and farmsteads within the vicinity (as detailed above).

Required mitigation measures • Detailed archaeological watching brief during excavations. • NO development on or in the immediate vicinity of Rawlings Farm and its medieval remains, or on the Roman settlement site that has been identified within the south west part of the site. • Robust screen planting along the site’s northern boundary to help lessen the impact of development upon the setting of and views from Langley Burrell and Tytherton Lucas Conservation Areas and Upper Peckingell Farm and Kilvert’s Parsonage. • Retain key historic field boundaries within the proposed development’s green infrastructure network. • Lighting not to exceed the height of the development and designed to minimise light pollution and skyglow. • Overall building mass is in keeping with the rural setting.

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Site 6 (Devizes)

Site Name: Land between A361 and Horton Road (Hopton Industrial Estate)

Size: 8.4 ha / employment

LOCATION This proposed development site is located adjacent to the Hopton Industrial Estate, which is situated along the A361 on the eastern edge of Devizes, within the parish of Roundway. It lies at the foot of Roundway Hill, overlooking the Kennet and Avon canal to the south.

PLANNING CONTEXT The proposed site is a field currently used as an off-road training facility lying to the south of the Hopton Industrial Estate, separated by the A361. A small residential development lies adjacent to the south east edge of the site, whilst there is further industrial development to the south. Bishops Cannings Conservation Area lies 1km to the north east of the site.

EVIDENCE

Prehistoric • A series of scheduled Bronze Age round barrows occur on Roundway Hill around 1km to the north of the site. • Oliver’s Castle is a scheduled Iron Age hillfort on Roundway Hill around 2km to the north west of the site. • A Bronze Age spearhead was found in Bishops Cannings, 1km to the north east of the site (SU 06 SW 58).

Roman: • Romano-British finds within the area include pewter dishes discovered within Lay Wood 500m to the south of the site (SU06SW327), and a Romano- British lead coffin 1km to the south west of the site (SU06SW306). A Roman coin hoard was also found within the parish of Bishops Canning (SU 06 SW 218), although the exact location given on the NMR is imprecise.

Medieval & post-Medieval • The Battle of Roundway Down 1643 is a post-medieval Registered Battlefield, the southern edge of which lies around 0.5km to the north of the site. • Medieval ridge and furrow discovered 1km to the south west of the proposed site (SU06SW625) and banked lynchets on the southern side of Roundway Hill (SU 06 SW 203). • Possible earthworks of a medieval settlement have been discovered to the south of Bishops Cannings, 1km to the east of the site (SU06SW626). • Bishops Cannings is a Conservation Area.

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Modern • Military features are in evidence within the area, including a WWII Type 22 pillbox situated 500m to the south of the site, north of Laywood Bridge (SU 06 SW 271), and a grass landing strip within 1km to the north east of the site, west of Bishops Cannings (SU 06 SW 294).

Statutory heritage sites Local area (within Wider context On site 1km) (within 5km) Listed buildings Grade I 00 7 Grade II* 0050 Grade II 0 8 440 Scheduled Monuments 0 0 59 Parks & Gardens 0 0 0 Conservation Areas 0 1 4 Registered Battlefields 0 1 1

Statutory heritage sites within the 1km study area

Possible influence on setting and views

Site or monument setting and key views • The proposed site lies at the foot of Roundway Hill, and thus comprises the setting of a number of important historic features, including a series of scheduled Bronze Age round barrows, a scheduled Iron Age hillfort, the Battle of Roundway Down 1643 Registered Battlefield, and medieval banked

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lynchets. Views from Roundway Hill back to the site, however, are largely screened by the existing development of Hopton Industrial Estate.

View from Roundway Hill

Settlement setting and key views • The proposed site lies adjacent to a small, modern residential development and will thus impact upon its setting and views. • The site also forms the outer edge of Devizes, comprise part of the entry point into the town along the A361. • Bishops Cannings Conservation Area lies around 1km to the north east of the site, from which there are partial skyline views of existing dwellings adjacent to the proposed site.

SUMMARY OF SENSITIVITIES AND IMPACTS

Sensitivities

Known and unknown archaeology: There have been no recorded finds within the proposed site boundary, although there is some evidence of Roman and medieval activity in the vicinity. Prehistoric monuments also feature at some1km distant from the site. Surface disturbance is liable to be significant given the site’s use as an off- road training facility, although deeper soils horizons may remain in tact.

Views from and setting of Roundway Hill: The impact on views from Roundway Hill will be limited given the extent of existing development that lies in front of the proposed development site (see photo).

Views from Bishops Cannings Conservation Area: The upper storeys of new development within the proposed site would be visible from the Bishops Cannings Conservation Area.

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Summary of impacts

Overall MODERATE risk of unknown archaeology on the site given surrounding finds and features and the likely lack of disturbance to deeper soil horizons. Overall LOW risk to the known historic environment so long as measures are taken to lessen the impact on the setting of Roundway Hill and Bishops Cannings Conservation Area and views from them.

Required mitigation measures • Archaeological watching brief during excavations. • Robust screen planting along the site’s northern and eastern boundaries to help lessen the impact of development upon the setting of and views from Roundway Hill and Bishops Cannings. • Lighting not to exceed the height of the development and designed to minimise light pollution and skyglow. • Overall building mass is in keeping with the rural setting.

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Site 7 (Marlborough)

Site Name: Land to West of A346 (Salisbury Road)

Size: up to 230 dwellings

LOCATION This proposed development site is located to the south of Marlborough, immediately west of the A346. The site’s northern boundary is formed by the curving line of the old railway line, whilst its southern boundary is formed by the edge of Savernake Forest and the line of the 150m contour at the foot of Savernake Hill.

PLANNING CONTEXT The proposed development site is two fields currently and historically under arable cropping at the foot of Savernake Hill which rises to the south. This arable cultivation extends to the south west of the site with areas of woodland. The southern boundary of the site follows the northern edge of Tottenham Park and Savernake Forest, which is registered as grade II* on the English Heritage Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest. Hertford Court commercial estate lies immediately adjacent to the east, on the other side of the A346, while 20th century residential development straddles the old railway line along the northern boundary of the site. The site lies within the North Wessex Downs AONB.

EVIDENCE

Prehistoric • Sections of the Wansdyke, a prehistoric trackway and scheduled monument, lie around 1.5km to the south of the site. • Remains of a probable late Prehistoric or Roman field system 500m to the east of the site, visible as an earthwork and mapped from aerial photographs as part of the English Heritage: Savernake Forest National Mapping Programme (SU 16 NE 5). • Possible prehistoric origins of Marlborough Mount (see later). • Palaeolithic and Mesolithic flints at Pantawick, 500m to the south west of the site (SU16NE003, SU16NE054), plus a Palaeolithic hand-axe on Granham Hill, 1km to the west of the site (SU16NE002). • Numerous Neolithic flint tools have been found around Brown’s Farm 500m to the south of the site (e.g. SU16NE110, SU16NE113, SU16NE107, SU16NE106). • Bronze Age flint tools were found just to the east of the site within the location of Hertford Court (SU16NE155) and 700m to the west of the site (SU16NE157), whilst other Bronze Age implements were found 500m to the south of the site, west of Brown’s Farm (SU16NE151).

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• Iron Age pottery fragments were found 500m to the east of the site on Postern Hill (SU16NE204), whilst Iron Age coins were found 750m to the south of the site near to Brown’s Farm (SU16NE206). • Iron Age burial 600m to the north of the site (SU16NE203). • A possible Iron Age Hill Fort on Forest Hill (SU 26 NW 14), around 1km to the east of the site, which is also a scheduled monument.

Saxon • Saxon metalwork was found by the river 500m to the west of the site (SU16NE400).

Roman • Extensive Romano-British remains occur 500m to the north of the site, reflecting the area’s importance in Roman times, including a coin and bracelet (SU16NE318), numerous remains along a Romano-British trackway (SU16NE300), a cemetery (SU16NE302) • Brown’s Farm is a Romano-British villa site (SU16NE317) lying within 1km to the south of the site. Site is of a winged villa, with tiles, tesserae and sherds dating to the 2nd-4th centuries. • Romano-British finds elsewhere within the vicinity are also extensive, and include: o pottery sherds found just to the east of the site within the location of Hertford Court (SU16NE324) and further east on Postern Hill (SU16NE322); o Roman and Bronze Age pottery found on Postern Hill, to the east of the site (SU 16 NE 98). o Several Romano-British finds made on Granham Hill, within 1km to the west of the site, including a coin haul (SU16NE311), a barrow (SU16NE321) and pottery (SU16NE309).

Medieval & post-Medieval • Marlborough Mount (SMR no. SU16NE450) is a scheduled monument lying within the grounds of Marlborough College, within 1km to the north west of the site. Most likely a medieval motte and bailey castle with possible prehistoric origins. • Various medieval earthworks occur within the Savernake Forest on Salisbury Hill to the south east of the site, mapped as part of the English Heritage: Savernake Forest NMP project, including a hollow way (SU 16 NE 163), a woodland bank (SU 16 NE 176) and pits (SU 16 NE 185, SU 16 NE 186). • Site of St Margaret’s Priory (SU 16 NE 20) occurs just to the north of the site on the A346. • Marlborough College grounds (SMR no. SU16NE527) lie within 1km to the north west of the site and are registered as grade II on the English Heritage Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest. The grounds date from the early 18th century and now form the setting to the school, which was established in the mid-19th century. • Numerous medieval / late medieval finds and sites occur within Marlborough to the north (e.g. SU16NE477, SU16NE480, SU16NE453).

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• Tottenham Park and Savernake Forest lies along the site’s south east boundary and is registered as grade II* on the English Heritage Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest. It is an 18th century landscaped park with design input from Lancelot Brown. • Salisbury Road Lodge Gate (SU 1968 2/302) is a grade II listed building lying adjacent to the south east boundary of the site. Dating from the 19th century, it is a gate lodge providing an entry to the registered Savernake Forest. • The centre of Marlborough is a Conservation Area, lying 500m to the north of the site.

Modern • Site of railway station on the Marlborough and Savernake line (SU 16 NE 144) lies on the northern boundary of the proposed site, opened in 1864, closed to passenger traffic in 1933 and to all traffic in 1964.

Statutory heritage sites Local area (within Wider context On site 1km) (within 5km) Listed buildings Grade I 022 Grade II* 0 7 238 Grade II 0 159 9 Scheduled Monuments 0 2 30 Parks & Gardens 0 1 2 Conservation Areas 0 1 7 Registered Battlefields 0 0 0 World Heritage Sites 0 0 1

Statutory heritage sites within the 1km study area

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Possible influence on setting and views

Site or monument setting and key views • The setting of Salisbury Road Gate Lodge (grade II) will be altered as it will be further surrounded by development, although the effects will be limited to some extent given its current suburban context.

Designed landscape and farmstead setting and key views • The proposed development site will be visible from the very northern edge of Tottenham Park and Savernake Forest registered park and garden, and will further bring the developed edge of Marlborough up to its boundary (as has happened with the development of Hertford Court to the east). However, the impact will be limited since there are no designed views towards the proposed site and Hertford Court has previously established a developed context within this area.

Setting of Salisbury Road Gate Lodge and Tottenham Park & Savernake Forest

Settlement setting and key views • The proposed site lies adjacent an area of residential development to the north, and views south will be affected although they are currently filtered by planting. • The proposed site lies in a depression in the topography, so that it is not visible in views south from Marlborough College or Marlborough Conservation Area, or indeed from the majority of the town.

SUMMARY OF SENSITIVITIES AND IMPACTS

Sensitivities

Known and unknown archaeology: There is currently no recorded archaeology within the proposed site boundary. However, finds and features dating from the prehistoric, Roman and medieval periods within the near vicinity are extensive. The importance of the area in Roman and prehistoric times suggests that there is potential for unknown archaeology relating to these eras to be at risk within the

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proposed site, although this may have been diminished by a long history of arable cultivation.

Setting of Marlborough: The main centre of Marlborough is designated as a Conservation Area for its special architectural and historic interest, and its setting enfolded by chalk downland and beech woodland constitutes an important element of the town. Visibility of the proposed site will be limited within the wider landscape, but it will extend the urban edge of the town to the base of Savernake Hill. This will be most evident at the edge of town on Salisbury Road.

Setting of Tottenham Park and Savernake Forest: The proposed site lies adjacent to the northern boundary of this registered II* park and garden and will further remove separation between the park and the town (Hertford Court commercial estate to the east already does this). The distinction of the park boundary will be further reduced as development falls adjacent to Salisbury Road Gate Lodge and the northern edge of the forest.

Summary of impacts

Overall MODERATE risk of unknown archaeology on the site given the importance of the area in the prehistoric and Roman periods as evidenced by extensive finds within the near vicinity, although this may have been reduced by a long history of arable cultivation. Overall MODERATE risk to the known historic environment so long as measures are taken to lessen the impact on the setting of Marlborough as well as Tottenham Park and Savernake Forest.

Required mitigation measures • Archaeological watching brief during excavations. • Retention and strengthening of existing tree screens surrounding the site, with new screening along the south west boundary to help soften the development when viewed from public rights of way on Savernake Hill to the south. • Retention of historic field boundary within the proposed development site as part of the development’s green infrastructure. • Retention of dismantled railway embankment along the northern edge of the site to provide screening whilst maintaining this historic feature. • Lighting not to exceed the height of the development and designed to minimise light pollution and skyglow.

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Site 8 (Tidworth & Ludgershall)

Site Name: Depot site South of A342

Size: 13.39ha

LOCATION This proposed development site is located to the west of Ludgershall, between the A342 and old railway sidings.

PLANNING CONTEXT The proposed site has been in military use since the early 20th century, latterly as a large medical supply depot. The site is separated from Ludgershall by old railway sidings. To the south lies an area of disused land, whilst in the west a series of sweeping arable fields lead up to Windmill Hill Down. The site lies on the boundary of the North Wessex Downs AONB.

EVIDENCE

Prehistoric • Scheduled Bronze Age bowl barrows and boundary earthworks occur on Windmill Hill Down, 1km to the west of the site (SU 25 SW 41, SU 25 SW 49), as well as further west on Sidbury Hill (c3km). • Other Bronze Age evidence include several bronze axes found in Ludgershall to the east (SU 25 SE 16) and a bowl barrow on Pickpit Hill 1km to the south west (SU 25 SW 50). • Iron Age activity is evidenced by a collection of artefacts within 1km to the north of the site (SU 25 SW 34), as well as by the scheduled hillfort on Sidbury Hill (over 3km away to the west).

Roman • Three headless skeletons were found with an abundance of Romano-British pottery in the field just to the north of the site (SU 25 SE 4), whilst a Roman coin was found a little further away to the south of the site (SU 24 NE 37).

Medieval & post-Medieval • Ludgershall Castle is a scheduled monument lying around 500m to the east of the site, consisting of the remains of a flint tower and extensive earthworks dating from the 11th to 13th centuries (SU 25 SE 3). A 13th century royal deer park is recorded as having surrounded Ludgershall Castle (SU 25 SE 17). • Ludgershall was a Medieval Borough in 1194 and was taxed as such from 1306; the medieval village cross is a scheduled monument with its origins in the 11th century (SU 25 SE 19), whilst St James Church is a medieval parish church dating from the 12th century and is grade I listed building (SU 25 SE 29). The centre of Ludgershall is a Conservation Area.

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• An 18th century milestone lies on the A342 along the site’s northern boundary and is a grade II listed feature. • Various boundary features have been identified from aerial photographs within fields surrounding the site, including to the west (SU 25 SE 35), north (SU 25 SW 135, SU 25 SE 22, SU 25 SE 34) and north west (SU 25 SW 150.

Modern • Former Armoured Vehicle Depot and later depot for the Medical Supplies Agency (SU 25 SE 43), forming the southern part of the proposed site. • The centre of Ludgershall including the castle remains are designated as a Conservation Area. This includes the Church of St James (see above).

A Magnetometer Survey was carried out over 1.2ha of a former sports field in the north part of the site in 2011 by Archaeological Surveys Ltd. The survey located a positive linear anomaly which may represent a cut ditch-like feature, though modern use has resulted in widespread magnetic debris and disturbance.

Statutory heritage sites Local area (within Wider context On site 1km) (within 5km) Listed buildings: Grade I 014 Grade II* 008 Grade II 0 14 146 Scheduled Monuments 0 3 30 Parks & Gardens 0 0 1 Conservation Areas 0 1 4

Statutory heritage sites within the 1km study area

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Possible influence on setting and views

Site or monument setting and key views • The proposed site is visible from the scheduled monument on Windmill Hill, although not from the scheduled remains of Ludgershall Castle. Given that the site is already largely developed, impacts upon this view or on the setting of both features are likely to be limited. The north west edge of the site is however currently undeveloped, and thus development in this area will have at least some impact upon both the view from Windmill Hill. This impact should be negligible, however, if development is appropriately screened. There may indeed be opportunities to enhance the view from Windmill Hill through replacement of the depot with sensitive/appropriate development.

View from Windmill Hill

Settlement setting and key views • The proposed site is partially visible from the western edge of Ludgershall, with filtered views through to the site from St James Church (grade I listed). With appropriate design and screening, however, the impact upon views should be limited given that the site is currently largely developed (although as above new development in the north will extend the impact slightly). • There may be some impact upon views from Sweetapple Farm, 750m to the south west of the site, which again should be limited if screen planting is maintained and enhanced.

SUMMARY OF SENSITIVITIES AND IMPACTS

Sensitivities

Known and unknown archaeology: There is no recorded archaeology currently within the proposed site boundary. Given the largely developed nature of the site, the potential for unknown archaeology in the southern part of the site especially is likely to be limited. There may be some potential for unknown archaeology in the undeveloped northern part of the site, given that previous army camps in these locations may not have disturbed the deeper ground. This is evidenced by various prehistoric, medieval and particularly Roman finds within the near vicinity, as described above.

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Setting of Windmill Hill scheduled monuments: The proposed site lies at the eastern foot of Windmill Hill and is clearly visible from its scheduled Bronze Age earthworks. Given that the proposed development site is currently developed, appropriate new development here will have limited further impact. The expansion of development out to the proposed site’s boundaries will however increase the footprint of development which may have some further impact upon the setting of the Windmill Hill monuments.

Setting of Ludgershall Conservation Area: The proposed site lies to the west of the historic centre of Ludgershall, and thus the development will have an influence upon the setting and overall character of the town. There are some glimpses through to the site from some western parts of the town, including the grade I listed St James Church. Given that the site is already developed, however, the impact will be limited, and with sensitive development may indeed even be positive.

Summary of impacts

Overall MODERATE risk to unknown archaeology in the undeveloped northern half of the site, with MINIMAL risk in the developed southern part. Overall LOW risk to the known historic environment so long as the measures indicated below are taken to lessen the impact upon the setting of and views from Windmill Hill.

Required mitigation measures • Watching archaeological brief during excavation of undeveloped areas of the site. • Retention and strengthening of existing tree screening surrounding the site, with new screening along unplanted boundaries to help soften the development, particularly on rising ground in the north west. • Development to be not more than 2 storeys along the rising land of the undeveloped north west edge of the site. • Lighting not to exceed the height of the development and designed to minimise light pollution and skyglow.

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Site 9 (Trowbridge)

Site Name: Ashton Park Urban Extension

Size: 12ha / Employment and up to 2,650 dwellings

LOCATION This proposed site lies on the south east edge of Trowbridge, between West Ashton Road in the east and the railway line in the west. The River Biss runs north to south through the eastern half of the site.

PLANNING CONTEXT The proposed site is an area of mixed farmland, predominantly pasture in the north and arable in the south. Biss Meadows Country Park lies directly to the north of the site, providing an extension of the open countryside into the historic core of the town. Trowbridge Conservation Areas lie to the north of this, some 1km to the north of the site. Along the site’s western boundary on the other side of the railway line lies North Bradley, which has now effectively become a suburb of Trowbridge. The land rises in the south east to the settlement of West Ashton, whilst to the north east open farmland provides the setting to south east Trowbridge. Further afield, Steeple Ashton Conservation Area lies over 3km to the east.

EVIDENCE

Prehistoric • Two Bronze Age arrowheads were discovered in Trowbridge, 1km to the north west of the site (ST85NE151, ST85NE150).

Roman • Sherds of Romano-British pottery discovered during the building of White Horse Business Park, 500m to the west of the proposed site (ST85NE304).

Medieval & post-Medieval • West Ashton is a village with medieval origins lying within 1km to the south east of the proposed site, with earthwork features visible near to the church (which is modern), whilst Yarnbrook is a village with medieval origins lying adjacent to the southern tip of the site. • Medieval finds within the area include six medieval pottery sherds discovered during the building of White Horse Business Park, 500m to the west of the proposed site (ST85NE461), a 14th Century limestone head discovered 750m north of the site in Trowbridge (ST85NE460), and a medieval / late- medieval pilgrim's globular flask (ST85NE464) discovered to the west of West Ashton. • Other medieval evidence within the town includes medieval pits discovered at Brewery Quarter.

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• The centre of Trowbridge is a Conservation Area, lying 1km to the north of the proposed site. • An abandoned post-medieval settlement known as Black Ball lies 500m to the north east of the site. • Biss Farm is an historic farmstead (indicated on the 1st edition 1886 Ordnance Survey though likely much earlier) lying adjacent to the eastern boundary of the proposed development site.

Statutory heritage sites Local area (within Wider context On site 1km) (within 5km) Listed buildings Grade I 0013 Grade II* 0237 Grade II 0 36 722 Scheduled Monuments 0 0 11 Parks & Gardens 0 0 3 Conservation Areas 0 1 9 Registered Battlefields 0 0 0

Statutory heritage sites within the 1km study area

Possible influence on setting and views Farmstead setting and key views • The setting of Biss Farm, which lies adjacent to the east boundary of the site, will be altered significantly, as will its views to the west over what is currently open countryside.

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Settlement setting and key views • The settings of Yarnbrook and West Ashton, which lie just to the south of the site’s southern boundary, will be altered significantly as the urban edge of Trowbridge is brought to within a few hundred metres distance. Yarnbrook in particular will become all but a suburb of Trowbridge. Views from the northern edge of Yarnbrook will be most impacted, whilst views from West Ashton will also be notably affected due to its elevated position. • The setting of central Trowbridge will be affected to a certain extent as the southern green finger of countryside that extends into the town along the River Biss becomes altered by development.

View from southern edge of Yarnbrook

SUMMARY OF SENSITIVITIES AND IMPACTS

Sensitivities

Known and unknown archaeology: There is no recorded archaeological evidence lying within the proposed site boundary. Limited finds have been recovered from the Bronze Age, Roman and medieval periods within 1km of the site. Arable agriculture dominates the southern half of the site, and any archaeology in these areas may have been disturbed by deep ploughing.

Setting of Yarnbrook and West Ashton: Development on the proposed site will have a significant impact upon the setting of these two villages, bringing the urban edge of Trowbridge to their doorstep and impacting upon views.

Setting of historic farmsteads: The setting of and views west from Biss Farm, which lies adjacent to the east boundary of the site, will be altered significantly.

Setting of Trowbridge Conservation Area: The setting of the central historic core of Trowbridge will be affected to a limited extent by development of this area of open countryside to which it is connected by Biss Meadows Country Park.

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Summary of impacts

Overall MODERATE to LOW risk of unknown archaeology within arable dominated areas of the site, with MEDIUM risk on permanent pasture sites adjacent to the River Biss. Overall MODERATE to LOW risk to the known historic environment, so long as the proposed mitigation measures are undertaken.

Required mitigation measures • Archaeological watching brief during excavations. • Maintaining a wide green buffer either side of the River Biss to provide an extension to Biss Meadows Country Park, enabling the continuation of a ‘green finger’ of countryside to extend into the historic core of Trowbridge. • Robust screen planting along the site’s southern and eastern boundary to help lessen the impact of development upon the setting of and views from Yarnbrook and West Ashton and Biss Farm. • Lighting not to exceed the height of the development and designed to minimise light pollution and skyglow. • Overall building mass is in keeping with the rural setting to the south and east.

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Site 10 (Warminster)

Site Name: West Warminster Urban Extension 6 ha

Size: employment and up to 900 dwellings

LOCATION This proposed development site is situated to the north and west of Warminster, with the A36 bypass forming the site’s outer boundary.

PLANNING CONTEXT The proposed development site is largely composed of mixed farmland, largely arable with small areas of pasture to the east. The field pattern has remained fairly consistent since the 1886 1st edition Ordnance Survey, with small scale irregular field patterns in the east (coinciding with areas of pasture) in contrast with large open arable fields in the west. The main change in the late 20th century was the construction of the A36 Warminster bypass through the area, which now forms the north west boundary to the site alongside Norridge Wood. An industrial estate lies to the north east of the site, whilst Warminster Conservation Area lies just to the south east. To the west lie several arable fields at the foot of Cley Hill, which is host to a Scheduled Monument 1km to the west of the site. Longleat is a Grade I Registered Park & Garden lying over 1km to the south west of the site, whilst a number of Scheduled Monuments lie just over 1km to the east of the site on Arn Hill, Cop Heap and Calloway Clump.

EVIDENCE

Prehistoric • Prehistoric worked flint in central Warminster (from Archaeological Evaluation of The Close, Warminster by ASI, 1997). • A Palaeolithic hand axe was found 200m to the west of the site (ST84SW001) • Neolithic flint axeheads some 500m to the south east of the site (ST84SE104, ST84SE103) and in the town centre (ST84NE102). • A Scheduled Neolithic long barrow on Colloway Clump over 1km to the north east of the proposed site. • Bronze Age worked flint was recovered 200m to the north east of the site (ST84NE154), whilst Bronze Age round barrows are a feature of Arn Hill, 1km to the north west of the site. • A scheduled Iron Age Hillfort occurs on Cley Hill (a Scheduled Monument), 1km to the west of the site (ST 84 SW 1), whilst an Iron Age coin was found at the foot of the hill, 500m to the west of the proposed site (ST84SW201). • An Iron Age pit was excavated 200m to the north east of the site (ST84NE206). • Scheduled bowl barrows on Cop Heap and Arn Hill, both over 1km to the east of the site.

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Roman • There is evidence for a Romano-British settlement site 500m to the west of the site (ST84SW301), with finds including Bronze, Silver, ceramics and stone. • There have been Romano-British coin finds within the southern tip of the proposed site (ST84SE306), as well as 1km to the south east of the site (ST84SE303), plus Romano-British ceramics recovered 200m to the north east of the site (ST84NE310).

Saxon • The site of a Saxon chapel was discovered within 100m to the east of the north eastern boundary of the proposed development site (ST84NE401).

Medieval & post-Medieval • Bugley is a grade II listed farmstead with medieval origins lying adjacent to the south east boundary of the proposed site. • Medieval strip lynchets are a scheduled feature on Cley Hill (ST 84 SW 1), 1km to the west of the site. • Medieval & late medieval pottery and worked metal has been recovered from central Warminster, within 1km to the south east of the site (e.g. ST84NE453, ST84NE461, ST84NE463, ST84NE459, and from Archaeological Evaluation of The Close, Warminster by ASI, 1997). • Late-medieval pottery was recovered 200m to the north east of the site (ST84NE455), with jewellery and coins discovered some 500m to the west of the site at the foot of Cley Hill (ST84SW456, ST84SW455). • Longleat is a Grade I Registered Park & Garden lying over 1km to the south west of the site, largely laid out in the 18th century by Lancelot Brown. • Warminster Conservation Area lies within 100m to the south east of the proposed site.

Statutory heritage sites Local area (within Wider context On site 1km) (within 5km) Listed buildings Grade I 016 Grade II* 01013 Grade II 0 158 287 Scheduled Monuments 0 1 44 Parks & Gardens 0 0 1 Conservation Areas 0 1 5 Registered Battlefields 0 0 0

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Statutory heritage sites within the 1km study area

Possible influence on setting and views

Site or monument setting and key views • There will be a significant impact upon the setting of the Scheduled Monument on Cley Hill with the large extension of Warminster bringing development to within around 800m, as well as upon views east from the monument which currently include a large area of open farmland. • There may be some impact upon the Scheduled Monuments that occur a little over 1km to the north east and east of the site at Colloway Clump, Arn Hill and Cop Heap, with views west from these monuments to Cley Hill affected by development on the proposed site which would occur within this sightline.

View from Cley Hill 01

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View from Cley Hill 02

Designed landscape and farmstead setting and key views • Development within the proposed site will have some impact upon the setting of Longleat (grade I listed Registered Park & Garden), as the urban edge of Warminster expands closer to its eastern edge (to around 1km). There may also potentially be views of the proposed site from the eastern edge of Longleat, although the park was not accessible at the time of survey. • The setting of Bugley Barton Farmhouse (grade II listed), which lies along the south east edge of the proposed site, will be significantly altered as it becomes surrounded by development, as will its views.

Settlement setting and key views • There are views and glimpses to the proposed site from the north western edge of Warminster Conservation Area, including the Church of St Denys (Grade II*) and other listed buildings within the town.

SUMMARY OF SENSITIVITIES AND IMPACTS

Sensitivities

Known and unknown archaeology: There is extensive evidence for prehistoric, Roman and medieval activity within the near vicinity of the proposed development site. There is evidence for Roman settlement to the west of the site, whilst Roman finds have been made within the site itself. Prehistoric finds within the site’s vicinity include those from the Palaeolithic, Neolithic, Bronze Age and Iron Age. Arable cultivation throughout much of the area may have disturbed any underlying archaeology, although some fields of permanent pasture occur that may contain undisturbed archaeology.

Setting of Cley Hill: The setting of Cley Hill and its Scheduled Monuments will be significantly affected as Warminster expands towards its foot. There will also be significant impacts upon views east, affecting the inter-relationship with views to the Scheduled Monuments on Arn Hill Down to the east of Warminster.

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Setting of Warminster Conservation Area: The proposed site lies within 100m of the historic core of Warminster, the setting of which will be altered as it becomes more substantially surrounded by development, removing the last major area of open farmland adjoining the Conservation Area.

Setting of Bugley Barton Farmhouse: The setting of and views from this grade II listed farmhouse lying on the edge of Warminster will be substantially altered as it becomes surrounded by development within the proposed site.

Setting of Norridge Wood: The setting of Norridge Wood will be significantly altered as the urban edge of Warminster extends adjacent to it. The woodland will no longer stand in isolation from the town, and views from and to Warminster Conservation Area will be lost.

Views from eastern Scheduled Monuments: Views west from the Scheduled Monuments on Cop Heap, Arn Hill and Colloway Clump to the east of the proposed development site will be affected by development on the site, in particular the inter- relationship of views from these monuments back to Cley Hill within its suite of Scheduled Monuments.

Setting of Longleat: There will be some impact upon the setting of Longleat (grade I listed Registered Park & Garden) as Warminster urban edge grows closer to its boundary (to some 1km distant), and views from the eastern edge may be affected.

Summary of impacts

Overall HIGH risk of unknown archaeology on the site, although this may have been reduced by deep ploughing within the site; areas of permanent pasture will have a higher sensitivity than those with a long history of arable cultivation. Overall HIGH risk to the known historic environment given the extent of development on one of the last major areas of open farmland adjacent to Warminster’s historic core and the significant impact upon both setting of and views from Cley Hill, as well as impacts upon the other sensitivities as described above.

Required mitigation measures • Reduction of the western extent of the development site boundary to reduce the impacts upon the setting of and views from Cley Hill Scheduled Monument, as well as on the setting of Bugley Barton Farmhouse and views to its north and west. • Robust screen planting along the western and eastern edges to help integrate development within its rural setting and reduce impact upon views from Cley Hill (and possibly Longleat) in the west and Arn Hill in the east. • Retain small key historic field boundaries (notably small scale patterns in the east) within the context of the proposed site’s green infrastructure.

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• Archaeological investigations undertaken prior to the site allocations as currently undiscovered archaeology could be of sufficient importance to significantly affect the development. • Lighting not to exceed the height of the development and designed to minimise light pollution and skyglow. • Overall building mass is in keeping with the rural setting. • Detailed archaeological watching brief during excavations.

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Site 11 (Westbury)

Site Name: Land at Mill Lane Hawkeridge Farm

Size: 14ha

Type: Employment

LOCATION This proposed development site is located to the north of Westbury at Hawkeridge Farm, east of the West Wilts Trading Estate. The site lies between Hawkeridge Road in the west and the railway line in the east. The southern boundary is formed by a dismantled railway.

PLANNING CONTEXT The proposed development site is four large arable fields centred around Hawkeridge Farm. An industrial depot was established after WWII in the location of the current Trading Estate to the west of the proposed site. This was originally serviced by a railway siding which is now dismantled but forms the southern boundary to the proposed site. Hawkeridge village and Norleaze hamlet lie 200m to the north of the site and their extent has changed little since the 1889 1st edition Ordnance Survey. Hawkeridge Farmhouse is indicated as a grade II listed building located adjacent to the east boundary of the site, although this may be a mis-naming as this building is indicated on the OS maps as Hawkeridge Mill (and is now a Kennel and Cattery). Hawkeridge Farm actually lies further west at the centre of the proposed site, although this building is not listed. To the south of the site lies the Westbury railway junction and a combination of arable fields and disused open cast mines forming the northern edge of the town.

EVIDENCE

Prehistoric • A small concentration of Early/Middle Iron Age pottery was uncovered during archaeological evaluation of the proposed site (see below).

Roman • Two Romano-British sherds found within the proposed site to the south west of Hawkeridge Farm (ST85SE329).

Medieval & post-Medieval • Hawkeridge is a medieval settlement some 200m to the north of the site. • A Scheduled medieval moated site lies within the West Wilts Trading Estate within 1km to the south west of the proposed site (ST85SE451). • Medieval pottery was recovered through the trial evaluation (see below), whilst the remains of ridge and furrow were also detected.

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• Post-medieval pottery found within a pit to the south west of Hawkeridge Farm inside the boundary of the proposed site (ST85SE539). • An undated field system has been recorded from aerial photographs to the north west of Hawkeridge Mill, within the proposed site boundary (ST85SE647). • Hawkeridge Mill lies adjacent to the east of the site and is recorded as a grade II listed farmhouse. • Heywood House is a grade II* listed building within 1km to the east of the site.

Wessex Archaeology undertook an Archaeological Evaluation of the proposed site in 2011, excavating 16 evaluation trenches following an earlier geophysical survey (a Magnetometer Survey by Archaeological Surveys Ltd). Post-medieval remains dominated the findings although finds of note included those from the Iron Age and Medieval periods as detailed above.

Statutory heritage sites Local area (within Wider context On site 1km) (within 5km) Listed buildings Grade I 009 Grade II* 0131 Grade II 0 10 550 Scheduled Monuments 0 1 18 Parks & Gardens 0 0 0 Conservation Areas 0 0 5 Registered Battlefields 0 0 0

Statutory heritage sites within the 1km study area

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Possible influence on setting and views

Farmstead setting and key views • Hawkeridge Mill is a grade II listed building on the eastern boundary of the site, and thus its setting will be altered as it becomes surrounded by development in the west, although the property already lies adjacent to the railway line in the east and is enclosed by modern agricultural/commercial buildings. • Views from Court Farmhouse (grade II listed), which lies some 500m to the north west of the site, will be affected as open farmland is replaced by development. • Heywood House is a grade II* listed building within 1km to the east of the site, views from which will be affected to some extent as development occurs over open farmland.

Settlement setting and key views • Hawkeridge is a medieval settlement some 200m to the north of the site. This will suffer from significant impact on its setting and views to and from it following development in the proposed site, which currently provides a setting and vista of open farmland. Views south from Norleaze and Dursley will also be affected in the same way.

Proposed development site near to Hawkeridge

SUMMARY OF SENSITIVITIES AND IMPACTS

Sensitivities

Known and unknown archaeology: Iron Age and medieval finds have all been made from within the proposed site boundary, following an Archaeological Evaluation of the proposed site in 2011. Separately a Romano-British discovery was made within the site near to Hawkeridge Farm. These finds suggest that there may

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remain more archaeology hidden within the site, although arable cultivation may have disturbed this to some extent.

Setting of Hawkeridge, Norleaze & Dursley: There will be a significant impact upon the views and setting of the medieval village of Hawkeridge, which lies some 200m to the north of the proposed site, as well as on its neighbouring hamlets.

Setting of Hawkeridge Farm: Hawkeridge Farm and Mill (the latter of which includes a grade II listed building) will be surrounded by development and thus their setting and views will be altered significantly.

Views from historic houses and farmsteads: There is likely to be some impact upon the views from Heywood House (grade II*) and Court Farmhouse (grade II).

Summary of impacts

Overall MODERATE risk of unknown archaeology on the site given the Iron Age, Romano-British and medieval finds made previously within the site boundary, although continuous arable cultivation may have reduced these risks to some extent. Overall MODERATE risk to the known historic environment so long as measures are taken to lessen the impact on the setting of Hawkeridge and its neighbouring hamlets, and the affected historic houses and farmsteads.

Required mitigation measures • Archaeological watching brief during excavations. • Robust screen planting along the north and east boundaries to help soften the development and reduce impact upon views south from Hawkeridge and Court Farmhouse and views west from Heywood House. • Lighting not to exceed the height of the development and designed to minimise light pollution and skyglow.

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Site 12 (Westbury)

Site Name: Land at Station Road

Size: up to 300 dwellings

Type: Residential

LOCATION This proposed development site is located on the north west edge of Westbury, between the railway lines to the south of Westbury station.

PLANNING CONTEXT Historically an area of open farmland, the site became enclosed during the 19th and 20th centuries by the building of the railway, the growth of Westbury, and quarrying to the north east. Today the site predominantly consist of three arable fields, enclosed by: the railway line along the southern boundary, the residential edge of Westbury along the south east boundary, a flooded former quarry along the north east boundary, and an industrial railway siding along the north west boundary.

EVIDENCE

Prehistoric • Neolithic axes have been found in Westbury, within 500m to the east and south east of the proposed site (ST85SE102, ST85SE104), whilst Neolithic remains have also been recovered from The Ham, 500m to the north of the site (ST85SE101). • Bronze Age pottery has been discovered in the location of The Ham, 500m to the north of the site (ST85SE155). • An Iron Age coin was found within 200m to the north of the site (ST85SE206).

Roman • An Archaeological Watching Brief (2005) at Station Road in The Ham, 500m to the north of the site, indicates that in situ Romano-British remains may survive in areas of The Ham not affected by quarrying. Finds in the area include a Romano-British well (ST85SE301).

Medieval & post-Medieval • A deserted medieval settlement and associated field systems (together comprising a Scheduled Monument) are located within 1km to the north west of the site, west of Brook Farm. • Penleigh is a settlement of medieval origins 500m to the south west of the site, containing three grade II listed dwellings, whilst the remains of the

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medieval flax industry occur 300m further south around Penleigh Farm (ST85SE471). • A Scheduled medieval moated site occurs some 500m to the south of the site, with a late medieval silver find 200m further south (ST85SE467). • Late medieval ceramics were discovered 500m to the north west of the site (ST85SE475). • Brook Farmhouse (grade II listed) lies some 500m to the north west of the site. • The centre of Westbury is a Conservation Area, lying 1km to the east of the proposed site.

An Archaeological Evaluation (1999) at Frogmore Road, to the east of the proposed site, indicated that a general lack of finds suggests little activity in the area apart from farming, possibly relating to the area’s high water table.

Statutory heritage sites Local area (within Wider context On site 1km) (within 5km) Listed buildings Grade I 013 Grade II* 0317 Grade II 0 78 219 Scheduled Monuments 0 3 22 Parks & Gardens 0 0 0 Conservation Areas 0 1 2 Registered Battlefields 0 0 0

Statutory heritage sites within the 1km study area

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Possible influence on setting and views

Site or monument setting and key views: • There may be some limited impact upon the views from the Scheduled moated site to the east of Penleigh, although these will be limited given the extent of development within the immediate context. Farmstead setting and key views • Penleigh Farm contains three grade II listed dwellings that lie 500m to the south west of the site. There may be some very limited impact upon views from these farmsteads, although this is likely to be limited given the extent of development surrounding the proposed site. • Brook Farmhouse (grade II listed) lies some 500m to the north west of the site, although neither views nor setting are likely to be much affected given the topography and extent of surrounding railway infrastructure.

View from Penleigh

SUMMARY OF SENSITIVITIES AND IMPACTS

Sensitivities

Known and unknown archaeology: No archaeological finds have been recorded within the proposed site, although finds have been recorded within the wider area from the prehistoric, Roman and medieval periods. An Archaeological Evaluation at nearby Frogmore Road suggests limited activity within the area due to the high water table, and continuous arable ploughing of the site may have affected any hidden archaeology that does occur within the site.

Setting of Scheduled Monuments: There will be some impact upon the setting of and views from the medieval Scheduled Monuments that lie to the north west and south of the site, although this will be limited given the extent of surrounding development.

Setting of Penleigh Farm: The setting of Penleigh Farm, which includes a cluster of grade II listed buildings, will be altered to some extent due to the nearer proximity

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of the developed edge of Westbury (some 400m to the north east), although as above this will occur within the area’s developed context.

Summary of impacts

Overall LOW risk of unknown archaeology on the site given surrounding evidence and a history of arable cultivation. Overall MODERATE to LOW risk to the known historic environment so long as measures are taken to lessen the impact on the setting of Penleigh and the nearby Scheduled Monuments.

Required mitigation measures • Archaeological watching brief during excavations. • Screen planting along the south western boundary to help soften the development and reduce the impact upon views from Penleigh. • Lighting not to exceed the height of the development and designed to minimise light pollution and skyglow.

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C:\Documents and Settings\cole l\My Documents\Wiltshire Historic Landscape Assessment draft Final Reportv1.docx

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