NEWSLETTER OF THE ENGLISH HERITAGE RESEARCH DEPARTMENT Inside this issue... Introduction ...............................2 RESEARCH SILBURY HILL The archaeological and NEWS historical background .............3 Early recording .........................6 The conservation project 2000-2008 ...............................8 Geophysical survey in the James Cooper, © English Heritage James Cooper, shadow of the Hill ................ 10 The Silbury sequence: seeing past tunnel vision .................. 14 Silbury sampling .................... 18 Tunnel vision - the challenges faced in recording Atkinson’s tunnel ....................................... 21 NEW DISCOVERIES AND INTERPRetatiONS A manorial court-hall in Metroland: Ruislip Manor Farm ......................................... 24 Take a letter... Roman writing tablets, how we can read what remains and what we can learn from them .................... 26 NOTES & NEWS ................. 30 Silbury Hill viewed, literally, from ground level. RESEARCH DEPARTMENT REPORTS LIST ....................... 31 A series of reports starts with the archaeological and historical background of the Hill - page 3 NEW PUBLICatiONS ......... 32 NUMBER 10 WINTER 2008-09 ISSN 1750-2446 RESEARCH THEMES AND PROGRAMMES A Discovering, studying and defining historic assets and In Issue 10 of Research News we concentrate on the multidisciplinary project carried out their significance at Silbury Hill in order to save the largest prehistoric monument in Europe from collapse. A1 What’s out there? Defining, characterising and analysing the Silbury Hill has been dug into from the 18th century, if not before. In 1776 a shaft was historic environment sunk from the top of the hill by Colonel Drax, and in 1849 Dean Merewether excavated A2 Spotting the gaps: Analysing poorly-understood landscapes, areas a lateral tunnel to the centre of the mound. The Merewether tunnel was re-excavated and monuments by Professor Richard Atkinson in 1968 for the famous BBC archaeological television A3 Unlocking the riches: Realising the programme Chronicle. potential of the research dividend B Studying and establishing the In late May 000 a hole appeared in the top of the hill as the 18th-century shaft, which socio-economic and other had been capped but not backfilled, opened up. A further collapse in December 000 values and needs of the historic environment and showed that there were other voids in the hill. Seismic survey and remote photography those concerned with it confirmed the problem and it was decided that the best course was to re-enter the hill, B1 Valuing the historic environment: clear the tunnels and voids, and backfill them fully in order to stabilise the monument. Quantifying the economic and social Integral to this was a full programme of archaeological investigation and recording which value of historic assets would be the last time that archaeologists would gain access to the interior of Silbury Hill. B2 Gauging the mood: Establishing perceptions and attitudes to the historic environment The archaeological programme inside Silbury Hill took a full year and deployed novel B3 Understanding the needs: Delivering uses of photogrammetry and geophysical techniques as well as conventional methods sector intelligence of recording and sampling. The archaeological work was undertaken in tandem with the C Engaging and developing clearing and stabilisation of the tunnels and neither objective could have been achieved diverse audiences without seamless working between archaeologists and engineers. Working conditions C1 Opening Doors: Understanding inside the hill were challenging, but the new archaeological information gained is public participation in the historic environment transforming our understanding of the monument and its contexts. C2 Making Friends: Building understanding and appreciation It now appears that Silbury Hill was not raised in three clear phases, as had been thought. through education and outreach Instead, the evidence suggests a much more complex sequence of development. In its D Studying and assessing the earlier phases the monument may have been important as an enclosure, and it seems that risks to historic assets and the mound itself was raised incrementally, being altered and added to over time with several devising responses episodes of remodelling apparent. New radiocarbon dating places the earliest phases of D1 Heritage at risk: Quantifying and analysing the historic environment the mound around ,400 BC, and the environmental data recovered promise important D2 Measuring threat: Studying the insights into the history of environment and landscape. Geophysical survey has revealed reasons for risk and developing an extensive Roman settlement around the monument, and the original summit appears responses to have been reduced and flattened in the early Middle Ages to take a building or palisade. D3 Keeping it safe: Protection and conservation Other work featured in this issue includes the conservation of Roman writing tablets, D4 Rescue! Threat-led last resort analysis new understanding of a magnificent late medieval building in suburban Ruislip, the discovery E Studying historic assets and of a Roman altar, and survey training to aid in the understanding of Sir Aurel Stein’s improving their presentation Central Asian survey records. and interpretation E1 Presenting the past: Research to inform the presentation to the public Christopher Scull of historic places Research Director F Studying and developing Research and Standards Group information management F1 Navigating the resource: Developing standards for Historic Environment Records F2 Wired! Studying and developing information management G Studying and devising ways of Research News appears three times per year. making English Heritage and Published December 2008. © English Heritage 2008. 75% the sector more effective Edited by Tony Wilmott and Jim Leary. Designed by Vincent Griffin. G1 Sharpening the tools: Developing new techniques of analysis and Printed by the colourhouse. understanding Product code 51484. G2 Defining the questions: Devising research strategies, frameworks and Comment should be sent to Tony Wilmott at: English Heritage, agenda Fort Cumberland, Fort Cumberland Road, Eastney, Portsmouth, PO4 9LD. G3 Impact and effectiveness: Measuring Cert no. SGS-COC-003231 outcomes and effectiveness of Telephone: 023 9285 6700. Fax: 023 9285 6701. English Heritage and the sector Email: [email protected] SILBURY HILL RESEARCH THEMES AND PROGRAMMES Silbury Hill: A 1 E 1 the archaeological and historical background There are no comparable prehistoric monuments to Silbury Hill in Europe, and in size only some of the lesser pyramids in Egypt are analogous. It figures among the earliest British archaeological sites to receive mention. Silbury Hill remains unique within Europe in the Salisbury and Winchester Journal between terms of comparable prehistoric monuments 2 and 4 November 1776 to announce this. and when considering size only some of the They refer to ‘Silbury-Hill, the largest tumulus lesser pyramids in Egypt provide analogous or artificial mound of earth in this kingdom, material. It comes as no surprise then, that it supposed to be of between 3 and 4000 years figures amongst the earliest of archaeological duration, was begun to be opened by the miners of Mendip, on Thursday last. They have made a sites that receive mention, first by John Leland The locations of the three c.1545 and William Camden in 1607, but hole at top of eight feet square. The Antiquarians major investigations into the principally by John Aubrey who in the presence promise to themselves wonders from the bowels monument of Charles II (and the Duke of York) climbed to the top in 1663 and brought it to the attention of a wider audience. It was Aubrey who provided the earliest illustration of the site, depicting it as a truncated conical mound set within a circular ditch and with a pathway ascending to the summit in a remarkably similar manner to that of the path today. Little © English Heritage Vallender, John is known of use of the site, however, before William Stukeley encountered the area in the 1720s and, prepared a number of birds’ eye view sketches. Intrigued by it he usefully recorded the path construction and tree planting that were carried out by Richard Holford, the Lord of the Manor, during which among other things the workmen uncovered a skeleton on the summit, interpreted by Stukeley as the body of a ‘great king’. Six intermittent interventions spanning the late 18th to 20th centuries have investigated the mound and provided the merest details of internal structure. The first of these and directly responsible for the recent work was a shaft sunk from the summit of the mound to the base, which the protagonists, the Duke of Northumberland and Colonel Drax, appear not to have backfilled. Almost identical contemporary accounts, effectively a press release, were placed in the columns of the Bristol Journal, Bingley’s Journal and This photograph taken from the top of the mound shows the ditch extension or ‘cistern’ as it dried out revealing a remarkable vegetation mark that may indicate the presence of an unknown buried feature David Field, © English Heritage Field, David of this mountain! It is situated between Devizes Aside from some sondages dug in 1887 by and Marlborough’. Little is known of the A Pass and an uncompleted section dug by results of this episode and seventeen years R Atkinson in the 1960s, these have barely later, the Rev