THE CIID BEETLES of CALIFORNIA (Coleoptera: Ciidae)
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
CALlFURNlA INCECT SURVEY DlVlSlDN OF ENTOMOLCG’1 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORflIP E~ERKELEY, 9rm BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY VOLUME 17 THE CIID BEETLES OF CALIFORNIA (Coleoptera: Ciidae) BY JOHN F. LAWRENCE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS THE CIID BEETLES OF CALIFORNIA (Coleoptera: Ciidae) BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY VOLUME 17 THE CIID BEETLES OF CALIFORNIA (Coleoptera: Ciidae) BY JOHN F. LAWRENCE ( Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University) UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY LOS ANGELES LONDON 1974 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY Advisory Editors: J. N. Belkin, R. M. Bohart, Paul De Bach, R. L. Doutt, W. H. Lange, E. I. Schlinger, D. D. Jensen VOLUME 17 Approved for publication December 1,1972 Issued January 22,1974 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY AND LOS ANGELES UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS, LTD. LONDON,ENGLAND ISBN 0-520-09489-1 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NO.: 72-619714 (i3 1974 BY THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRINTED BY OFFSET IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA CONTENTS Introduction ........................................................ 1 Bionomics ........................................................ 2 Habitat and host preference ........................................ 2 Distribution ...................................................... 4 Acknowledgments ................................................ 6 Systematics Genus Cis ........................................................ 9 c . acritus., ........................................................ 10 C.amedcaws ...................................................... 10 C. angustus ........................................... ........ 11 C. biurmatus ...................................................... 12 C. crebem'mus .................................................... 12 C.duplex .......................................................... 12 C. ephippiutus .................................................... 13 C .f uscipes .................................................... 13 C.hystriculus ...................................................... 14 C.hettei ........................................................ 14 C.marittmw ...................................................... 14 C . megasttctus ................................. ......... 15 C.striolatus ...................................................... 15 C.tdracentrum .................................................... 3.6 C . td.mta$us ...................................... ............. 16 C. versicolor ...................................................... 18 C. Vitulus ............................................... 3.7 Genus Dolichosis .................................................. 18 D.indkrMnctUs ... .............................................. 18 D.naanitoba ...................................................... 18 GenusOTthods ..... ...................... 0. punctatus ............................ ................ 19 Genus Hadraub .................................................... 19 H . blukddld ... ................................ ........... 20 Genus Plesiods ................................................ P . cribrum ........................ ........................ Genus Cera& .................................................... 20 C. californicus ........... ..................................... 21 C. dixiensis ....................... .............................. 22 C.Similis .......................................................... 22 Genus Sulcack ... .............................................. 22 S.cUrtulus ........................................................ 22 Genus Octotsmnus ................................................ 23 0.luevkr .......................................................... 23 Addendum .......................................................... 23 Subfamily Sphindociinae............................................ 24 Genus Sphfndocls Fall .............................................. 24 S . dentfcol2is ...................................................... 24 Literature Cited ...................................................... 25 Figures ............................................................ 27 THE CIID BEETLES OF CALIFORNIA BY JOHN F. LAWRENCE INTRODUCTION THE FAMILY C~DAE~includes about 550 described my revision cited above, but the more important char- species of minute Coleoptera, which are distributed acters are also illustrated in figures 1-19. throughout the world and are associated with the The following measurements are used in the keys: PL mycelia and fruiting bodies of wood-rotting fungi. ( pronotal length along midline, but including horns in These beetles are usually less than 3 mm long and they males); PW (greatest pronotal width); EL (greatest vary considerably in body form (elongate and flattened elytral length, just to one side of suture); EW (greatest to cylindrical or globose). Many species have become elytral width); GD (greatest depth, through elytra and adapted for boring into hard substrates and thus re- metasternum); TL (PL and EL combined). Note that semble powder-post beetles (Bostrichidae) and bark the head is not included in length measurements. beetles ( Scolytidae) .The males are often provided with The methods of citing data differ in some respects various kinds of cephalic and thoracic armature (horns, from those of previous Bulletins. All citations in synony- tubercles, plates) which resemble those of the larger mies are reduced to author, date, and page, but com- Scarabaeidae. According to Crowson (1960,1966), the plete references are given in the terminal bibliography. family should be included within the Section Hetero- Specimen repositories are given only for types, in which mera of the Cucujoidea and may be related to such case the following abbreviations are used: primitive heteromerous groups as the Mycetophagidae, BMNH, British Museum (Natural History) Tetratomidae, and pterogeniidae. phylogenetic The BYU, Brigham Young University position of the Ciidae, however, is still open to question. CAS, California Academy of Sciences The present work covers 27 species actually or CMNH, Cincinnati Museum of Natural History probably occurring within the confines of the state of MNHN, Mu&um National &Histoire Naturelle California, but it is based on a more extensive study of MZUH, Museum Zoologicum Universitatis Helsinki the North American Ciidae (Lawrence, 1971) and an USNM, United States National Museum examination of more than s0,oOO specimens from UW, University of Washington. various parts of the world. The terminology used in the California records have been reduced to locality only, keys and discussions is the same as that employed in without any further field data. These localities are listed The reasons for using the name Ciidae were given in a pre- alphabetically for each county, and the counties are also vious paper ( Lawrence, 1971 ). in alphabetical order. Since adult ciids may be collected 2 Bulletin of the California Iirnsect Survey in fungi throughout the year, as can be seen in table 1, weeks or more to become fully pigmented. It is not the exact collecting dates have been omitted. Host fungi known if adults in the field disperse immediately to are included in a separate section and other pertinent other sporophores, but in the laboratory several gen- field data are summarized in the discussion of bio- erations are easily reared on the same conk. nomics. By midsummer in most areas, large colonies of ciids Species of fungi are arranged according to the total are usually present within older fruiting bodies or in the number of records (over the entire geographic range), older portions of the larger perennial conks. Infested so that preferred hosts are listed first. An asterisk indi- conks may be recognized by the tiny exit holes and the cates at least one breeding record ( as used by Lawrence, presence of very fine, almost powdery, feces. Although 1971), while a double asterisk indicates a large number populations are smaller and development is slowed dur- of records for one host. The species concepts and gen- ing winter in most areas, larvae and adults may be eric classification are those of Lowe and Gilbertson obtained throughout the year, as may eggs and pupae ( 1961a, 1961b) and Overholts ( 1953). With the excep- in milder regions. tion of Gunoderma, the genera used are essentiallyform Because of their tendency to occur in large localized genera and do not reflect phylogenetic relationships. A populations, the Ciidae are a major food source for detailed account of polypore classification and its rela- various entomophagous arthropods working forest habi- tionship to host preference in ciids will be included in a tats. In California, trogositid beetles of the genus Tem- future publication ( Lawrence, 1973). nochila and anthocorid bugs of the genus Lyctocotis are known to be predators. A large number of parasitic BIONOMICS Hymenoptera are also associated with California ciids. Except for dispersal flights, about which little is These include Braconidae (Meteoms spp. and Euba- known, the Ciidae spend their entire lives in and around dizon spp. ) , Pteromalidae ( Jirnssoniella cuudata Ker- the fruiting bodies of Polyporaceae and other Basidio- rich), Eulophidae ( Astichus pulchdlineata Gahan ) , mycetes which grow on woody substrates. These fruit- and Bethylidae (Plustanoxus chittendendi Ashmead and ing structures, which may be referred to as sporophores, Cephalonornia perpusilla Evans), Larvae of certain brackets,