DOCSLIB.ORG

Phylogenetic Analysis of Plant Community Assemblages in the Kruger National Park, South Africa

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Phylogenetic Analysis of Plant Community Assemblages in the Kruger National Park, South Africa PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF PLANT COMMUNITY ASSEMBLAGES IN THE KRUGER NATIONAL PARK, SOUTH AFRICA By KOWIYOU YESSOUFOU Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree PHILOSOPHIAE DOCTOR In BOTANY In the Faculty of Sciences At the University of Johannesburg Supervisor: Prof. Michelle van der Bank Co-supervisor: Prof. Vincent Savolainen January 2012 Declaration Declaration I declare that this thesis has been composed by me and the work contained within, unless otherwise stated, is my own ------------------------------------------- K. Yessoufou (January 2012) Table of contents Table of contents……………………………………………………………………i Abstract…………….………………………………………………………………..v Acknowledgements..…………………………………………………….............vii List of tables………………………………………………………………………..ix List of figures……………………………………………………………………….x Dedication…………………………………………………………………………xiii List of abbreviations……………………………………………………………..xiv Table of contents Table of content Chapter 1- General introduction…………………………………………………..1 1. Savanna ecology…………………………………………………………………1 1.1. Features of tropical savanna………………………………………………….1 1.2. Role of fire in savanna ecology……………………………………………….3 1.3. Importance of herbivory in savanna ecology………………………………..3 2. Community ecology in a savanna context……………………………………..4 2.1. Theories of tree-grass coexistence…………………………………………..4 2.2. Tree-tree coexistence………………………………………………………….5 3. Phylogenetic investigation of community assembly…………………………..6 3.1. The use of DNA barcoding techniques to reconstruct phylogenetic tree…………………………………………………………………………………….6 3.2. Rationale of phylogenetic approach in ecology……………………………..7 3.3. Framework in community phylogenetics…………………………………….8 3.4. Emerging patterns in community phylogenetics…………………………..10 4. Study site and objectives of the study………………………………………...12 4.1. Study site………………………………………………………………………12 4.2. Objectives……………………………………………………………………...18 4.3. Outline of the thesis…………………………………………………………..19 Chapter 2- The phylogeny of trees and shrubs in the Kruger National Park using DNA barcodes…………………….………………………………………...23 1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………..23 2. Materials and methods………………………………………………………..25 i Table of contents 2.1. Sample collection…………………………………………………………….25 2.2. DNA extraction, PCR and sequencing……………………………………..25 2.3. Sequence alignment………………………………………………………….27 2.4. Tree reconstruction…………………………………………………………...28 3. Results…………………………………………………………………………..29 3.1. Tree statistics……………………………………………………………….29 3.2. Phylogeny of trees and shrubs of the KNP……………………………...30 4. Discussion………………………………………………………………………45 4.1. Clade 1: Fabidae…………………………………………………………...48 4.2. Clade 2: Malvidae………………………………………………………….50 4.3. Clade 3: Vitales…………………………………………………………….52 4.4. Clade 4: Santalales………………………………………………………..52 4.5. Clade 5: Lamiidae………………………………………………………….53 4.6. Clade 6: Campanulidae……………………………………………………55 4.7. Clade 7: Ericales…………………………………………………………...55 4.8. Clade 8: Caryophyllales…………………………………………………...56 4.9. Clade 9: Basal Eudicots…………………………………………………..56 4.10. Clade 10: Magnoliidae…………………………………………………….57 4.11. Clade 11: Monocotyledoneae…………………………………………….57 5. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………58 Chapter 3- Testing suitability of evolutionary models using traits of woody plants in the KNP…………………………………………………………………..59 1. Introduction..……………………………………………………………………59 2. Materials and methods….…………………………………………………….61 ii Table of contents 2.1. Plant ecological traits………………………………………………………61 2.2. Data collection and measurements………………………………………63 2.3. Data analysis……………………………………………………………….64 3. Results………………………………………………………………….............65 4. Discussion………………………………………………………………………71 5. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………74 Chapter 4- Characterising diversity and phylogenetic structure of woody plant communities in the Kruger National Park, South Africa………………………..75 1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………..75 2. Materials and methods………………………………………………………...77 2.1. Dataset………………………………………………………………………77 2.2. Data analysis……………………………………………………………….78 3. Results…………………………………………………………………………..82 3.1. Overall diversity and community structure in the KNP.………………..82 3.2. Community phylogenetic structure within and among sites…………...84 3.3. Community trait-based structure within and among sites……………..86 4. Discussion………………………………………………………………………86 5. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………89 Chapter 5- The role of megaherbivores in shaping the structure of subtropical plant communities...………………………………………………………………..90 1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………..90 2. Materials and methods………………………………………………………..94 2.1. Study site: exclosures……………………………………………………..94 iii Table of contents 2.2. Traits of anti-herbivores defences………………………………………..96 2.3. Community sampling in the exclosures………………………………….96 2.4. Statistical analyses………………………………………………………...97 3. Results…………………………………………………………………………..98 4. Discussion……………………………………………………………………..103 4.1. Exclusion of megaherbivores and plant diversity………………………..104 4.2. Exclusion of megaherbivores and phylogenetic diversity………………105 5. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………….106 Chapter 6- General conclusion…..…………………………………………….108 1. Major findings, discussion and contribution to literature..………………..108 1.1. Phylogenetic information database for the KNP………………………108 1.2. Ornstein-Uhlenbeck is more suitable for phylogenetic comparative analysis of plant traits in the KNP………………………………………109 1.3. Plant community assemblages in the KNP are not neutral………….109 1.4. Megaherbivores leave distinct signature on plant community structure…………………………………………………………………...109 2. Future challenges…………………………………………………………….111 Chapter 7- References…………………………………………………………..114 Supplementary Information…………………………………………………...139 Appendix- Submitted paper…………………………………………………….176 iv Abstract Abstract What underlies species distribution and species coexistence has long been of key interest in community ecology. Several methods and theories have been used to address this question. However, it still remains a controversial debate. The recent development of plant DNA barcodes with possibility of merging phylogeny with ecology brings high expectation in uncovering the processes underlying community assemblages. Previous works that used molecular approach in community ecology focused mainly on rainforests. Using a phylogenetic approach, this study brings novel understandings about savanna ecology, especially regarding how megaherbivores impact plant community composition. The Kruger National Park (KNP) is one of the world’s largest reserves, but less studied from a phylogenetic perspective. A DNA database of 445 DNA sequences (plant DNA barcodes, rbcLa + matK) was generated for the woody plants of the KNP. This database proves reliable in reconstructing the phylogeny of Angiosperms of the park. Based on this phylogeny, the present study characterised plant community composition, and investigated how megaherbivores influence this composition. Results indicate that plant communities in the KNP are not neutral, i.e. they are more clustered than expected under various null models. This suggests that ecological forces, most likely habitat filtering may be playing key role in dictating community structure in the KNP. The KNP is well-known for its richness in megaherbivores. The contribution of these animals to the current shape of plant community structures was therefore further investigated. Where megaherbivores have been excluded, plant diversity decreases, but shifts in plant community structure are contingent upon the initial community composition, suggesting that herbivory might be important filter that drives the clustering pattern observed. v Abstract These results also have important implications for management of African woodlands, particularly given the continental decline in megaherbivores. As large herbivores are lost from these ecosystems, one can predict a subsequent reduction in plant diversity, whilst the impact on plant community structure will depend upon the initial composition. Critically, I also show that the loss of phylogenetic diversity (a surrogate for functional diversity) will depend on the relative shifts in phylogenetic community structure, information that has never been considered before in management strategy. Key words: Community phylogenetics, functional diversity, species coexistence, under/overdispersion, evolutionary models, megaherbivores, conservation, extinction, Kruger National Park, South Africa. vi Acknowledgements Acknowledgements This project was financially supported by the University of Johannesburg (UJ, South Africa), the National Research Funds (NRF, South Africa), the Government of Canada through Genome Canada and the Ontario Genomics Institute (2008-OGI-ICI-03), and the Royal Society (UK). The massive contribution of the Canadian Centre for DNA Barcoding (CCDB) through assistance in DNA sequencing is also acknowledged. I am grateful to my supervisors Prof. Michelle van der Bank (UJ, South Africa) and Prof. Vincent Savolainen (Imperial College London, UK) for the wonderful roles they played not only during the run of the project, but also for their guidance that leads to the production of this dissertation. Dr T. Jonathan Davies (McGill University, Canada) also provided invaluable assistance. The University of Johannesburg through the Department of Botany provided excellent work and social environment and must receive here my gratitude. I would like to thank researchers from UJ, especially Dr Motsi Cynthia Moleboheng (former PhD student), who took me
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Licuati Forest Reserve, Mozambique: Flora, Utilization and Conservation
    LICUATI FOREST RESERVE, MOZAMBIQUE: FLORA, UTILIZATION AND CONSERVATION by Samira Aly Izidine Research Project Report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the taught degree Magister Scientiae (Systematics and Conservation Evaluation) in the Faculty of Natural & Agricultural Sciences Department of Botany (with Department of Zoology & Entomology) University of Pretoria Pretoria Supervisor: Prof. Dr. A.E.van Wyk May 2003 © University of Pretoria Digitised by the Open Scholarship & Digitisation Programme, University of Pretoria, 2016. I LICUATI FOREST RESERVE, MOZAMBIQUE: FLORA, UTILIZATION AND CONSERVATION Samira Aly lzidine 2003 © University of Pretoria Digitised by the Open Scholarship & Digitisation Programme, University of Pretoria, 2016. To the glory of God and to the memory of my dear father, Aly Abdul Azize Izidine, 6-11-1927 - 7-03-2003 A gl6ria de Deus e em memoria ao meu querido pai, Aly Abdul Azize Izidine, 6-11-1927 - 7-03-2003 © University of Pretoria Digitised by the Open Scholarship & Digitisation Programme, University of Pretoria, 2016. TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION .................................................................................................. i LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES .............................................................. iv LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES ............................................................... v ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................... 1 PROJECT PROPOSAL ..................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Acanthaceae), a New Chinese Endemic Genus Segregated from Justicia (Acanthaceae)
    Plant Diversity xxx (2016) 1e10 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Plant Diversity journal homepage: http://www.keaipublishing.com/en/journals/plant-diversity/ http://journal.kib.ac.cn Wuacanthus (Acanthaceae), a new Chinese endemic genus segregated from Justicia (Acanthaceae) * Yunfei Deng a, , Chunming Gao b, Nianhe Xia a, Hua Peng c a Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, People's Republic of China b Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Wild Plant Resources Development and Application of Yellow River Delta, Facultyof Life Science, Binzhou University, Binzhou, 256603, Shandong, People's Republic of China c Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China article info abstract Article history: A new genus, Wuacanthus Y.F. Deng, N.H. Xia & H. Peng (Acanthaceae), is described from the Hengduan Received 30 September 2016 Mountains, China. Wuacanthus is based on Wuacanthus microdontus (W.W.Sm.) Y.F. Deng, N.H. Xia & H. Received in revised form Peng, originally published in Justicia and then moved to Mananthes. The new genus is characterized by its 25 November 2016 shrub habit, strongly 2-lipped corolla, the 2-lobed upper lip, 3-lobed lower lip, 2 stamens, bithecous Accepted 25 November 2016 anthers, parallel thecae with two spurs at the base, 2 ovules in each locule, and the 4-seeded capsule. Available online xxx Phylogenetic analyses show that the new genus belongs to the Pseuderanthemum lineage in tribe Justi- cieae.
    [Show full text]
  • Red Data List Special Edition
    Newsletter of the Southern African Botanical Diversity Network Volume 6 No. 3 ISSN 1027-4286 November 2001 Invasive Alien Plants Part 2 Southern Mozambique Expedition Living Plant Collections: Lowveld, Mozambique, Namibia REDSABONET NewsDATA Vol. 6 No. 3 November LIST 2001 SPECIAL EDITION153 c o n t e n t s Red Data List Features Special 157 Profile: Ezekeil Kwembeya ON OUR COVER: 158 Profile: Anthony Mapaura Ferraria schaeferi, a vulnerable 162 Red Data Lists in Southern Namibian near-endemic. 159 Tribute to Paseka Mafa (Photo: G. Owen-Smith) Africa: Past, Present, and Future 190 Proceedings of the GTI Cover Stories 169 Plant Red Data Books and Africa Regional Workshop the National Botanical 195 Herbarium Managers’ 162 Red Data List Special Institute Course 192 Invasive Alien Plants in 170 Mozambique RDL 199 11th SSC Workshop Southern Africa 209 Further Notes on South 196 Announcing the Southern 173 Gauteng Red Data Plant Africa’s Brachystegia Mozambique Expedition Policy spiciformis 202 Living Plant Collections: 175 Swaziland Flora Protection 212 African Botanic Gardens Mozambique Bill Congress for 2002 204 Living Plant Collections: 176 Lesotho’s State of 214 Index Herbariorum Update Namibia Environment Report 206 Living Plant Collections: 178 Marine Fishes: Are IUCN Lowveld, South Africa Red List Criteria Adequate? Book Reviews 179 Evaluating Data Deficient Taxa Against IUCN 223 Flowering Plants of the Criterion B Kalahari Dunes 180 Charcoal Production in 224 Water Plants of Namibia Malawi 225 Trees and Shrubs of the 183 Threatened
    [Show full text]
  • Vegetation Survey of Mount Gorongosa
    VEGETATION SURVEY OF MOUNT GORONGOSA Tom Müller, Anthony Mapaura, Bart Wursten, Christopher Chapano, Petra Ballings & Robin Wild 2008 (published 2012) Occasional Publications in Biodiversity No. 23 VEGETATION SURVEY OF MOUNT GORONGOSA Tom Müller, Anthony Mapaura, Bart Wursten, Christopher Chapano, Petra Ballings & Robin Wild 2008 (published 2012) Occasional Publications in Biodiversity No. 23 Biodiversity Foundation for Africa P.O. Box FM730, Famona, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe Vegetation Survey of Mt Gorongosa, page 2 SUMMARY Mount Gorongosa is a large inselberg almost 700 sq. km in extent in central Mozambique. With a vertical relief of between 900 and 1400 m above the surrounding plain, the highest point is at 1863 m. The mountain consists of a Lower Zone (mainly below 1100 m altitude) containing settlements and over which the natural vegetation cover has been strongly modified by people, and an Upper Zone in which much of the natural vegetation is still well preserved. Both zones are very important to the hydrology of surrounding areas. Immediately adjacent to the mountain lies Gorongosa National Park, one of Mozambique's main conservation areas. A key issue in recent years has been whether and how to incorporate the upper parts of Mount Gorongosa above 700 m altitude into the existing National Park, which is primarily lowland. [These areas were eventually incorporated into the National Park in 2010.] In recent years the unique biodiversity and scenic beauty of Mount Gorongosa have come under severe threat from the destruction of natural vegetation. This is particularly acute as regards moist evergreen forest, the loss of which has accelerated to alarming proportions.
    [Show full text]
  • Asclepiadospermum Gen. Nov., the Earliest Fossil Record Of
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Asclepiadospermum gen. nov., the earliest fossil record of Asclepiadoideae (Apocynaceae) from the early Eocene of central Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, and its biogeographic implications Cédric Del Rio1,2, Teng-Xiang Wang1,3, Jia Liu1,2, Shui-Qing Liang1,4, Robert A. Spicer1,5, Fei-Xiang Wu6, Zhe-Kun Zhou1,2,7, and Tao Su1,2,3,8 Manuscript received 29 September 2019; revision accepted 18 PREMISE: Apocynaceae is common in the fossil record, especially as seed remains from the November 2019. Neogene of Europe and North America, but rare in Asia. Intrafamilial assignment is difficult 1 CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna due to the lack of diagnostic characters, and new fossil and modern data are needed to Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, understand the paleobiogeography of this group. Yunnan 666303, China 2 Center of Conservation Biology / Economic Botany / Plant METHODS: We studied three Apocynaceae seed impressions from the Lower Eocene Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Niubao Formation, Jianglang village, Bangor County, central Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Mengla 666303, China Morphological data from living and fossil species were phylogenetically mapped to enable 3 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China systematic assignment. 4 Public Technology Service Center, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan RESULTS: We describe a new genus, Asclepiadospermum gen. nov., and two new species, 666303, China A. marginatum sp. nov. and A. ellipticum sp. nov. These species are characterized by an 5 School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, The Open elliptical seed, a margin surrounding the central part of the seed, and polygonal, irregular, University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK and small epidermal cells, and differ mainly in terms of the size of the margin and the 6 Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human shape of the apex.
    [Show full text]
  • Summary: Monitoring for Sustainable Indigenous Forest
    MONITORING FOR SUSTAINABLE INDIGENOUS FOREST MANAGEMENT IN THE GARDEN ROUTE NATIONAL PARK Knysna 2014 ii CONTENTS Page 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 FOREST DYNAMICS MONITORING 2 2.1 Diepwalle Research Areas 2 2.2 Tsitsikamma strip plots 3 2.3 Permanent Sample Plots (PSPs) in nature reserves 3 2.4 National system of forest plots 3 3 FOREST DISTURBANCE AND RECOVERY 4 3.1 Gap dynamics research 5 3.2 Storms River big tree 5 3.3 Photo-monitoring of burnt forest 6 3.4 Koomansbos fire gap 7 3.5 Forest establishment 7 3.6 Forest succession on a burnt forest margin 7 4 UTILISATION OF FOREST PRODUCTS 8 4.1 Timber utilization 8 Permanent sample plots (PSPs) 9 Post-harvesting audit 11 4.2 Ferns 12 4.3 Bulbine 13 4.4 Bark 13 5 PLANT SPECIES OF CONSERVATION CONCERN 14 6 BLACKWOOD 15 6.1 Incidence of spread monitoring 15 6.2 Success of control action monitoring 16 6.3 Harkerville blackwood plot 16 iii 7 FAUNA 16 7.1 Antelope population monitoring 16 7.2 Rare mammal monitoring 16 7.3 Crowned eagle monitoring 17 7.4 The Knysna elephants 18 8 CULTURAL HERITAGE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 19 9 SOCIAL MONITORING 19 9.1 Broad Based Black Economic Empowerment 19 9.2 Employment Equity 19 9.3 People and Conservation Park Based Education and Youth Development Programmes 20 9.4 Expanded Public Works Programmes (EPWP’s) 20 10 WASTE DISPOSAL 20 10.1 Hazardous waste 20 10.2 Household waste 21 11 CHEMICAL USAGE 21 12 COSTS, PRODUCTIVITY AND EFFICIENCY OF FOREST MANAGEMENT 21 13 CONCLUSION 22 APPENDIX 1: HARVEST TREE SELECTION CRITERIA APPLIED IN THE INDIGENOUS FORESTS OF THE GARDEN ROUTE NATIONAL PARK 23 APPENDIX 2: TREE LIST FOR THE INDIGENOUS FORESTS OF THE GARDEN ROUTE 24 1 1 INTRODUCTION The Garden Route National Park (GRNP) consists of a mosaic of diverse terrestrial, freshwater, estuarine and marine ecosystems, landscapes, and cultural heritage.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenomic Study of Monechma Reveals Two Divergent Plant Lineages of Ecological Importance in the African Savanna and Succulent Biomes
    diversity Article Phylogenomic Study of Monechma Reveals Two Divergent Plant Lineages of Ecological Importance in the African Savanna and Succulent Biomes 1, , 2, 3 4,5 Iain Darbyshire * y, Carrie A. Kiel y, Corine M. Astroth , Kyle G. Dexter , Frances M. Chase 6 and Erin A. Tripp 7,8 1 Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AE, UK 2 Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Claremont Graduate University, 1500 North College Avenue, Claremont, CA 91711, USA; [email protected] 3 Scripps College, 1030 Columbia Avenue, Claremont, CA 91711, USA; [email protected] 4 School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JN, UK; [email protected] 5 Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, UK 6 National Herbarium of Namibia, Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Tourism, National Botanical Research Institute, Private Bag 13306, Windhoek 10005, Namibia; [email protected] 7 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, UCB 334, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; [email protected] 8 Museum of Natural History, University of Colorado, UCB 350, Boulder, CO 80309, USA * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +44-(0)20-8332-5407 These authors contributed equally. y Received: 1 May 2020; Accepted: 5 June 2020; Published: 11 June 2020 Abstract: Monechma Hochst. s.l. (Acanthaceae) is a diverse and ecologically important plant group in sub-Saharan Africa, well represented in the fire-prone savanna biome and with a striking radiation into the non-fire-prone succulent biome in the Namib Desert. We used RADseq to reconstruct evolutionary relationships within Monechma s.l. and found it to be non-monophyletic and composed of two distinct clades: Group I comprises eight species resolved within the Harnieria clade, whilst Group II comprises 35 species related to the Diclipterinae clade.
    [Show full text]
  • 2016 Plant Names Catalog Alphabetical by Common Name
    2016 Plant Names Catalog Alphabetical by Common Name LOCATION(S) IN COMMON NAME(S) BOTANICAL NAME FAMILY GARDEN abaca Musa textilis MUSACEAE Plot 76 abiu Pouteria caimito 'Whitman' SAPOTACEAE Plot 128a Abraham- bush:hardhead:scipio- Phyllanthus epiphyllanthus PHYLLANTHACEAE Plot 164 bush:sword-bush African iris Dietes iridioides IRIDACEAE Plot 143 Plot 131:Plot 19a:Plot African Mahogany Khaya nyasica MELIACEAE 58 African moringa Moringa stenopetala MORINGACEAE Plot 32a Plot 71a:Plot 83:Plot African oil palm Elaeis guineensis ARECACEAE 84a:Plot 96 African spiral flag Costus lucanusianus COSTACEAE Plot 76 African tulip-tree Spathodea campanulata BIGNONIACEAE Plot 29 alligator flag Thalia geniculata MARANTACEAE Royal Palm Lake Plot 158:Plot 45:Plot allspice Pimenta dioica MYRTACEAE 46 Amazon lily Eucharis x grandiflora AMARYLLIDACEAE Plot 131 Plot 131:Plot 151:Plot Amazon-lily Eucharis amazonica AMARYLLIDACEAE 152 Plot 176a:Plot American beauty Callicarpa americana LAMIACEAE 176b:Plot 19b:Plot berry 3a:Plot 51 anaqua Ehretia anacua BORAGINACEAE Plot 52 anchovy pear Grias cauliflora LECYTHIDACEAE Plot 112:Plot 32b andiroba:bastard Carapa guianensis MELIACEAE Plot 133:Plot 158 mahogany Plot 17:Plot 18:Plot angel's trumpet Brugmansia aurea SOLANACEAE 27d:Plot 50 angel's trumpet Brugmansia aurea x SOLANACEAE Plot 32b angel's trumpet Brugmansia 'Ecuador Pink' SOLANACEAE RPH-B4 angel's trumpet Brugmansia sp. SOLANACEAE Plot 133 Plot 143:Plot 27d:Plot angel's trumpet Brugmansia suaveolens SOLANACEAE 32b:Plot 3a:Plot 49:Plot 50 Brugmansia suaveolens
    [Show full text]
  • Biologi Tanaman Industry, Ada Beberapa Pengertian
    Diktat Kuliah BIOLOGI TANAMAN INDUS TRI Untuk Kalangan Mahasiswa Fakultas Biologi Universitas Medan Area Oleh: Drs. Riyanto, Msc Universitas Medan Area Medan 2012 UNIVERSITAS MEDAN AREA 2 KATA PENGANTAR Puji syukur dipanjatkan kehadirat Allah SWT atas selesainya penulisan Diktat Kuliah ini. Kami menyadari bahwa buku ini belum memuaskan para mahasiswa karena masih adanya kekurangan disana-sini. Untuk itu koreksi dan masukan dari rekan-rekan staff pengajar dan mahasiswa akan lebih menyempurnakannya untuk revisi dimasa datang. Semoga Diktat Kuliah ini dapat bermanfaat terutama bagi mahasiswa Fakultas Biologi UMA yang mengambil mata kuliah Biologi Tanaman lndustri. Medan, April 2012. Riyanto, Ors, Msc UNIVERSITAS MEDAN AREA 3 DAFTAR ISI Kuliah I: Pendahuluan Kuliah II: Biologi 'fanaman Serealia....... ................... Kuliah III: Biologi Tanaman Kacang-kacangan .................. ...... Kuliah IV: Biologi tanaman Umbi-umbian ............... .. ........ ... Kuliah V: Biologi Tanaman Hortikultura Buah-buahan ...... ..... Kuliah VI: Biologi Tanaman Hortikultura Sayur-sayuran .......... Kuliah VII: Biologi Tanaman Hortikultura Tanaman Hias ... ...... Kuliah VIII: Biologi Tanaman Hortikultura Tanaman Obat ............ Kuliah IX: Biologi Tanaman HTI ......................... ... .. Kuliah X: Biologi Tanaman Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit ............. .. Kuliah XI: Biologi Tanaman Perkebunan Karet .................... Kuliah XII: Biologi Tiuiaman Coldat, Kopi, Tea, Tembakau ........ Kuliah XIII: Biologi Tanaman Kapa'>, Nilam, Jarak ................
    [Show full text]
  • SABONET Report No 18
    ii Quick Guide This book is divided into two sections: the first part provides descriptions of some common trees and shrubs of Botswana, and the second is the complete checklist. The scientific names of the families, genera, and species are arranged alphabetically. Vernacular names are also arranged alphabetically, starting with Setswana and followed by English. Setswana names are separated by a semi-colon from English names. A glossary at the end of the book defines botanical terms used in the text. Species that are listed in the Red Data List for Botswana are indicated by an ® preceding the name. The letters N, SW, and SE indicate the distribution of the species within Botswana according to the Flora zambesiaca geographical regions. Flora zambesiaca regions used in the checklist. Administrative District FZ geographical region Central District SE & N Chobe District N Ghanzi District SW Kgalagadi District SW Kgatleng District SE Kweneng District SW & SE Ngamiland District N North East District N South East District SE Southern District SW & SE N CHOBE DISTRICT NGAMILAND DISTRICT ZIMBABWE NAMIBIA NORTH EAST DISTRICT CENTRAL DISTRICT GHANZI DISTRICT KWENENG DISTRICT KGATLENG KGALAGADI DISTRICT DISTRICT SOUTHERN SOUTH EAST DISTRICT DISTRICT SOUTH AFRICA 0 Kilometres 400 i ii Trees of Botswana: names and distribution Moffat P. Setshogo & Fanie Venter iii Recommended citation format SETSHOGO, M.P. & VENTER, F. 2003. Trees of Botswana: names and distribution. Southern African Botanical Diversity Network Report No. 18. Pretoria. Produced by University of Botswana Herbarium Private Bag UB00704 Gaborone Tel: (267) 355 2602 Fax: (267) 318 5097 E-mail: [email protected] Published by Southern African Botanical Diversity Network (SABONET), c/o National Botanical Institute, Private Bag X101, 0001 Pretoria and University of Botswana Herbarium, Private Bag UB00704, Gaborone.
    [Show full text]
  • Population Dynamics of Translocated Frithia Humilis, an Endangered Sandstone Endemic
    Population dynamics of translocated Frithia humilis, an endangered sandstone endemic PG Jansen 22174788 Dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Magister Scientiae in Environmental Sciences at the Potchefstroom Campus of the North-West University Supervisor: Prof SJ Siebert Co-supervisor: Dr F Siebert Assistant Supervisor: Prof J van den Berg May 2017 PREFACE Translocation of plants in South Africa is still poorly studied and seldom used as a conservation tool. Thus, the translocation of Frithia humilis for conservation purposes can be seen as a first for South Africa. Consequently, a monitoring programme was initiated to assess the feasibility of translocation as a conservation tool for this species. This study is considered to be the second phase of the monitoring program and aims to determine the long term feasibility of translocation, since the previous study determined whether F. humilis could survive the translocation process and successfully reproduce at the receptor sites. The objectives were to study the population to quantify and compare the: (i) pollination system over time and between receptor and control sites; (ii) fecundity over time and between receptor and control sites; and (iii) population structure over time and between receptor and control sites. The dissertation is divided into seven chapters. Chapter 1. Discusses project history, species account, aims and objectives, hypotheses and dissertation layout. Chapter 2. Discusses translocation challenges, factors influencing success and failure and guidelines. Chapter 3. Describes the study area, study sites and methodology. Chapter 4. The findings of observations and identification of potential pollinators are given and primary and reserve pollinators are suggested.
    [Show full text]
  • Gene Tree Estimation Error, Incomplete Lineage Sorting, and Ancient Gene
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.26.112318; this version posted May 27, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 The Perfect Storm: 2 Gene Tree Estimation Error, Incomplete Lineage Sorting, and Ancient Gene 3 Flow Explain the Most Recalcitrant Ancient Angiosperm Clade, Malpighiales 4 5 Liming Cai1, Zhenxiang Xi1,2, Emily Moriarty Lemmon3, Alan R. Lemmon4, Austin Mast3, 6 Christopher E. Buddenhagen3,5, Liang Liu6, Charles C. Davis1 7 8 1 Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University Herbaria, 9 Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; 10 2 Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of 11 Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; 12 3 Department of Biological Sciences, 319 Stadium Dr., Florida State University, Tallahassee, 13 FL 32306, USA; 14 4 Department of Scientific Computing, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; 15 5 AgResearch, 10 Bisley Road, Hamilton 3214, New Zealand 16 6 Department of Statistics and Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 17 30602, USA; 18 19 Corresponding author: 20 Liming Cai, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University 21 Herbaria, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; E-mail: [email protected] bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.26.112318; this version posted May 27, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity.
    [Show full text]