GREEN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION AMONG MANUFACTURING COMPANIES IN UGANDA. A CASE STUDY OF CENTURY BOTTLING COMPANY LIMITED (COCA COLA).
BY: NASSANGA JOWERIA 1153-05084-01333
A RESEARCH REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE COLLEGE OF ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELORS DEGREE OF SUPPLIES AND PROCUREMENT OF KAMPALA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY
SEPTEMBER, 2018 DECLARATION
I NASSANGA JOWERIA declare that the work in this Research Report was done with my own knowledge and ideas so is my original work knowledge has never been submitted by any other student of the University or any other institution of learning.
Signature ~ Date i5 ~ 0 "I ' ,a9 I g NASSANGA JOWE 1153-05084-01333 (Student)
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'------APPROVAL
This Research Report has been submitted with my approval by the University supervisor and is now ready for examination for the award of Bachelor's Degree in supplies and procurement management of Kampala International University.
Signature ~~ Drue ld'i I ~~ MR.PULE SAMUEL - (Research Supervisor)
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11 DEDICATION This research report is dedicated to my loving and caring Father Hajj. Ssesanga. N and my sweet loving Mum Mrs. Joweria for all their support financially and advises grated as they helped me to progress with my academic education at the Kampala International University.
iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to extend my gratitude to the Almighty ALI.AH for the gift of life and enabling me to complete my researcher report successfully.
My Heartfelt gratitude also goes to both my supervisor Mr. Pule Samuel for his valuable and_, enthusiastic guidance that has led me to the successful completion of this research dissertation.
I also acknowledge the intellectual contribution of all lecturers at Kampala International university throughout my Bachelors Degree study.
I also wish to extend my sincere gratitude to my entire family especially; My father Hajji. Ssesanga, My lovely Mother Joweria, and the rest of my brothers and sisters for their love, affection and moral support they have accorded to me throughout my entire life.
--MAY ALLAH Reward You Abundantly-- ~
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IV LIST OF ACRONYMS CGCSA ...... Consumer Goods Council of South Africa CAR ...... Central African Republic EM ...... Environme~tal Management GSCM ...... , ...... Green Supply-Chain Management HR ...... , ...... Human Resource Ltd, ...... Limited NEMA ...... National Environmental Management Authority
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.•, TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ...... i APPROVAL ...... ii DEDICATION ...... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...... ::...... iv LIST OF ACRONYMS ...... v TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... vi ABSTRACT ...... x CHAPTER ONE ...... 1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.0 Introduction ...... 1 1.1 Background to the Study ...... •...... 1 1.2. Statement of the Problem ...... 4 1.3 Purpose of the Study ...... 5 1.4 Specific Objectives ...... 5 1.5. Research Questions ...... 6 1.6 Scope of the Study ...... 6 1.6.1 Content Scope ...... 6 1.6.2 Geographical Scope ...... ,...... 6 1. 7 Significance of the Study ...... 7 1.8 Definition of key terms used in the study ...... 7 1.9. Conceptual Framework ...... 8
CHAPTER TWO ...... 9 LITERATURE REVIEW ...... 9 2.0 Introduction ...... 9 2.1 Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) ...... 9 2.2 Environmental Conservation ...... 10 2.3 Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) and Environmental Conservation (EC) ...... 11 2.3 .1 The relationship between Internal Environmental Preparation and Environmental Conservation Century Bottling Company Ltd ...... 11 2.3 .2. The relationship between Green Purchasing Practices and Environmental Conservation in Century Bottling Company Ltd ...... 12 2.3 .4 The relationship between Eco-design and Envirnnmental Conservation in Century Bottling Company Ltd ...... 13 •
Vl .. 2.4 Related Studies ...... 15 2.5 Chapter Summary ...... 16
CHAPTERTHREE: ...... 17 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ...... 17 3.0 Introduction ...... 17 3 .1 Research Design ...... 17 3 .2 Area of the Study ...... 18 3.3 Study Population ...... 18 3 .4 Sample Selection and Size ...... 18 3.4 Data Sources ...... 19 3.4.1 Primary Data ...... 19 3.4.2 Secondary Data ...... _v••······························································ 20 3.5 Data Collection methods ...... 20 3.5.1 Questionnaire ...... 20 3.5.2 Interviews ...... 20 3.6 Procedure ...... 20 3.7 Data Analysis ...... 21 3. 8 Ethical Considerations ...... 21 3.9 Anticipated Study Limitations and Solutions ...... 22
CHAPTER FOUR ...... 23 PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS OF FINDINGS ...... 23 4.0. Introduction ...... 23 4.1. Response Rate ...... 23 4.2 Demographic Profile of Respondents ...... 24 4.2.1 Findings on Gender of Respondents ...... 24 4.2.2 Findings on Age Categories of Respondents .... ."."...... 24 4.2.3. Findings on Marital Status of Respondents ...... 25 4.2.4. Findings on Educational Level of Respondents ...... 25 4.2.5. Findings on Working Experience of Respondents ...... 26 4.3. Environmental Preparation at Century Bottling Company Ltd...... 26 4.4 Green Purchasing Practices at Century Bottling Company Ltd ...... 29 4.5. Eco-Design and Environmental at Century Bottling Company ...... 31
vii 4.6. Findings on Environmental Conservation in Century Bottling Company Limited (Coca Cola) ······································································ .. ···················· ...... 35
CHAPTER FIVE ...... 39 SUMMARY, DISCUSSION OF THE FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 39 5.0. Introduction ...... 39 5.1 Summary of the Research Findings ...... 39 5 .1.1. Findings on the relationship between Internal Environmental Preparation and Environmental Conservation in Century Bottling Company Ltd...... 39 5.1.2. Findings on relationship between Green Purchasing Practices and Environmental Conservation in Century Bottling Company Ltd...... 39 5.1.3. Findings on the relationship between Eco-Design and Environmental Conservation in Century Bottling Company ...... 40 5.2. Discussion of the Research Findings ...... 40 5 .2.1. Findings on the relationship between Internal Environmental Preparation and Environmental conservation in Century Bottling Company Ltd ...... 40 5.2.2. Findings on relationship between Green Purchasing Practices and Environmental conservation in Century Bottling Company Ltd ...... 41 5.2.3. Findings on the relationship between Eco-design and Environmental Conservation in Century Bottling Company ...... 42 5.3 Conclusion ...... 43 5.4 Recommendations ...... 44 5.5. Areas of Further Research ...... 44 REFERENCES ...... 45 APPENDICES ...... 48 APPENDIX I: QUESTIONNAIRES ...... 48 APPENDIX II: RESEARCH BUDGET ...... 53 APPENDIX IV: INTRODUCTORY LETTER...... 55 APPENDIX V: ACCEPTANCE LETTER...... 56
vm LIST OF TABLES
• Table 1: sample selection Data Collection, types of samples and Data Analysis ...... 20 Table 2.Response Rate ...... 234
Table 3: Show gender respondents ...... 245
Table 4: Show Age Categorization of Respondents ...... 245
Table 5: Show age categorization of respondents ...... 256
Table 6: Show Respondents on Education...... 256
Table 7: Working Experience of Respondents ...... 267
Table 8: Environmental Preparation at Century Bottling Company Ltd ...... 278
Table 9: Shows responses on the relationship betwee~ Green Purchasing Practices and Environmental Conservation in Century Bottling Company Ltd ...... 30
Table 10: Shows the responses on the relationship between Eco-design and Environmental Conservation in Century Bottling Company ...... 33 Table 11: Environmental Conservation in Century Bottling Company Limited (Coca Cola) ... 356
Table 12. Correlation table showing the relationship between Green Supply Chain Management Practices and Environmental Conservation among manufacturing companies in Uganda ...... 389
IX ABSTRACT This study set out to assess the relationship between Green Supply Chain Management Practices and Environmental Conservation in Uganda, a case study of Century Bottling Company Ltd. It was guided by three research objectives as follows: (D To examine the relationship between internal environmental preparation and Enviromnental Conservation Century Bottling Company Ltd., (II) To determine the relationship between Green Purchasing Practices and Environmental Conservation in Century Bottling Company Ltd and (IID to examine the relationship between Eco-design and Enviromnental Conservation in Century Bottling Company Ltd .. The study used a descriptive cross section research design which involved establishing the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable. The quantitative data was obtained using structured questionnaires from different categories of people such as respondents from the Mukwano group of companies, while the qualitative data was obtained from key informants, interviews and observations. Quantitative data were presented in frequency and percentage tables and analyzed with the help of SPSS data editor. Qualitative approach was considered because it tries to draw conclusions in terms of concepts and analysis in terms of understanding, what, where, who among other queries, while the quantitative research approach was opted for in cases where data needs to be tabulated or represented in graphs or pie charts for easier comprehension. The findings of the study revealed that Internal Environmental Preparation is helpful in discharging organizational accountability and increasing environmental transparency, Sustainable development is possible with the help of environmental management as it helps include ecological ability of enterprise, Internal Environmental Management is the practice of developing enviromnental sustainability as strategic organizational imperative through commitment and support of the imperative from senior and mid-level managers and Internal Environmental Management is entirely an emerging and dynamic concept which has helped boost effective Environmental Conservation by Century Bottling Company Ltd. The findings also revealed that Green Purchasing Practices is an environmental concept that is gaining popularity in the world, Green Purchasing Practices is a fundamental part of sustainable supply chain management, and that the practices are an approach to improve performance of the process and products according to the requirements of the environmental regulations. The findings revealed that Eco-design practices take into consideration Protecting people's health and improving people's productivity, and that they also consider reducing waste, pollution, and environmental degradation. The study concluded that incorporation of the principles of GSCM in a chain of production requires the integration of economic, social and environmental issues that should permeate all internal processes, external relationships and encompass the entire supply chain. Duber-Smith (2005) argue that the motivations that prompt organizations to adopt the GSCM are alluding to target marketing, sustainability of resources, reduce costs, increase efficiency, differentiate products, increase competitive advantage, supply chain pressures, adaptation- regulation and risk reduction, brand reputation, return on investment, employee's morale and ethical imperative.
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X CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.0 Introduction In this chapter, the researcher gives the background to the study, problem statement, the purpose, the objectives the scope of the study, significance of the study and definition of key terms used in the study.
1.1 Background to the Study Globally, Green Supply-Chain Management (GSCM) is gaining increasing jnterest among manufacturing companies all over the world and its growing importance and practices are being driven mainly by the escalating deterioration of the environment, e.g. diminishing raw material resources, overflowing waste sites and increasing levels of pollution. However, it is not just about being environment friendly; it is about good business sense and higher profits. This therefore requires companies like Century bottling company (Coca Cola) to integrate their economic and the environment. There has been increasing emphasis on enviromnent-friendly corporate activity in today's business world and many progressive companies are embracing green supply chain management. The rise in greenhouse emissions and pollution of the environments by firms has precipitated the need for organizations to realign their supply chain operations with a view of conserving the scarce resources and thus GSCM has also begun to gain popularity in emerging economy countries such as China and Malaysia. GSCM emerges as a new systematic environmental approach in supply chain management and has been increasingly accepted and practiced by forward thinking organizations. Thus, the current environmental requirements that influenced manufacturing activities has increased attention in developing environmental management (EM) strategies for supply chain. Thus the concept of GSCM arises and becoming an important factor for business activities today (Seman et al., 2012). Zhu et al. (2008) also claimed that GSCM can be regarded as an environmental innovation. By integrating green concept to the supply chain concept, it has created a new research agenda where supply chain will have a direct relation to the environment.
Rapid movement of industrialization throughout --the world has been seriously menacing mankind's ability to maintain an ecological balance. Industrialization is the prerequisite of economic growth of any country; but unplanned industrialization and release of waste by industries brings environmental pollution or degradation. Every developmental activity directly
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• relates to natural and environmental resources. Economic development without environmental considerations causes to environmental crises. The ecological role played by corporate sectors responsible for their business activities on the environment is becoming particularly explicit in the global market, especially in India. Management of both environmental and natural resources in a country like India has become more urgent. Every industry feels the necessity of sustainable development management. In addition, global awareness and acceptance of the importance of environmental issues has motivated the development of a new area of management known as "Corporate Environmental Management". Environmental management system is a part of the overall management system. The destructive influence of man's economic activities on the environment in the name of sustainable global economy is not of recent origin.
In Africa, South Africa's logistics sector has much to contribute as the country focuses more internally on issues of sustainability. Green Supply Chain Management practices hold substantial potential to contribute to the achievement of vision 2025 which aims to improve South Africa energy mix by having 30 percentage of clean energy by 2025 (Annual Performance plan 2012 / 2013). The case study on Green Supply Chains is highly attractive, by addressing the problem of Carbon emission and enviromnental pollution; companies not only limit cari:RJn footprint and waste, but strive to optimise supply chain performance. The country's top green organizations and individuals were honoured for their committed efforts at the 4th annual Green Supply Chain Awards - the only awards in South Africa dedicated to greening the supply chain. It's a joint initiative of the Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport: South Africa (CILTSA) and the Presently GSCM practices are adopted in Transport, automobile and Consumer goods in South Africa (Ittman and King, 20 I 0).In recent time, most organizations in West and Central African countries like; Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Caho Verde, Cameroon, Central African Republic (CAR), Chad, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali are going green in their businesses as concerns to environmental sustainability. They must portray the enviromnentally friendly image of products, processes, systems and technologies (Vachon and Klassen, 2006). Enviromnental impact occurs at all ·stages of a product life cycle from resource extraction to manufacture, use, reuse, recycle and disposal (Zhu et al., 2007). The increase of industrialization and globalization in developing countries creates more opportunities for
2 ,. manufacturing industries but concurrently increases environmental burden (Rao, 2002). The current changes in environmental requirements that influenced manufacturing activities have increased attention in developing Environmental Management (EM) strategies for the supply chain. Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) emerges as a new systematic environmental approach in supply chain management and has been increasingly accepted and practiced by forward thinking organization. In most business and construction firms, the emphasis now is to raise environmental quality, reduce poverty and bring about economic growth with additional improvements in health, working conditions, and sustainability. The purpose of this paper is to review some of the green supply chain management practices, adoption and implementation in developing countries like
In East Africa, most industries like Bamburi Cement, BOC Kenya Limited, Brook side Dairy Limited, East African Breweries, Eveready East Africa, Lalesso, Olympia Capital Holdings, Unga Group, Geomatic Services Ltd, Abu Engineering Ltd, Acme Container Ltd, Adhesive Solutions Africa Ltd, African Cotton Industries Ltd, Agni Enterprises Ltd, Ali Glaziers Ltd, Alpha Dairy Products Ltd, Alpha Fine Foods Ltd, Apex Steel Ltd, Aqua San Tee Aquva Agencies Ltd -Nairobi Arrow Rubber Stamp Company Ltd in Kenya are still growing and the concept of GSCM has not been fully adopted because of the complex environmental challenges. According to NEMA, Kenya lacks infrastructure and the capacity to recycle and manage the wastes. Environmental considerations and public opinion are driving manufacturers decisions around the mix of materials used in manufacturing, the types of engine and the end of vehicle life. The Automotive industry in Kenya is a sector that contributes to carbon emissions; therefore it is their responsibility to offset such emissions. The aspect of sustainability has now become an integral part of the standards that define automotive industry. It is however clear that studies of have not focused on the GSCM practices and overall firm performance that is, economical, environmental and intangible performance, also studies on performance evaluation are few.Hence there is need to conduct a study to determine how performance of the firms in the automotive industry is affected by the implementation of GSCM practices.
Mohamed (2012) found out that GSCM has a positive impact on manufacturing firms in Mombasa. She recommended further research to be done in manufacturing firms in other parts of the country as well as service sector. Obiso (2011) found out that adoption of the practices had a
3 positive relationship with the environmental petformance of oil companies in Kenya. Omonge (2012) indicated that GSCM practices had a positive relationship with the enviromnental performance of banks. Also Mwirigi (2007) found out that attempts to overcome environmental challenges through practicing some aspects of GSCM were evident but not indicative of full adoption of the strategy. However, these studies haxe not focused on the GSCM practices and their impact on overall firm performance.
In Uganda today, leading companies like Century Bottling Company (Coca Cola) are looking for ways to go green. They understand that for our planet to remain habitable for generations to come, we must work together now to identify and reduce emissions, make our businesses more sustainable and ultimately move toward a Circular Economy. Logistics plays a central role in the global economy and therefore Coca Cola industry through green supply chain management practices likeGreen Purchasing Practices, Internal environmental preparation, Eco-design Practices, Reverse Logistics Practices, Legislation and Regulatory Practices can play a crucial part in the way business is done with regard to the enviromnental impact in Uganda. Century Bottling Company Limited is a Franchise Bottler and distributor of Coca Cola Products in Uganda. We are currently seeking to recruit a Raw Materials Planner based in Kampala. The Coca-Cola Company is an American corporation, and manufacturer, retailer, and marketer of nonalcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups. Tii~ company is best known for its flagship product Coca-Cola, invented in 1886 by pharmacist John Stith Pemberton in Atlanta, Georgia. The Coca-Cola formula and brand were bought in 1889 by Asa Griggs Candler (December 30, 1851 - March 12, 1929), who incorporated The Coca-Cola Company in 1892. The company headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, but incorporated in Wilmington, Delawarehas operated a franchised distribution system since 1889: the Company only produces syrup concentrate, which is then sold to various bottlers throughout the world who hold exclusive territories. The company owns its anchor bottler in North America, Coca-Cola Refreshments.
1.2. Statement of the Problem Green supply chain management practices are increasingly being used as an effective tool to reduce the impacts of consumption on the enviromnent, promote development of clean production technology which will essential in conserving the environment (Cupta, M. (2015). It is observed that green supply chain management practices in Century bottling company has become a key approach for companies to seek ways of becoming environmental sustainable and 4 increase performance in instances where there is increased competition a lot of re~lations and a market pressure and drivers (Alvarez Gil, M. J., Jimenez, J.B., &Lorente, J.C.2011). Companies like Coca Cola/ Century bottling company are paying more attention to their environment due to the complexity, turbulence and rapid changes and hence formulating and implementing policies and strategies that will enhance their survival and growth Holt, D., & Ghobadain, A. (2009). However, Century Bottling Company Limited is facing challenges of adopting to green supply chain management practices due global resource exhaustion and rising environmental deterioration, the company carmot do away with environmental issues any longer in businesses today, failure to maintain competitiveness, through quality, increased operating costs especially energy related costs and sustainable end to end supply of raw materials in order to ensure continued regional leadership in growth and most profitable share (Kiereini, 2011). Thus it's against this background that the study seeks to examine on of effect of green supply chain management practices and environmental conservation on the organizational performance of manufacturing companies so that firms like coca cola can maintain sustainable growth and development to integrate their economic performance and the environment in Uganda.
1.3 Purpose of the Study The purpose of the study was to assess the relationship between Green Supply Chain Management Practices and Environmental Conservation in Uganda, a case study of Century Bottling Company Ltd.
1.4 Specific Objectives i). To examine the relationship between internal environmental preparation and Environmental Conservation Century Bottling Company Ltd. ii). To determine the relationship between Green Purchasing Practices and Environmental Conservation in Century Bottling Company Ltd. iii). To examine the relationship between Eco-design and Environmental Conservation in Century Bottling Company Ltd.
5 1.5. Research Questions i). What is the relationship between internal environmental preparation and Environmental Conservation Century Bottling Company Ltd? ii). What is the relationship between Green Purchasing Practices and Enviromnental Conservation in Century Bottling Company Ltd? iii). What is the relationship between Eco-design and Environmental Conservation in Century Bottling Company Ltd? 1.6 Scope of the Study 1.6.1 Content Scope The study was based on the content on the effect of green supply chain management practices like; Green Purchasing Practices, Internal environmental preparation , Eco-design Practices, Reverse Logistics Practices, Legislation and Regulatory Practices, green procurement and Environmental Conservation in form of; pollution control, voluntary environmental agreements, ecosystems approach, etc on organizational enviromnent performance.
1.6.2 Geographical Scope The study was carried out in Century Bottling Company Limited (Coca Cola), locltted in Namanve, Jinja Road Mitala Maria, P.O.Box 3990, Kampala, Uganda. Namanvelies in Bweyogerere Ward, in southeastern Kira Municipality, in Wakiso District, Central Uganda. It is located approximately 15 kilometres (9.3 mi), by road, east of downtown Kampala, Uganda's capital and largest city. Namanve is bordered by Seeta to the east, Namilyango to the southeast, Lake Victoria to the south, Kirinnya to the southwest and Bweyogerere to the west and northwest. The coordinates of Namanve are: 0°21'27.0"N, 32°41'39.0"E (Latitude: 0.357500; Longitude: 32.694167). Portions of Namanve lie within the boundaries of Mukono Town Council.
1.6.3 Time Scope The study was based on the literature for four financial years that were accessed from journals, text books, Newspapers, internet. The study was conducted for five months that is, from May to September 2018, since this period was long enough for me to acquire all necessary data required for the study.
6 • 1. 7 Significance of the Stndy i). The researcher hopes that the findings of this research will enlighten the green supply chain management practices practitioners in manufacturing industries on the effect of green supply chain management practices and environmental conservation, their importance in improving the organizational performance and also help the inventory managers in decision making concerning the suitable green supply chain management practices and environmental conservation to be maintained by the company so as to ensure the cu~tomers are accorded appropriate service level. ii). To scholars and academicians, the study findings will add to the limited body of existing literature on green supply chain management practices and environmental conservation in the manufacturing companies. A number of studies relating to strategic purchasing and the performance of the organization will be done in manufacturing companies which imply that there has been little relating to impacts of green supply chain management practices. iii). The study will be significant to the researcher in strengthening the research skills. The researcher will also be able to put into practice the theoretical knowledge obtained from class. The researcher will get first hand grip on the effect of green supply chain management practices on the performance of the organization and basing the researcher professional then the researcher will be able to apply his knowledge in averting such situation. iv). The study will benefit students and other parties who need knowledge about green supply chain management practices and its impact on organization's performance can also use the study as a future deference. v). The researcher also hopes that the findings of this study will form the basis on which future researchers could be built in the areas of green supply chain management practices.
1.8 Definition of key terms used in the study i). Internal Environmental Management. This is the practice of developing environmental sustainability as strategic organizational imperative through commitment and support of the imperative from senior and mid-level managers. ii). Green procurement this is the process whereby economic development, social development and enviromnental protection are balanced against business needs.
7 iii). Purchasing. This is the process by which a company (or other organization) contracts with third parties to obtain the goods and services required to fulfill its business objectives in the most timely and cost effective-manner. iv). Organizational performance. This refers to the ability to operate effecti1'ely, profitability, survive grow and react to the environmental opportunities and threats.
1.9. Conceptual Framework Independent Variable Dependent Variable
Green Supply Chain Management Practices (GSCMP) Environmental Conservation • Green Purchasing Practices • Internal environmental preparation . • Pollution Control . • Eco System • Eco-design Practices
The independent variables are perceived as Green Supply Chain Management Practices whereas the dependent variable is Environmental Conservation. The independent variable involves; Green Purchasing Practices, Internal environmental preparation and Eco-design • Practices whereas the dependent variable concerns the outcomes of effective environmental conservation like; Pollution control and Eco system management.
8 • CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Introduction This chapter reviews in detail the literature of different authors/ scholars to views on green supply chain management practices and environmental conservation "'among manufacturing companies in Uganda, and presentation made in relation to the study objectives.
2.1 Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) According to Awaysheh and Klassen (2010), GSCM refers to a variety of activities and initiatives implemented by organization in an attempt to reduce their impact on the natural environment. These include; green procurement practices, green distribution practices, green distribution practices and reverse logistics practices. The concept of Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) has been observed as a recent and novel managerial principle. GSCM is an environmental concept that is gaining popularity in the world. For many businesses in the world, adopting GSCM is a way to demonstrate their sincere commitment to sustainability. GSCM is a fundamental part of sustainable supply chain management, which is defined by Carter and Rogers (2008) as the strategic, transparent integration and achievement of an organization's social, environmental, and economic goals in the systemic coordination of key inter-organizational business processes for improving the long-term economic performance of the individual company and its supply chains. GSCM as a fo1m of environmental improvement is an operational initiative that many businesses are adopting to address environmental issues (Rao& Holt, 2005). According to Zhu and Sarkis (2004), GSCM is an integrated supply chain system consisting of suppliers, manufacturers, customers and reverse logistics management. Srivastava (2007) integrates enviromnental thinking into supply ch.rin management, including product design, material sourcing and selection, manufacturing processes, delivery of the final product to the consumers as well as end-of-life management of the product after its useful life. Muller and Seurling (2008) on the other hand defined GSCM as the management of material, information and capital flows as well as cooperation among companies along the supply chain while taking goals from all three dinlensions of sustainable development, that is, economic, environmental and social, into account which is derived from customer and stakeholder requirements.
9 Green supply Chain Management (GSCM) is an approach to improve perfonnance of the process and products according to the requirements of the environmental regulations (Hsu & Hu, 2008). As customers begin to demand that products and services be provided without damaging the environment, managers need make decisions that support the integration and coordination of environmental practices throughout the supply chain (Vachon & Klassen, 2007). Consequently, a sudden rise of enviromnental movements, legislations and concerns during the past decade, consensus is forming that issues of enviromnental pollution accompanying industrial development should be addressed together with supply chain management, thus contributing to the initiative of Green Supply Chain Management (Sheu et al., 2005).
2.2 Environmental Conservation This refers to efforts and activities to maintain and sustain those attributes in natural and urban enviromnents which are essential both to human physical and mental health and to enjoyment of life. Environmental conservations include activities such as managing our landscapes, habitats, species and access to our countryside. It is not about profits but helps address some of dl.rr big challenges, such as climate change, and contributes to biodiversity and health and social inclusion. Environmental conservation is a wide ranging industry that includes; Conservation of landscapes, habits and species together with management of public access, support for biodiversity, helping people to understand and enjoy the countryside and wildlife conservation. Environmental protection is a practice of protecting the natural environment on individual, organization controlled or govermnental levels, for the benefit of both the environment and I.) humans. Due to the pressures of overconsumption, population and technology, the biophysical environment is being degraded, sometimes perm.anently. This has been recognized, and •' governments have begun placing restraints on activities that cause environmental degradation. Since the 1960s, activity of environmental movements has created awareness of the various environmental problems. There is no agreement on the extent of the environmental impact of human activity and even scientific dishonesty occurs, so protection measures are occasionally debated. Environmental conservation comes in many forms and reminds us to be mindful of daily choices.
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10 2.3 Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) and Environmental Conservation (EC).
2.3.1 The relationship between Internal Environmental Preparation and Environmental Conservation Century Bottling Company Ltd. Internal Environmental Management is the practice of developing environmental sustainability as strategic organizational imperative through commitment and support of the imperative from senior and mid-level managers (Zhu & Sarkis, 2007).Internal Environmental Management is entirely an emerging and dynamic concept. Environmental Management is concerned with the management for environment encompassing a business. It represents the organizational structure, responsibilities sequences, processes and preconditions for the implementation of an environmental corporate policy. Environment brings together all inanimate organism and forces functioning in nature including man. The basic functions of good enviromnental management are goal setting; information management; support of decision making; organizing and planning of environmental management; environmental management programs; piloting; implementation and control; communication; internal and external auditing, etc. The present state of economic development, including the environmental state, makes it necessary to broaden management's understanding of natural environment. The way of industrialization being emphasized for the development of economy, in coming year's environmental pollution will be the ecological nightmare. Hence, it has become imperative to take into account the ecological consequences while setting up an industrial unit. Technology is available toda, to reduce the environmental pollution and it must be used to correct the excesses of ecological brutality and to minimize the degree of environmental degradation.
As a result, Internal Environmental Management has helped companies in Uganda like; Century Bottling Company Limited (Coca Cola), Green Power Solutions, Mukwano Industries (U) Ltd, Sokoni Africa Ltd, Ssemwanga Group Ltd, the Madhvani Group of Companies, Kashoma Group of Companies, Spear Group of Companies, Bidco Uganda Ltd, Midland Group, Jeeman Investments Ltd, Shumuk Group of Companies, and many more to boost their public trust and confidence and are related to receiving a fair assessment. The already degraded environment calls for its diligent management. Through Internal environmental management, enterprises can enjoy the following benefits; Pollution control being burning subject of discussion, environmental management shows the extent to which pollution has been controlled by the corporate, Environmental management draws attention in another sense, which offers an idea
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(,i) about industrial development, a nation's economic progress and social welfare and the fulfillment of responsibility towards society, Internal Environmental management is helpful in discharging organizational accountability and increasing enviromnental transparency. Sustainable development is possible with the help of environmental management as it helps include ecological ability of enterprise, Negotiation between the management and society helps organizations seek to strategically mange a fresh and emerging issue with distinct user, Enviromnental management supports green reporting to combat effectively all negative public opinions in the global economy where existence of a strong environmental lobby against enviromnentally unfriendly industries is found.
2.3.2. The relationship between Green Purchasing Practices and Environmental Conservation in Century Bottling Company Ltd . .. Carter et al. (1996) defined green procurement as: in order to facilitate reusing and recycling 12 According to Stock (2012), green procurement has improvedon the economic position of companies like; Picfare, Rene Industries, Aqua Pure Ltd, Blue Wave Beverages Ltd, Morie Hibiscus Organics East Africa, Alfaraj Arab Group Ltd., Royal Farms Ltd, Bidfood Uganda, RECO Industries Limited, F&B Solutions Ltd, Wavah Water Ltd, Snowmans (U) Ltd, Spear Group of Companies, B.M.K Group, Green Power Solutions, Mukwano Industries (U) Ltd, by reducing disposal and liability costs, conserving resources, and improving an organization's public image. Min Hand Galle P (1997,2001) find that the two most highly rated obstacles to effective implementing green purchasing was cost and revenue. In the process of implementing green procurement, the enterprise is bound to increase investment, training staff costs and the communication costs with suppliers, etc, which hence causes the loss of other investment opportunities (Liu Bin,2009).Zhu Qinghuaet al.(2004) found the suppliers stress had greater impact on the implementation of green supply chain through research. Fangrniao Hou (2007) _,., pointed out that the close cooperation of suppliers·· and buyers would promote the successful completion of green purchasing activities. In the process of purchasing and procurement, Suppliers must consider the ultimate disposition of the materials and components that enter the firm, purchasing managers can ask upstream members of the supply chain to commit waste reduction and provide environmentally friendly product. Suppliers, e.g. transport service suppliers and product suppliers, can impact firms' green purchasing activities (Carter et al., 1998) and drive green supply chain management (Walker et al., 2008). 2.3.4 The relationship between Eco-design and Environmental Conservation in Century Bottling Company Ltd. The importance of eco-design was identified by Buyukozkan and Cifci (2012) when they revealed that about 80% of product-related impacts on the environment can be influenced during design. Eco-design practices fall into two main categories - product-related design and packaging-related design. With respect to product design, Min and Galle (2001) suggested that cost saving opportunities at the beginning of the supply chain tend to be greater and that buying organizations need to actively seek for opportunities to utilize recycled and reused components. However, Wu et al. (2011) stressed that the environmental impacts of a product occur at all stages of its lifecycle and they identified lifecycle assessment as a commonly used attribute of GSCM. Building on the theme oflifecycle impacts, Field and Sroufe (2007) noted that one of the sources of recycled materials is post-consumer waste while Zhu et al. (2005) suggested that it is 13 possible to sell or reuse products or their contents. The implication is that it is important for organizations to ensure that their products comprise contents that can be reused or recycled. With respect to packaging related eco-design, a discussion of GSCM practices by Zhu et al. (2005) suggested that organizations and their suppliers should collaborate to ensure that they use green packaging for their products. Other studies have identified elements of green packaging to include ensuring that packaging is reusable and recyclable (Large and Thomsen, 2011; Carter and Carter, 1998), minimizing waste by reducing packaging (Walker et al., 2008), and avoidance of hazardous material (Buyukozkan and Cifci, 2012). Thus architects of different manufacturing companies for instance; Uniliver Uganda, Britania group, Rene industries, Pepsi, coca cola, aqua pure ltd, blue wave beverages ltd, Morie Hibiscus Organics East Africa, ,Bidfood Uganda, Reco Industries Limited, F&B Solutions Ltd, Wavah Water Ltd, etc have made buildings that are friendly to the environment and more green which has been adaptable to the surroundings, in other words, they need they have created buildings that are energy efficient, like green buildings or sustainable buildings which are designed to reduce the overall impact of the built environment on human health and nature. So they have take into consideration: Efficiently using energy, water, and other resources, Protecting residents' health and improving people's productivity, Reducing waste, pollution, and environmental degradation. Green buildings also have benefits that you'll find luxury, like better indoor air quality. Many studies have found that they also lend themselves to a better work environment. These benefits which include the use of natural daylight, big windows, and good indoor air circulation, dramatically increase productivity and as residential buildings, they have substantial effects on their residents, as well. Finally, the relationship between Eco-design and Environmental Conservation is very strong and can't be denied as we see to have a sustainable and healthy environment we have to take good care of the buildings that are built in it and also to have sustainable buildings we have to take into consideration the environment surrounds it and its impacts. 14 2.4 Related Studies There are a number of studies that have examined this concept of green supply chain management. Zhu et al. (2005) observed that increasing pressures have caused the Chinese automobile supply managers consider implementation of various GSCM practices. Zhu et al. (2004) recommended that both environmental and Economic Performances are the basis for organizational performance. Lee et al. (2012) found out that, there is a direct link between GSCM practice implementation and business performance. The results indicated that business performance will be improved when GSCM enhances operational efficiency, does this also apply in Kenya in that GSCM Practices are implemented by firms. A study by (Perotti, 2012), the study found that the current level of adaptation of GSCP is still limited amongst the economic, environment, and operational, investigated as well as their benefits in terms of company perfonnance, and Some players have shown a more proactive attitude and started benefiting substantially from_. adoption of GSCP, mainly in terms of environmental and economic perfonnance. But Holt and Ghobadain (2009) the study found that the average manufactures perceived the greater pressure to improve environmental perfo1mance through legislation and internal drivers. Bjorklund et al. (2012) the study found that the design of environmental performance measurements in supply chain management and identifies shortcomings in existing research. The case presents successful examples of how environmental performance measurements can be applied across managerial levels as well as company borders in a supply chain. But Kenneth, Green, Zelbst, andwww.ccsenet.org/Jms Journal of Management and Sustainability Vol. 5, No. 1; 20 l 5Bhadauria (2012) the study found that the adoption of GSCM practices by manufacturing organizations leads to improved environmental performance and economic performance, which, in tum, positively impact operational performance. Operational perfmmance enhances organizational perfonnance. Victor Guang Shi, Lenny Koh, James Baldwin and Federica Cucchiella (2012) the study found that the constructs are identified in terms of intra- and inter-organizational environmental practices, performance measures and institutional drivers, the Causal relationships, within and between the constructs. 15 2.5 Chapter Summary In summary, the need for GSCM practices is quite evident but few researches have been recorded for the Ugandan situation and even in areas where this has been done, no reliable performance measurements have been fully explored. Firms are expected to be at different stages of GSCM adoption as is evidenced by the practice in other countries. Beamon (1999) highlights some of the stages as problem solving characterized by traditional approaches, compliance oriented, managing for assurance where the emphasis is on balancing risk versus environmental costs, pollution prevention ( eco-efficiency) and finally environmental quality view (fully integrated) in that order. • 16 CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.0 Introduction This chapter describes the research design and methods for this study. It specifically identifies the processes of gathering, analyzing and interpretation of data that were used in this study. This chapter begins with the research design, which is a description of the research approach. 3.IResearch Design The study used a descriptive research design. A descriptive research is a design which intends to present facts concerning the nature and the status of the situation, as it exists at a time of the study and to describe the present conditions, events or systems based on impressions or reactions of the respondents of the research (Bryman, A. and E. Bell (2013). The design was used to explore the issues relating to green supply chain management practices and environmental conservation in details and thus it enabled the researcher to use qualitative and quantitative technique in collecting and analyzing data (Kumar R, 2005). It also allowed the researcher to (,i, gather information about prevailing conditions for the purpose of description and interpretation (Salaria, 2012). The quantitative data was obtained using structuretl questionnaires from different categories of people such as respondents from century bottling company, while the qualitative data was obtained from key informants, interviews and observations (Mugenda, O.M, 2003). Qualitative approach was considered because it tries to draw conclusions in tenns of concepts and analysis in terms of understanding, what, where, who among other queries, while the quantitative research approach was opted for in cases where data needs to be tabulated or represented in graphs or pie charts for easier comprehension (Muaz, Jalil Mohammad, 2013). This kind of research design is selected because different categories of respondents from century bottling company are being studied at one point in time and thus the findings were compared and contrasted with the available secondary literature to come up with a comprehensive analysis of the problem (Kothari, C.R 2008). 17 3.2 Area of the Study The study was carried in Mukono specifically at Century Bottling Company Limited located in Namanve, industrial Area. The study constituted of employees and management of Century Bottling Company Limited. 3.3 Study Population ,., The study comprises of a target population of 200 specific employees operating in Century bottling company and among these included Head personnel, Administrators, Human Resource Manager, Assistant Human Resource Manager, Procurement Team and other key infonnants who had prior knowledge as regards Green Supply Chain Management practices and environmental conservation among manufacturing companies in Uganda (Century Bottling monthly report, 2018). 3.4 Sample Selection and Size The total sample size was 133 respondents, two sampling techniques were used to select study respondents and these are simple random sampling and purposive sampling techniques. The simple random sampling techniques were used tcf select quantitative samples who are the company employees. This involved the researcher sitting outside the organizations. A total of 133respondents were selected for the quantitative sample of (90) male employees and (43) Female employees). Purposive sampling techniques involved the researcher identifying and selecting key respondents who are more knowledgeable about employee performance related to issues at departments. These included 5 Head personnels, 01 Administrator, 01 Human Resource Manager, 01 Assistant Human Resource Manager, 06 Procurement Team and 119 Key Informants. Therefore from the population of 200employees, a sample of 133 respondents was selected and this was determined using Slovene' s formula. N n l+N (e)2 Where; N = required sample size N = the population size (200) e = the level of significance (0.05) 18 Therefore in order to get the sample size; 200 n=----- 1+200 (0.0025) 200 n= ---- 1+(0.1a25) 200 n= -- 1.1a75 n= 133 Therefore the sample size is 133 respondents Table 1: Snmmering approach, sample selection Data Collection, types of samples and Data Analysis Approach Sample selection Data collection Types of samples Data analysis Quantitative Simple Random Structured 90 Male employees Editing sampling interviews 43 Female employees Coding 133 Respondents Tabulating Qualitative Purposive Semi structured 5 Head personnel Analysis Sampling interviews 1 Administrators during and 1 Human Resource after data .. Manager collection 1 Assistant Human Resource Manager 6 Procurement Team 119 Key Informants Total 133 Respondents I 3.4.2 Secondary Data Secondly data are information or data already collected by other researchers or institutions, usually for different purposes (Blumberg et al., 2008). Secondary data enable the researcher to place the study in the context of existing knowledge as well as broadens the researcher's understanding too the research topic. Secondary s~urces of data were obtained from books, journals, the internet, newspapers for the critical review of related literature for the study (Schindker, S. P. 2008). 3.5 Data Collection methods 3.5.1 Questionnaire The questionnaire was developed and organized on the basis of the research objectives to ensure relevance to the research problem. The questionnaire was carefully designed starting with the general information question that requires the respondents to answer without much thinking. This was also meant to provide the respondents with an easy start that provided practice in answering questions. This was followed by the most important questions that were meant to capture the information that is very critical to the research problem (Carole!, T &Almut, 2008). 3.5.2 Interviews An interview is a conversation between two or more people i.e the interviewer and the interviewee where interviewees are questioned by the interviewer to obtain information. This method suits the research most appropriately and the researcher was able to collect data through in-depth semi structured interviews consisting of few open ended questions which allowed a two-way communication between the interviewer and interviewee and the interviewee gave unbiased opinions which proved to be a useful pool of resources for the researcher to analyses the situation and provide him with deeper understanding of the subject and enabled accurate comprehension (Schindker, S. P. 2008). 3.6 Procedure The researcher obtained an introductory letter from Kampala International University, college of economics and management which was taken and presented to the head of the human resources department of Century Bottling Company Limited seeking permission to carry out the study at the Company. 20 A letter of consent was received from the department head and the researcher identified respondents, belief them about the purpose and significance of the study make appointments for interviews as well as administration of questionnaires. 3. 7 Data Analysis Data collected by the questionnaire was coded. m. the coding process, a coding sheet was constructed. A number was then assigned to each answer in the questionnaire with a con-esponding number on the coding sheet. Then the same questionnaire would then constructed on the computer using excel. However, statistical package for social scientists, SPSS was used to determine the effect of green supply chain management practices on organizational performance. 3.8 Ethical Considerations Ethical considerations refer to the morality, uprightness and justification of the researcher's conduct in carrying out research. The researcher was guided by the following main considerations. Certain information like the names of respondents was kept confidential on special request by officials. Therefore in order to abide by the general best practices- that guide empirical studies. at the Century bottling company Limited-Coca cola, the following process were adhered to ensure that this study is ethically done. The researcher obtained an introductory letter from the college of economics and management of authorization from the university which was introduced to the officials and staff of Century bottling company Limited-Coca cola and the data collected was used for only academic purposes and permission was sought from respondents before recording their responses. The researcher assured the participants from Century bottling company Limited-Coca cola about confidentiality and that the information given to the researcher that it only was used for purposes of this study. The researcher also ensured that the research process is devoid of any strenuous psychological or physical risks. Therefore Participants were given the choice to participate or not to participate, and furthermore be informed in advance about the nature of the study. 21 3.9 Anticipated Study Limitations and Solutions. Some respondents were not willing to avail the researcher with the required information due to negative attitudes; suspiciousness to provide data, the researcher ensured that study respondents understand that confidentiality is part of the ethical concerns. Securing appointment say interview was difficult; this may be due to the fact that most of the senior staff members may have busy schedules which made it hard for them to allocate time for the study. To solve the problem of securing appointments, the researcher tried to highlight the significance of the study and also enable respondents know that the study required a little sacrifices of their time. The time allocated for conducting the research may not be enough for the researcher to cover the area of study since he may have other academic obligations. A time management problem was solved by trying to prioritize the researcher's schedules according to deadlines in order to utilize the given time effectively and efficiently. 22 CHAPTER FOUR PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS OF FINDINGS 4.0. Introduction This chapter comprises of the findings that were gathered by the researcher from the respondents in selected departments of Century Bottling Company Limited (Coca Cola)which include; the administration, procurement managers, logistics managers, stores department, sales/marketing, production department, packaging department on establishing the relationship between supplier collaboration and service performance of selected private manufacturing organizations, a case of Century Bottling Company Limited (Coca Cola). This was based on the following specific objectives: to determine the effect of supplier involvement on service performance of Century Bottling Company Limited (Coca Cola) of companies, to examine the effect of buyer-supplier information exchange on service performance of Century Bottling Company Limited (Coca Cola) of Companies and to determine the effect of supplier partnership on service performance in Century Bottling Company Limited (Coca Cola) of Companies. Presentation and interpretation of data in this chapter has been done with the aid of quantitative method for example the use of tables and personal analysis and interpretation are all presented. 4.1. Response Rate The population sample targeted from Century Bottling Company Limited (Coca Cola) was 200 respondents who were employees from selected departments of Mukwano, but due to some factors inaccessible respondents, uncooperative respondents and poor answering of the questionnaires; I managed to retrieve only 133 questionnaires, with a fair response rate of 66.5% response as illush·ated below; Table 2.Response Rate Respondents Sample Size Retrieved Percentage response rate Number(n) 200 133 66.5% Source: Field Survey, August 2018 23 4.2 Demographic Profile of Respondents This was based on the gender of respondents, age and education and the information collected was analyzed as presented below; 4.2.1 Findings on Gender of Respondents Here the researcher was interested in gathering information on the gender of respondents and information got was presented in the table below; Table 3: Show Gender Respondents Respondents Frequency Percentage Male 90 67.66 Female 43 32.33 Total 133 100 Source: Field Survey, August (2018). Results from table 3 above show that the majority of respondents are male that is 50 respondents representing 105 (73.42%) of the total respondents and 43(37.5%) of the respondents. This implies that both genders were involved in data collection. The study findings therefore denote that both genders were involved in the provision of information. 4.2.2 Findings on Age Categories of Respondents Here the researcher was interested in getting the age of respondents infonnatidTI given was presented in the table 4 below; Table 4: Show Age Categorization of Respondents Age category Frequency Percentage Between 20-30 years 87 65.54 Between 30-40 years 30 20.27 . Between 40-50years 16 10.81 Above 50 years 00 00 Total 133 100 Source: Field Survey, August (2018). 24 Results in table 4, present findings on the age of respondents, 20-30 was the majority age group with 97(65.54%) of respondents followed by 30-40 years with 20.27%, next were 40-50 years with 10.81 and none of the respondents were of 50 years and above. From the above analysis, it can be construed that the majority of the respondents are mature people and therefore they have prior knowledge as regards on how supplier collaboration influences service performance of selected private manufacturing organizations in Uganda. It is possible that the nature of respondents present a mature understanding which implies that age categorization prevail in the study. 4.2.3. Findings on Marital Status of Respondents Here the researcher was interested in getting the age of respondents information given was presented in the table 5 below; Table 5: Show age categorization of respondents A!!e category Freauencv Percentage (%) Married 24 16.21 Single 60 40.54 Separated 52 35.13 Widow 12 8.10 Total 133 100 Source: Field Survey, August (2018). From the table 5 above, 40.54% of respondents in Mukwano were single, 35.13% were separated 16.21 % were married while only 8.10% were widowed, thus implying that the company employs workers who single and thus have enough time to commit themselves towards their work in the company. 4.2.4. Findings on Educational Level of Respondents Here the researcher was interested in gathering information on the education of respondents and information got was presented in the table 6 below; Table 6: Show Respondents on Education Education Frequency Percentage Certificate 13 16.3 Degree 32 40 Diploma 20 25 Masters 15 18.7 Total 133 100 Source: Field Survey, August 2018. 25 • From the above figure it is seen that that the majority of the respondents were at Primary level 30 40% followed by secondary at 25% followed by Post-secondary representing 18.7% and finally No formal Education with 16.3%. This implies that the respondents were well educated and therefore the information obtained from them can be relied upon for the purpose of this study. 4.2.5. Findings on Working Experience of Respondents Here the researcher was interested in getting the age of respondents information given was presented in the table 7. • Table 7: Working E fR dent Age category Frequency Percentage 1 Month - 2years 88 .• 59.45 3- 5years 50 33.78 6yrs - 9 years 08 5.40 10 yrs and above 02 1.35 Total 133 100 Source: Field Survey, August (2018). The findings from the table above show that, 59.45% of workers in Century Bottling Company Limited (Coca Cola)had worked for I Month - 2years, 33. 78% had worked for 3- 5years, 5.40% had worked for 6yrs - 9 years while only! .35% had worked for over 10 yrs in the company. 4.3. Environmental Preparation at Century Bottling Company Ltd. The first Specific objective of the study was to estabJish effects cash safe guard on organization performance of Century Bottling Company Limited (Coca Cola)of Companies. The data got was presented and interpreted as shown below 8; 26 Table 8: Environmental Preparation at Century Bottling Company Ltd. atement SD D NS A SA Total F % F % F % F % F % F % :ernal Enviromnental 23 15.54 20 20.97 14 9.79 28 25.67 48 35.81 133 10 0 anagement is the practice of veloping enviromnental ,tainability as strategic sanizational imperative ·ough commitment and 1port of the imperative from ~or and mid-level manao:ers ernal Enviromnental 37 25.00 23 15.54 13 8.78 29 19.54 46 31.08 133 10 0 1 Fagement is entirely an ferging and dynamic concept. riromnental Management is 28 18.91 36 24.32'. 10 6.75 38 25.67 36 24.32 133 10( [cerned with the managei_nent envrromnent encompassmg a ymess. fpresents the o:g.~zational 31 20.94 26 17.56 03 2.02 60 40.54 28 18.91 133 100 rcture, respons1b1htres luences, processes and !conditions for the rlementation of an iromnental coroorate nolicv. ~iromnent brings together all 08 18.91 14 16.21 10 6.75 49 32.88 35 23.64 133 100 Wmate organism and forces ftioning in natrrre including 11, riromnental management 28 18.91 36 24.32 27 18.24 18 12.16 37 25 133 100 ws attention in another sense, ch offers an idea about 1strial development, a 1on' s economic progress and !al welfare and the e> -· In reference to the table above on the relationship between Internal Environmental Preparation and Environmental Conservation Century Bottling Company Ltd, , 35.81 % strongly agreed, 25.67% of the respondents agreed, 9.79% were not sure , 20.97% disagreed and 15.54%of the respondents strongly agreed that Internal Environmental Management is the practice of •developing environmental sustainability as strategic organizational imperative through commitment and support of the imperative from senior and mid-level managers. 31.08% of the respondents strongly agreed, 19.54% agreed, 8.78% of the respondents were not sure while 15.54% of the respondents disagreed and 25.00% strongly disagreed that Internal Environmental Management is entirely an emerging and dynamic concept. 24.32% of the respondents strongly agreed, 25.67% agreed, 6.75% of the respondents were not sure while 24.32% of the respondents disagreed and 18.91% strongly disagreed that Enviromnental Management is concerned with the management for environment encompassing a business. On whether Internal Environmental Preparation represents the organizational structure, responsibilities sequences, processes and preconditions for the implementation of an environmental corporate policy, 18.91 % of the respondents strongly agreed, 40.54% agreed, 2.02% of the respondents were not sure while 17.56% of the respondents disagreed and 20.94% sh·ongly disagreed. For the case weather Environment brings together all inanimate organism and forces functioning in nature including man, 23.64% of the respondents strongly agreed, 32.88% agreed, 6.75% of the respondents were not sure while 16.21 % of the respondents disagreed and 18.91 % strongly disagreed. 25% of the respondents strongly agreed, 12.16% agreed, 18.24% of the respondents were not sure while 24.32% of the respondents disagreed and 18.91% strongly disagreed that Enviromnental management draws attention in another sense, which offers an idea about industrial development, a nation's economic progress and social welfare and the fulfillment of responsibility towards society. This was followed by 47.97% of the respondents strongly agreed, 24.32% agreed, 11.48% of the respondents were not sure while 4.05% of the respondents disagreed and 12.16% strongly disagreed that Internal Environmental management is helpful in discharging organizational accountability and increasing environmental transparency. 28 Lastly, 42.56% of the respondents strongly agreed, 32.43% agreed 7.43% of the respondents were not sure while 11.48% of the respondents disagreed and 6.08% strongly disagreed that Sustainable development is possible with the help of environmental management as it helps include ecological ability of enterprise. 4.4 Green Purchasing Practices at Century Bottling Company Ltd. The second objective of the study was to determine the relationship between Green Purchasing Practices and Environmental Conservation in Century Bottling Company Ltd. The data collected was presented as showed below; Table 9: Shows responses on the relationship between Green Purchasing Practices and Environmental Conservation in Century Bottling Company Ltd. ,tatement SD D NS A SA Total I F % F % F % F % F % F % ~as been observed as a 31 20.94 26 17.56 03 2.02 60 40.54 28 18.91 133 100 E~en~ and novel managerial 1nnc1ple. I ~SCM is an environmental 31 20.94 26 17.56 28 18.91 12 8.10 51 34.45 133 100 fncept that is gaining ppularitv in the world [SCM is a fundamental 10 6.75 18 0.28 16 10.81 64 43.24 40 27.02 133 100 iart of sustainable supply I • pam management I's a strategic, transparent 19 12.83 12 8.10 20 13.51 26 17.56 71 47.97 133 100 ~tegration and achievement fan organization's social, !1vironmental, and [onomic goals in the tstemic coordination of r,Y inter-organizational riness processes for I proving the long-tenn 1onomic performance of .. rindividual company and i sunnlv chains isCM as a form of 21 14.18 10 6.75 24 16.21 58 39.18 32 21.62 133 100 !vironmental improvement Jan operational initiative rt many businesses are !opting to address Nironmental issues 29 • . .• GSCM is an integrated 36 24.32 26 17.56 10 6.75 44 29.72 32 21.62 133 100 rnpp!y chain system ~onsisting of suppliers, nanufacturers, customers md reverse logistics nana1wment. JSCM as the management 28 18.91 36 24.32 27 18.24 18 12.16 37 25 133 100 )f material, information and ;apital flows as well as ;ooperation among ;ompanies along the supply thain while taking goals '-om all three dimensions of ustainable development, liat is, economic, nvironmental and social, hto account which is erived from customer and takeholder reauirements. is an approach to improve 17 11.48 07 4.72 17 11.48 35 23.64 70 47.29 133 100 erformance of the process ind products according to he requirements of the lnvironmental re011lations Source: Field Survey, August 2018 Results in table 9, present findings on whether respondents agree that GSCM has been observed as a recent and novel managerial principle; 18.91 % of the respondents strongly agreed, 40.54% agreed, 2.02% the respondents were not sure and 17.56 % strongly disagreed, and 20.94% of the 1 respondents di~agreed. . . . J The study findmgs on whether respondents agree that GSCM 1s an environmental concept that 1s gaining popularity in the world, 40(50%) of the respondents strongly agreed in respect 25% agreed, 5% were not sure, 7.5% of the respondents strongly disagreed and 2.5% disagreed. The findings on whether collaborative relationships provide greater advantages than transactional relationships in the organization, 24.32% strongly alieed in respect, 25.67% agreed, 6.75% were not sure, 24.32% of the respondents strongly disagreed and 18.91 % disagreed. The findings on whether GSCM is a fundamental part of sustainable supply chain management, 18.91 % of the respondents strongly agreed, 40.54% agreed, 2.02% were not sure, 17.56% of the respondents strongly disagreed and 20.94% disagreed. 30 The findings on whether GSCM a strategic, transparent integration and achievement of an organization's social, environmental, and economic goals in the systemic coordination of key inter-organizational business processes for improving the long-term economic performance of the individual company and its supply chains; 23.64% of the respondents who strongly agreed, 32.88% agreed 6.75% were not sure, 16.21 % disagreed and 18.91 % strongly disagreed. 25% of the respondents strongly agreed that GSCM as a form of environmental improvement is an operational initiative that many businesses are adopting to address environmental issues, 12.16% agreed, 18.24% disagreed and 24.32% of the respondents were not sure not sure and 18.91 % of respondents. When it comes to GSCM is an integrated supply chain system consisting of suppliers, manufacturers, customers and reverse logistics management; 47.97% agreed, 24.32% disagreed and 211.48% of the respondents were not sure not sure and 12.16% of respondents. 42.56% of the respondents strongly agreed, 32.43% agreed, 7.43% were not sure, 11.48% of the respondents strongly disagreed and 6.08% disagreed that GSCM as the management of material, information and capital flows as well as cooperation among companies along the supply chain while taking goals from all three dimensions of sustainable development, that is, economic, environmental and social, into account which is derived from customer and stakeholder requirements Lastly as regards the case that GSCM is an approach to improve performance of the process and products according to the requirements of the environmental regulations 4 7.29% of respondents strongly agreed , followed by 23.64% who agreed, 11.48% were bit sure, 4.72% disagreed with the statement while the rest of respondents 11 .48% strongly disagreed thus implying that GSCM is an approach to improve performance of the process and products according to the requirements of the environmental regulations as majority agreed with it. 4.5. Eco-Design and Environmental at Century Bottling Company The third objective of the study was to investigate the relationship between Eco-design and Environmental Conservation in Century Bottling Company. The data collected was presented as showed below. 31 Table 10: Shows the responses on the relationship between Eco-design and Environmental Conservation in Century Bottling Company. Statement SD D NS A SA Total F % F % F % F % F % F % Eco-design practices fall 37 25.00 23 15.54 13 8.78 29 19.54 46 31.08 133 100 into two main categories - product-related design and packaging-related design :ost saving opportunities 28 18.91 36 24.32 10 6.75 38 25.67 36 24.32 133 100 at the beginning of the supply chain tend to be greater and that buying Jrganizations need to ,ctively seek for Jpportunities to utilize :ecycled and reused ;omnonents 'lnvironmental in1pacts of 31 20.94 26 17.56 03 2.02 60 40.54 28 18.91 133 100 l product occur at all .. ;tages of its lifecycle and hey identified lifecycle issessment as a commonly 1sed attribute of GSCM. fhe relationship between 08 18.91 14 16.21 10 6.75 49 32.88 35 23.64 133 100 ~co-design and ~nvironmental :onservation is very :trong and can't be denied ,s we see to have a ustainable and healthy :nvironment we have to ake good care of the ,uildings that are built in it .nd also to have ustainable buildings we ,ave to take into onsideration the nvironment surrounds it nd its impacts. . . t involves Efficiently 28 18.91 36 24.32 27 18.24 18 12.16 37 25 133 100 sing energy, water, and ther resources 32 Take into consideration 18 12.16 06 4.05 17 11.48 36 24.32 71 47.97 133 100 Protecting residents' health and improving people's productivity, .. Considers reducing waste, 09 6.08 17 11.48 11 7.43 48 32.43 63 42.56 133 100 pollution, and environmental degradation Eco-design practices fall 37 25.00 23 15.54 13 8.78 29 19.54 46 31.08 133 100 into two main categories - product-related design and oacka,:,inQ'-related desi011 I • • • 'cost savmg opportunities 28 18.91 36 24.32 10 6.75 38 25.67 36 24.32 133 100 at the beginning of the supply chain tend to be greater and that buying brganizations need to actively seek for bpportunities to utilize ~ecycled and reused ~omoonents Environmental impacts of 31 23.30 26 17.56 03 2.02 60 40.54 33 18.91 133 100 b product occur at all ~tages of its lifecycle and hey identified lifecycle .. llssessment as a commonly l!sed attribute of GSCM. (he relationship between 28 18.91 36 24.32 27 18.24 18 12.16 37 25 133 100 Eco-design and tnvironmental Eonservation is very 1trong and can't be denied t8 we see to have a :ustainable and healthy rvironment we have to pke good care of the tildings that are built in it nd also to have stainable buildings we ave to take into 1onsideration the ~vironment surrounds it pd its impacts. I ,I Source: Field Survey, August 2018 33 Results in present findings on the responses about relationship between Eco-design and Environmental Conservation in Centuiy Bottling Company whereby, 31.08% of the respondents who strongly agreed, 19.5 % agreed 8.78% were not sure, 15.54% disagreed and 25% strongly disagreed with the statement that Eco-design practices fall into two main categories - product related design and packaging-related design. 24.32% of the respondents who strongly agreed, 25.67% agreed, 6.75% were not sure, 24.32% disagreed and 18.91% strongly disagreed that cost saving opportunities at the beginning of the supply chain tend to be greater and that buying organizations need to actively seek for opportunities to utilize recycled and reused components. For the case whether environmental impacts of a product occur at all stages of its lifecycle and they identified lifecycle assessment as a commonly used attribute of GSCM.; 18.91 % agreed, 40.54% were not sure, 2.02% disagreed and 20.94% strongly disagreed. In addition, 23.64% of the respondents who strongly agreed, 32.88% agreed, 6.75% were not sure, 16.21 % disagreed and 18.91 % strongly disagreed that The relationship between Eco-design and Enviromnental Conservation is very strong and can't be denied as· we see to have a sustainable and healthy environment we have to take good care of the buildings that are built in it and also to have sustainable buildings we have to take into consideration the environment surrounds it and its impacts., while 25% of the respondents who strongly agreed, 12.16% agreed, 18.24% were not sure, 24.32% disagreed and 18.91 % strongly disagreed that Eco-design involves Efficiently using energy, water, and other resources. 47.97% of the respondents who strongly agreed, 24.32% agreed, 11.48% were not sure, 4.05% disagreed and 12.16% strongly disagreed that eco-design takes into consideration Protecting residents' health and improving people's productivity,, while 42.56% of the respondents who strongly agreed, 32.43% agreed, 7.43% were not sure, 11.48% disagreed and 6.08% of respondents strongly disagreed that Eco design considers reducing waste, pollution, and environmental degradation This implies that eco design greatly considers reducing waste, pollution, and environmental degradation. 34 The findings on whether Eco-design practices fall into two main categories - product-related design and packaging-related design, 24.32% strongly agreed, 25.67% agreed, 10.13% of respondents were not sure 24.32 % disagree, while 15.54% of respondents strongly disagreed. The finding whether cost saving opportunities at the beginning of the supply chain tend to be greater and that buying organizations need to activeiy seek for opportunities to utilize recycled and reused components, 18.91% strongly agreed, 40.54% agreed, 2.02% not sure 17.56% disagreed 20.94% strongly disagreed 25.67%, strongly agreed, 12.16% of respondents agreed, 17.56%, not sure, 24.32% of respondents disagreed, and 18.91 % of respondents strongly disagreed. 47.29% of respondents strongly agree, 24.32% agreed, 12.16% of respondents were not sure, 3.37% ofrespondents disagreed, 12.83% strongly disagreed that Environmental impacts • of a product occur at all stages of its lifecycle and they identified lifecycle assessment as a commonly used attribute of GSCM. Lastly, the finding whether the relationship between Eco-design and Environmental Conservation is very strong and can't be denied as we see to have a sustainable and healthy enviromnent we have to take good care of the buildings that are built in it and also to have sustainable buildings we have to take into consideration the environment surrounds it and its impacts, 18.91 % strongly agree 40.54% agree 2.02% not sure 17.56% disagree 20.94% strongly disagree 25.67%, strongly agree, 12.16% of respondents agreed, 17.56%, not sure, 24.32% of respondents disagreed, and 18.91 % of respondents strongly disagreed with the statement. 4.6. Findings on Environmental Conservation in Century Bottling Company Limited (Coca Cola) ltement SD D NS A SA Total F % F % F % F % F % F % prts and activities to 08 18.91 14 16.21 10 6.75 49 32.88 35 23.64 133 100 ptain and sustain those lbutes in natural and ln environments which 1/ssential both to human tical and mental health .. to eniovment oflife 35 a :ludes activities such as 34 17.56 26 15.54 13 8.78 29 19.54 46 31.08 133 100 naging our landscapes, )itats, species and access )Ur countrvside s not about profits but 23 15.54 36 24.32 15 10.13 38 25.67 36 24.32 133 100 ps address some of our ; challenges, such as nate change, and .. 1tributes to biodiversity I health and social lusion. Iudes Conservation of 31 20.94 26 17.56 03 2.02 60 40.54 28 18.91 133 100 dscapes, habits and :cies together with nagement of public ;ess, 'ers Support for 08 18.91 14 16.21 10 6.75 49 32.88 35 23.64 133 100 diversity ,ironmental protection is 28 18.91 36 24.32 26 17.56 18 12.16 38 25.67 133,. 100 ractice of protecting the ural enviromnent on ividual, .ps people to understand 12 8.10 19 12.83 16 11.48 32 21.62 64 43.24 133 100 . enjoy the countryside . wildlife conservation. 1tains organization 09 6.08 17 11.48 11 7.43 48 63 133 100 trolled or govermnental .. lis, for the benefit of Ii the environment and 1ans. i to the pressures of 37 25.00 23 15.54 13 8.78 29 19.54 46 31.08 133 100 rconsumption, ulation and technology, biophysical environment eing degraded, tetimes nennanentlv s has been recognized, 31 20.94 26 17.56 03 2.02 60 40.54 28 18.91 133 100 goveillments have llil placing restraints on vities that cause tromnental deITTadation. Source: Field Survey, August 2018 ..,• 36 For the case that efforts and activities to maintain and sustain those attributes in natural and urban environments which are essential both to human physical and mental health and to enjoyment of life, 23.64% Strongly Agreed, 32.88% Agree, 6.75% Not Sure 16.21 % Disagree, and 18.91 % Strongly Disagreed with the statement. The findings on whether Environmental Conservation Includes activities such as managing our landscapes, habitats, species and access to our countryside 31.08%, strongly agreed, 19.54% -~greed, 8.78% not sure 15.54%, disagreed and 17.56% strongly disagreed. The findings on whether It is not about profits but helps address some of our big challenges, such as climate change, and contributes to biodiversity and health and social inclusion. 24.32% strongly agreed, 25.67% agreed, 10.13% of respondents were not sure 24.32 % disagree, while 15.54% of respondents strongly disagreed. The finding whether there is applicability in product evaluation in Century Bottling Company Limited (Coca Cola)l8.91 strongly agree 40.54% agree 2.02% not sure 17.56% disagree 20.94% strongly disagree 25.67%, strongly agree, 12.16% of respondents agreed, 17.56%, not sure, 24.32% of respondents disagreed, and 18.91% of respondents strongly disagreed. In addition, 47.29% of respondents strongly agree, 24.32% agreed, 12.16% of respondents were not sure, 3.37% of respondents disagree, 12.83% strongly disagreed that there is a comparison between your actual revenue and your projected revenue. 46.62% of respondents strongly agreed, 29.72% agreed, 8.10% of respondents were not sure, 3. 11 .48% of respondents disagreed, 6.08% strongly disagreed that there is improved performance of your organization in this current year. The findings on whether from the previous years, the services of our employees has been appealing with increased customer satisfaction 18.91 % strongly agreed, 40.54% agreed, 2.02% were not sure, 17.56% disagreed while 20.94% strongly disagreed. The findings on whether Mukwano has increases on its productivity every year 43.24% strongly agreed, 21.62% agreed, 11.48% were not sure, 12.83% disagreed while 8.10% of respondents strongly disagreed. The findings if Century Bottling Company Limited (Coca Cola)has experienced are reduced cost of accidents incurred due to negligence of its employees show that 31.08% strongly agreed, 19.54% agreed, 8.78% were not sure, 15.54% disagreed and 25.00% of respondents strongly disagreed. 21.62% of respondents strongly agreed, 39.18% agreed, 16.21% were not sure, 6.75% disagreed while 14.18% strongly disagreed that there is Improved perfonnance of your organization in this 37 current year and thus this goes without saying, but it is still important to note, as this is one of the most important performance indicators out there. Table 12. Correlation table showing the relationship between Green Supply Chain Management Practices and Environmental Conservation among manufacturing companies in Uganda Green supply chain Pearson Correlation management practices Sig. {2-Tailed N Environmental consei:vatioll'' **. Correlation Is Si Source: Primary Data, 2018). Table 12 indicated that there is relationship between green supply chain management practices and environmental conservation among manufacturing companies in Uganda. The relationship between the variables was strong and positively related. The level of significance was computed at 0.000 which indicates that the results were not obtained by chance. The threshold for significance stands at 0.05 above which a relationship would be deemed insignificant. The Pearson Correlation coefficient was computed at 0.674 which interpreted as a fairly strong relationship. The significance level and the Pearson R coefficient lead us to interpretation of a significant fairly strong positive relationship. In the light of these finding, the main null hypothesis is hereby rejected since there is ample evidence of a relationship or association between green supply chain management practices and environmental conservation among manufacturing companies in Uganda. This means that an improvement in green supply chain management practices results in improved Pollution control, and Eco system 38 CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARY, DISCUSSION OF THE FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.0. Introduction This chapter entails the Summaries of Research Findings, conclusions that are drawn from the findings as well as recommendations aimed at improving service performance in Century Bottling Company Limited (Coca Cola). 5.1 Summary of the Research Findings 5.1.1. Findings on the relationship between Internal Environmental Preparation and Environmental Conservation in Century Bottling Company Ltd. The findings revealed that Internal Environmental Preparation is helpful in discharging organizational accountability and increasing enviromnental transparency, Sustainable development is possible with the help of environmental management as it helps include ecological ability of enterprise, Internal .Environmental Management is the practice of developing enviromnental sustainability as strategic organizational imperative through commitment and support of the imperative from senior and mid-level managers and Internal Enviromnental Management is entirely an emerging and dynamic concept which has helped boost effective Enviromnental Conservation by Centmy Bottling Company Ltd. 5.1.2. Findings on relationship between Green Purchasing Practices and Environmental Conservation in Century Bottling Company Ltd. The findings revealed that Green Purchasing Practices is an enviromnental concept that is gaining popularity in the world, Green Purchasing Practices is a fundamental part of sustainable supply chain management, and that the practices are an approach to improve perfonnance of the process and products according to the requirements of the environmental regulations. Furthermore the findings revealed that Green Purchasing Practices as the management of material, information and capital flows as well as cooperation among companies along the supply chain while talcing goals from all three dimensions of sustainable development, that is, economic, enviromnental and social, into account which is derived from customer and stakeholder requirements. 39 5.1.3. Findings on the relationship between Eco-Design and Environmental Conservation in Century Bottling Company The findings revealed that Eco-design practices take into consideration Protecting people's health and improving people's productivity, and that they also consider reducing waste, pollution, and enviromnental degradation. In addition, the findings also revealed that the relationship between Eco-design and Enviromnental Conservation is very strong and can't be denied as we see to have a sustainable and healthy enviromnent we have to take good care of the buildings that are built in it and also to have sustainable buildings we have to take into consideration the enviromnent surrounds and that eco design involves Efficiently using energy, water, and other resources. In addition the findings further revealed that the relationship between Eco-design and Enviromnental Conservation is very strong and can't be denied as we see to have a sustainable and healthy enviromnent we have to take good care of the buildings that are built in it and also to have sustainable buildings we have to take into consideration the enviromnent surrounds it and its impacts. 5.2. Discussion of the Research Findings 5.2.1. Findings on the relationship between Internal Environmental Preparation and Environmental conservation in Centnry Bottling Company Ltd. The findings revealed that Internal Enviromnental Preparation has greatly influenced Enviromnental conservation in Century Bottling Company Ltd through reduction of inbound logistics' enviromnental pollution, positive enviromnental impact of supplied material, optimized j I energy consumption and emissions in the manufacturing process, and eco-efficiency of the j product through its life cycle (Jayaraman, 2009). This is because it involves various activities that include; working with suppliers to build their capacity on green issues, carrying out supplier visits in factories to review performance metrics, continuous communication on green performance metrics, and rewarding suppliers who make improvements in adopting green strategies (Krause and Scannell, 2002). According to Azzone et al (1997), Internal Enviromnental Preparation within companies like Century Bottling Company Ltd may be considered as a set of guidelines that the firms define to respond to current internal and/or external pressures and/or to anticipate future evolution of the competitive enviromnent, of regulators and of the customer's needs. 40 Internal Environmental Preparation practices are especially amenable to the benefits derived from learning because of their people-intensive nature and their dependence upon tacit skill development via employee involvement and coordination of team effort and shared expertise. Using socially complex and intangible knowledge-based processes, it taps the organization's embedded expertise and permits the creation of congruence across the organization's range of strategic, shuctural and cognitive systems, arguably at lower cost (Klassen, R. 2007). Thus Coca Cola Company has quality management experiences that far exceed their environmental management experience may help to provide learning that helps promote successful environmental management practice and associated Internal Environmental Preparation practices. 5.2.2. Findings on relationship between Green Purchasing Practices and Environmental conservation in Century Bottling Company Ltd. The findings revealed that Green Purchasing Practices are a strategic, transparent integration and achievement of an organization's social, environmental, and economic goals in the systemic coordination of key inter-organizational business processes for improving the long-term economic performance of the individual company and its supply chains and have ensured that purchased products or materials meet environmental objectives of Century Bottling Company Ltd such as waste reduction, hazardous matedals elimination, recycling, remanufacturing and matedal reuse, buying or reusing matedals in order to reduce cost and pollution in the environment in Namanve region and the rest of Uganda (Min, H.; Galle, W. P. 2014). Thus the company has also gone beyond in procudng for products that can perfonn highly and use less energy, for example, it has replaced human labor witli machines which are more efficient and use less energy to operate (Bowen et al., 2011). Bio based products, packaging matedals which are biodegradable instead of using polythene matedals. Non-ozone depleting substance and priodty chemicals, organizations should adopt chemicals and production practices which are environmentally friendly in order to protect the ozone. Alternative Fuels this includes use of other forms of fuels such as bio-diesel, bio-gas, and ethanol (Carter and Carter, 1998; Hervani et al., 2015) Furthermore, the company has engaged itself in identifying, selecting and purchasing products with significantly less adverse environmental impacts than competing products and has effective Green Purchasing Practices which involves considedng the costs and environmental charactedstics and performance of a product in all stages of its life-cycle. 41 It should target and give greatest preference to those suppliers that are environmental leaders from a cumulative and full life-cycle perspective (Zhu et al. 2013). It does not simply lead to environmental benefits, but also helps purchasers reduce full life-cycle costs and thus save money. It considers that green purchasing behavior is the consumption of products that are benevolent and beneficial to the environmental, recyclable, and conservable, or sensitive and responsive to ecological concerns. Besides the traditional buyer-supplier relationship, buyers and suppliers can cooperate in developing new materials and products to meet buyer needs, including environmental and green products (Brockhaus et al. 2013). 5.2.3. Findings on the relationship between Eco-design and Environmental Conservation in Century Bottling Company According to the findings, Eco-design has focused primarily on technical improvements to products and processes to mitigate environmental costs at Century Bottling Company and the success of eco-design requires internal cross functional cooperation among intra-organizational units within a company as well as cooperation with outside partners throughout the supply chain (Gonzalez-Benito J, Gonzalez-Benito 0. 2013). According to Klassen and McLaughlin (1993), environmental excellence starts during the initial product and process design. According to Pun (2006), environmental issues have become critical concerns of operations management arena forcing manufacturers to comply with regulations, to search for potential legal findings of financial liability for environmental damage and increasing customer scrutiny of environmental effects related to product manufacture, which have made the enviromnental factor a key strategic variable with implications for the design of products, the Eco-design of processes and operating procedures. The Eco-Design for Environment concept and its implementation offer manufacturing companies like Century Bottling Company the opportunity to achieve world-class economic pe1formance by producing world class products, which increasingly means products that are environmentally acceptable throughout their lifecycles (Pfaltl 1994). For example, the beverage drinks manufacturers practice green cheinistry technique which according to lies (2006) is defined as the design of chemicals, processes and reactions to reduce environmental and health hazards at source and to enhance sustainability, particularly through molecular design of chemicals. Some of the ways in which green chemistry can propel change include for raw materials, the use of biomass feed stocks instead of petrocheinical and certain biological processes like fermentation and through products - reformulate chemicals or redesign consumer 42 products or introduce new ones so that toxic, chemicals are incorporated into products. co-design or design for the environment: Includes activities that aim to minimize environmental impacts of products during their entire life cycle (Beamon, 1999; Hervani et al., 2005;Sarkis, 1998; Walton et al., 1998; Zhu et al., 2007). 5.3 Conclusion In conclusion therefore the incorporation of the principles of GSCM in a chain of production requires the integration of economic, social and environmental issues that should permeate all internal processes, external relationships and encompass the entire supply chain. Duber-Smith (2005) argue that the motivations that prompt organizations to adopt the GSCM are alluding to target marketing, sustainability of resources, redu9e costs, increase efficiency, differentiate products, increase competitive advantage, supply chain pressures, adaptation- regulation and risk reduction, brand reputation, return on investment, employee's morale and ethical imperative. Christmann and Taylor (2001) point out that the export and sale to foreign customers are two key elements that contribute to improving the environmental performance of companies. Pressures consumers may also contribute. Therefore, it is understood that there is always space for continuously improving organizational practices and realization of supply chain management. A company seeking to head toward excellence is open innovations, new trends and opportunities for evaluating their practices and proposes new tools, models and systems that make it better. And agro-industry Alpha has an important role to mitigate social and environmental impacts and for creating and monitoring indicators related to the triple bottom line. One can even adopt implementation strategies, monitoring and review, via qualified outsourced teams and perform the audit processes. The main contributions of this study are directly related to the availability of infonnation regarding the enviromnental practices by Century bottling company and especially the actions developed based on the results of research to improve the enviromnental management of the Coca cola company. Therefore the implementation of environmental conservation strategies is a necessity for businesses. It is, in the production process and the implementation of activities in providing services that generates waste and air emissions, and that these sites are the biggest opportunities for improvement. 43 The exemption of proactive enviromnental strategies not guarantee for the company to create competitive advantages that can be sustained over the long term. Further the study concludes that eco-design and packaging the Coca cola company has implemented the use of biodegradable materials, reduction of packaging impact, reduction of product impact in the consumer use and the reduction of product impact within the supply chain and that implementation of the waste reduction, reuse and recycling approaches, use of alternative fuels e.g. cleaner fuels, Reduction of hydro fluorocarbons(HFC) and per fluorocarbons (PFC) and the implementation of waste to energy process. The major drivers of GSCM; reverse logistics, green prdi:\urement, waste management, eco-design and internal enviromnental management affect supply chain performance. 5.4 Recommendations From the surmnary of findings and conclusions the studies make the following recommendations; i). Government regulation being the most influential driver of Green supply chain management. The government should therefore provide legislation bypassing laws and regulations on standards of practice. It also should enforce the regulations to ensure compliance. Further the agencies delegated with this task also should promote use of Enviromnental Management Systems. ii). Further the government should offer incentives to encourage adoption of green supply chain management, this may be through financial incentives, education, pilot projects and tax break. The market and competitors influence the green initiative; therefore customer should define the market of the products since tht!' customer demand for a green product is a key driver in green supply chain management. 5.5. Areas of Further Research i). Research should be carried out on the role of green supply management practices and supply chain performance in the mobile phones firms in Uganda. ii). The study also suggests that further study be done on the same on organization performance within other companies other than the Coca Cola sectors in order to depict a reliable result that illustrates real situation in the organization. 44 REFERENCES Alvarez Gil, M. J., Jimenez, J. B., & Lorente, J.C. (2001). An analysis of Enviromnental Management, organizational context and performance of Spanish hotels.Omega Journal, 29(6) Bjorklund.M. et al. (2012). Performance Measurement in the Greening of supply Chains. International Journal ofsupply chain Management, 17(1), 29-39. 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The case of 3PLS in Italy.International Journal of Physical, Distribution and Logistics Management, 42(7) 640-672. Serkis, J. (2003), A strategic decision making framework for green supply chain management Journal ofcleaner production, 11 (4), 397-409. 47 APPENDICES APPENDIX I: QUESTIONNAIRES Dear respondent; I am NASSANGA JOWERIA a student of Kampala International University carrying out a research on "gree11 supply chai11 111a11age111ent practices a11d environ111ental conservation a111ong 111anufacturi11g compa11ies in Uganda, a case study of ce11tu,y bottling compa11y limited (coca cola)". You are kindly requested to spare a few minutes and fill this questionnaire. This research is purely academic and any information provided will be treated with at most confidentiality. Thank you for your cooperation .. SECTION A: BACKGROUND OF RESPONDENTS Pleas tick where applicable. 1. Sex? i). Male D ii)Female D 2. Age i). 20-25 D ii). 26-35 D iii).36-45 D iv). 46-55 D , 3. Qualification a) Certificate □ b)Degree D c)Diploma □ d)Masters □ Any other (specify) ...... --.... ------• •• • • 5. Working experience a) 1 Month - 2years □ b) 3- 5years □ c) 6yrs- 9 years □ d) 10 and above □ 48 SECTION B: GREEN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (GSCMP) SA A UC .. D SD Strongly agree Agree Uncertain Disagree Strongly disagree 1. Green Purchasing Practices SD D N A SA No. Response 1 2 3 4 5 A Has been observed as a recent and novel managerial orinciole. B GSCM is an environmental concept that is gaining popularity in the world C GSCM is a fundamental part of sustainable suooly chain management D It's a strategic, transparent integration and achievement of an organization's social, environmental, and economic goals in the systemic coordination of key inter- organizational business processes foF improving the long-term economic perfonnance of the individual comoanv and its sunnlv chains E GSCM as a form of environmental improvement is an operational initiative that many businesses are adooting to address environmental issues F GSCM is an integrated supply chain system consisting of suppliers, manufacturers, customers and reverse loPistics management. G GSCM as the management of material, information and capital flows as well as cooperation among companies along the supply chain while taking goals from all three dimensions of sustainable development, that is, economic, environmental and social, into account which is derived from customer and stakeholder requirements. H It is an approach to improve performance of the process and products according to the requirements of the environmental regulations 2. Internal environmental preparation SD D N A SA No. Response 1 2 3 4 5 A Internal Environmental Management is the practice of developing environmental sustainability as strategic organizational imperative through commitment and support of the imperative from senior and mid-level managers B Internal Environmental Management is entirely an emerging and dynamic concept. C Environmental Management is concerned with the management for environment encompassing a business. D It represents the organizational structure, responsibilities sequences, processes and preconditions for the implementation of an environmental corporate policy. E Environment brings together all inanimate organism and forces functioning in nature including man. F Environmental management draws attention in another sense, which offers an idea about industrial development, a nation's economic progress and social welfare and the fulfillment of responsibility towards society G Internal Environmental management is helpful in discharging organizational accountability and increasing environmental transparency. H Sustainable development is possible with the help of environmental management as it helps include ecological ability of enterprise 50 3. Eco-design Practices SD D N A SA No. Response 1 2 3 4 5 Eco-design practices fall into two main categories - product-related design arta packaging-related design cost saving opportunities at the beginning of the supply chain tend to be greater and that buying organizations need to actively seek for opportunities to utilize recycled and reused components environmental impacts of a product occur at all stages of its lifecycle and they identified lifecycle assessment as a commonly used attribute of GSCM. The relationship between Eco-design and Environmental Conservation is very strong and can't be denied as we see to have a sustainable ! ! I and healthy enviromnent we have to· take good care of the buildings that are built in it and also to have sustainable buildings we have to take into consideration the environment surrounds it and its impacts. ! ! It involves Efficiently using energy, water, and other resources Take into consideration Protecting residents' health and improving people's productivity, Considers reducing waste, pollution, and environmental degradation .. 51 . SECTION C: ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION SD D N A SA No. Response 1 2 3 4 5 A efforts and activities to maintain and sustain those attributes in natural and urban environments which are essential both to human physical and mental health and to enjovment oflife B Includes activities such as managing our landscapes, habitats, species and access to our countrvside C It is not about profits but helps address some of our big challenges, such as climate change, and contributes to biodiversity and health and social inclusion. D Includes Conservation oflandscapes, habits and species together with management of public access, E Offers Sunnort for biodiversity, F Enviromnental protection is a practice of protecting the natural enviromnent on individual, G Helps people to understand and enjoy the countryside and wildlife conservation. H Contains organization controlled or governmental I levels, for the benefit of both the environment and humans. I Due to the pressures of overconsumption, population and technology, the biophysical environment is being de!!faded, sometimes nermanently J This has been recognized, and governments have begun placing restraints on activities that cause enviromnental deITTadation. K Scientific dishonesty occurs, so protection measures are occasionally debated. L Environmental conservation comes in many forms and reminds us to be mindful of daily choices. M Offers support for countryside and wildlife conservation. N both enviromnental and Economic Performances are the basis for organizational performance 0 the design of enviromnental performance measurements in supply chain management and identifies shortcomin2:s in existing research THANKS FOR YOUR COOPERATION! .. 52 APPENDIX II: RESEARCH BUDGET No. Item Qty Unit Cost Total Cost I Study analysis 5 20000 100,000 2 Typing and printing 80 500 80,000 3 Binding 4 15,000 60,000 .. 4 Data Collection - 5000 100,000 5 Meals I 50,000 6 Miscellaneous 80,0000 Grand Hotels 470,000 53 APPENDIX III: RESEARCH TIME FRAME A Gantt chart is a graphical representation of all the project activities and their respective time durations taken to be executed. Below is the Gantt chart showing the activities undertaken during the research on the study topic in question. Activity June I June I Aug Sept Preparation Identifying the topic Proposal writing Statement of the problem Literature reviewing Research methodology Preparation of data collection instruments Submitting in the research roposal Data collection and analysis Presentation of the research findings Bindings and submission for examination --END- 54 KAMPALA Ggaba Road, Kansanga*P.O BOX 20000 Kampala, Uganda 1.1 u Tel: +256 777 295 599, Fax: +256 (0) 41 501 974 INTERNATIONAL 4 Email: [email protected] i,,,,. ,,,,,,:Ji/!,:.O UNIVERSITY *Website: http://www.ki u.ac.ug COLLEGE OF ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN RESOURCE AND SUPPLIES MANAGEMENT August 9th 2018 To Whom It May Concern Dear Sir/Madam, RE: INTRODUCTORY LETTER FOR NASSANGA JOWERIA 1153-05084-01333 This is to introduce to you the above names student, who is a bonafide student of Kampala International University pursuing a Bachelor's Degree in Supplies and Procurement Management, Third year second semester. The purpose of this letter is to request you to avail her with all the necessary assistance regarding her research . Topic:- GREEN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION AMONG MANUFACTURING COMPANIES IN UGANDA. Case Study:- CENTURY BOTTLING COMPANY LIMITED (COCA COLA). Any information shared with her from your organization shall be treated with utmost confidentiality. ldffl ~~1'Yil~~ I Jinja Road, Namanve, Mukono District, Central Region Tel: +256 {31) 228 6127 Website: http://www.cocacolasabco.com Date: 20/08/2018 TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN Dear Sir/Madam, RE: RECOMMENDATION FOR NASSANGA JOWERIA I hereby wish to recommend the above named student by the names of NASSANGA JOWERIAwho has been with us for the past one week, with an aim of acquiring data for her research accomplishment. Her area of study was "Green supply chain management practices and environmental conservation among manufacturing companies in Uganda,a case study of century bottling company limited (coca cola)". She has always been engaged and dedicated to her research and therefore any assistance rendered to her will highly be appreciated.