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Memory and Martyrdom in the Black Panther Party. (Under the Direction of Dr ABSTRACT DONG, CHERYL XUE. “Why Don’t You Die For the People?” Memory and Martyrdom in the Black Panther Party. (Under the direction of Dr. Blair L.M. Kelley). My dissertation explores the concept of martyrdom in the Black Panther Party. It challenges established narratives of violence and the Black Panther Party by showing how the Panthers used confrontations with law enforcement as a creative force to shed light on the struggles of poor black communities. By publicly performing suffering and death nationally, the Panthers politicized not just police brutality, but a number of institutional inequalities within the criminal justice system and elsewhere. The dissertation is divided into three case studies: the assassination of Fred Hampton in Chicago, the trial of Ericka Huggins in New Haven, and the campaign against urban renewal in Winston-Salem. Together, they run the spectrum from nationally publicized trials to more localized struggles for community services. Finally, I consider issues of contested memory and memorialization of the Panthers. The various case studies draw a direct throughline between the struggles of the Panthers in the 1960s and 1970s to social movements like Black Lives Matter, enabling a longer historical view of black radicalism and protest. © Copyright 2020 Cheryl Dong All Rights Reserved “Why Don’t You Die For the People?” Memory and Martyrdom in the Black Panther Party by Cheryl Xue Dong A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of North Carolina State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Public History Raleigh, North Carolina 2020 APPROVED BY: _______________________________ _______________________________ Blair L.M. Kelley Katherine Mellen Charron Committee Chair _______________________________ _______________________________ Alicia E. McGill Cecilia Mouat Croxatto ii DEDICATION First and foremost, I want to dedicate this document to my husband, Christopher Langford, who has supported me unconditionally all of these years chasing this dream that I could be a professional historian. This is for my son, Alexander Woden Langford, who has grown up in the shadow of this project and brought much joy with his eternal optimism and passion for Star Wars. To my sister, Caterina Dong, who has shown me the meaning of true courage, passion, and grit. You all have contributed so much to my emotional and personal wellbeing on this journey. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I want to acknowledge my fearless advisor, Blair L.M. Kelley who helped me find my voice and has supported my passion no matter where it led. This is also for Katherine Mellen Charron, whose love, criticism, time, and dedication help ed make me the scholar I am today. Finally, I want to dedicate this to Alicia E. McGill, who provided crucial support and advice as a mentor and friend. You are all fearless women in the academy who have shown me so much about life professionally and personally. I can never repay what you have given me so I take Dr. Charron’s advice to heart and I will pay forward this immense debt I have to you all. iv BIOGRAPHY Cheryl Dong is a Ph.D. candidate in Public History who is writing her dissertation entitled, “Why Don’t You Die For the People? Memory and Martyrdom in the Black Panther Party.” Her work examines how the Black Panthers used their bodies to perform the consequences of police brutality on minority communities. The Black Panther Party radicalized the notion of who could or could not be considered a victim and brought the problem of police brutality to national attention. The Black Panthers’ activism has continued to shape how modern movements like Black Lives Matter have continued to deal with issues of social justice. Cheryl Dong has also collaborated with various public history organizations in the Triangle on physical and online exhibits. Her collaborations include work with the Khayrallah Center for Lebanese Diaspora Studies, the Museum of Durham History, and the Digital Innovation Lab at UNC Chapel Hill. She will be an Assistant Professor in Public History at the University of Northern Iowa in the Fall of 2020. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ....................................................................................................................................1 Historiography ...........................................................................................................................13 Sources ......................................................................................................................................24 Summary of Chapters ................................................................................................................26 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................31 Chapter 1: Black Power: Defining a Movement ......................................................................35 Mississippi Goddamn! Southern Origins of Black Power.........................................................40 Black Power and Black Nationalism as Separate Movements? ................................................45 The Wretched of the Earth: The Black Panthers and Third World Internationalism ...............51 Soul on Ice: Black Power and Gender ......................................................................................57 Soledad Blues: Criminality and Black Power ..........................................................................65 Chapter 2: “You Can Kill the Revolutionary But You Can’t Kill the Revolution”: The Contested Death and Legacy of Fred Hampton, Chairman of the Illinois Black Panther Party ..............................................................................................................................................76 Will the Real Fred Hampton Please Stand Up? Understanding Fred Hampton through the Lens of 1960s Chicago ..............................................................................................................84 Up Against the Wall: Police Repression and the Assassination of Fred Hampton ..................95 Offin’ the Pig: The Panthers’ Counter-Case and the Media Blitz ..........................................105 Stonewalling: The Long Legal Fight for Justice ....................................................................115 Seeds in the Wind: The Rainbow Coalition and Chicago Politics After the Death of Fred Hampton ..........................................................................................................................129 Trouble the Waters: The Contested Memory of Fred Hampton ............................................144 Chapter 3: The Many Faces of Ericka Huggins: Gender and Martyrdom in the Black Panther Party .............................................................................................................................152 Motherhood and Widowhood: Understanding the Early Life of Ericka Huggins .................157 The Black Jezebel: Fear and the Portrayal of Ericka Huggins in the News Media ...............168 Under the Limelight: The New Haven Trial and the “Gendered Blindness” of the Law ......176 Ericka Huggins and the Hidden Movement for Black Women’s Prison Rights .....................193 Repercussions: How the Martyrdom of Ericka Huggins Reverberates Today ......................209 Chapter 4: Land, Bread, and Housing: The Memory of Black Panther Martyrdom in the New South .............................................................................................................................223 The Black Panthers in the Sunbelt South: Housing and Poverty ...........................................235 vi Through the Fire: The Importance of the Police in Shaping the Winston-Salem Black Panther Party ...........................................................................................................................250 Back from the Brink: Finding a Path Toward Integrating Community and Martyrdom ......260 Success and Unsustainability: Moving Toward a Mainstream Legacy .................................269 Toward a “New” Sunbelt South: Changing Landscapes and Re-Forged Memories in Winston-Salem ........................................................................................................................280 Conclusion: The Weight of Mount Tai ...................................................................................292 REFERENCES ...........................................................................................................................304 1 Introduction: Contextualizing “Revolutionary Suicide” At the very end of Mike Gray’s 1971 documentary, The Murder of Fred Hampton, the screen fades to black, and we hear muffled audio of Fred Hampton speaking while the following words flash in white across the screen in cadence with Hampton’s speech: IF YOU EVER THINK ABOUT ME AND IF YOU THINK ABOUT ME NIGGERS AND IF YOU AIN’T GONNA DO NO REVOLUTIONARY ACT FORGET ABOUT ME. I DON’T WANT MYSELF ON YOUR MIND IF YOU’RE NOT GOING TO WORK FOR THE PEOPLE LIKE WE ALWAYS SAID IF YOU’RE ASKED TO MAKE A COMMITMENT AT THE AGE OF TWENTY AND YOU SAY I DON’T WANT TO MAKE A COMMITMENT ONLY BECAUSE OF THE SIMPLE REASON THAT I’M TOO YOUNG TO DIE I WANT TO LIVE I WANT TO LIVE A LITTLE BIT LONGER. WHAT YOU DID IS, YOU’RE DEAD ALREADY. YOU HAVE TO UNDERSTAND THAT PEOPLE HAVE TO PAY THE PRICE FOR PEACE. IF YOU DARE TO STRUGGLE, YOU DARE TO WIN. 2 IF YOU DARE NOT STRUGGLE THEN GOD DAMN-IT
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