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Building an Ottoman Landscape: the Complexes of Sinân Pasha on the Imperial Roads of Syria

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Building an Ottoman Landscape: the Complexes of Sinân Pasha on the Imperial Roads of Syria Marianne BOQVIST 363 BUILDING AN OTTOMAN LANDSCAPE: THE COMPLEXES OF SINÂN PASHA ON THE IMPERIAL ROADS OF SYRIA INTRODUCTION S inân Pasha (1520-1596)1 was a great architectural patron who founded numerous buildings all over the Ottoman Empire.2 None of these foundations involved the construction and maintenance of as many reli- gious and utilitarian buildings as his endowment in the province of Damascus; this foundation was ordered during his first appointment as grand vizier (1580-1582),3 and mostly completed during his governorship of that province (1586-1588).4 The waqf included buildings in the city of Damascus and in the (then) village of Acre, but more importantly, the often disregarded three roadside complexes on the imperial roads between Marianne BOQVIST, researcher, deputy director, Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul, P.K. 125, TR-34433 Beyoglu, Istanbul. [email protected] 1 This paper is part of an ongoing research project, funded by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA) and running until the summer of 2012. The conclusions drawn at this stage are thus still preliminary and hypothetical. I would like to thank the Syrian Ministry of Tourism and Culture, the Syrian Department of Antiquities and Museums as well as the Turkish Ministry of Culture. Without their authorisations I would not have been able to get access to any of the material presented in this paper. I would also like to thank Vanessa Van Renterghem, Stephen McPhillips and the editors of this special feature for their comments and corrections to different versions of this paper, as well as St. McPhillips and Paul Wordsworth for their invaluable help with developing the map (fig. 1). 2 ÖZ, 1946; BAYRAM, 1999. 3 HEYD, 1960, p. 110-113. 4 MEHMED SÜREYYA, 1996, vol. 5, p. 1512; PASCUAL, 1983, p. 32-34. Turcica, 43, 2011, p. 363-387. doi: 10.2143/TURC.43.0.2174075 © 2011 Turcica. Tous droits réservés. 95310_Turcica43_17_Boqvist.indd 363 3/10/12 11:01 364 MARIANNE BOQVIST Fig. 1. Map of the geographical situation of Sinân Pasha’s complexes on the imperial roads of Syria (design: Marianne Boqvist) Istanbul and Cairo: the so-called imperial imarets (‘imâra ‘âmira) in Qu†ayfa, Sa‘sa‘, and ‘Uyûn al-Tujjâr.5 These three imperial imarets are of particular interest, not only because they were part of such a big and important endowment, but also because, as far as we know, the Ottomans built remarkably few imarets in the Arab provinces and all of them were concentrated in Syria: five in Damascus and its neighbourhood and ten on the roads leading to other cities and regions.6 5 VGM 629-523 and VGM 583-188, fol. 1a-1b. Different aspects of this endowment and some of the buildings within it have previously been studied; cf. MEINECKE, 1978, p. 584-585; PASCUAL, 1983; ARNÂ’Û™, 1993; WEBER, 1997-1998, p. 436, p. 439, p. 442, p. 445, ill. 11; KAFESCIOGLU, 1999, p. 74-76; MEIER, 2007. 6 In Damascus: the two sultanic foundations of the Takiyya Salîmiyya and the Takiyya Sulaymâniyya, the AÌmadiyya by ≤emsi AÌmad Pasha, the Mawlawiyya and the one in Masjid al-Qadam by Küçük AÌmad Pasha; on the roads outside the city: the three complexes that are the focus of this paper as well as those of Lala MuÒ†afâ Pasha in Qunay†ira and Fâ†ima Khâ†ûn in Jenin, that of Hasseki Hürrem in Jerusalem, those in Îisya and al-Nabak by ∑âliÌ 95310_Turcica43_17_Boqvist.indd 364 3/10/12 11:01 BUILDING AN OTTOMAN LANDSCAPE 365 No building complex of this kind, generally referred to as a takiyya, was founded in Egypt or elsewhere in North Africa.7 Dependent on the context, an Ottoman imaret could be associated with a multifunctional building complex, or with the food distribution facility included as part of some of these complexes.8 Three days of free hospi- tality for pilgrims and travellers had been the standard practice in similar institutions in the time of the Seljuqs. These Ottoman imarets that offered food and shelter free of charge for up to three months were thus a way to emphasise the generosity of the new rulers.9 In addition, the presence of a public kitchen seems to have been particularly important for an imperial designation and in theory only the complexes promoted by members of the Ottoman royal family were allowed to distribute food free of charge.10 The complexes discussed below were founded in collaboration with the sultan, but the imperial label vanished with time and only the name of Sinân Pasha remained in use. The food distribution, however, was maintained, at least until the 18th century.11 The aim of this paper is to present some preliminary thoughts on the multifaced intentions that lay behind the foundation of Sinân Pasha’s endowment in Bilâd al-Shâm. In addition to determining how these com- plexes related to Ottoman and local architectural traditions, it considers why they were founded at this time and on this particular road. It also discusses how the foundations related to the financial and political inte- rests of Sinân Pasha and/or the Ottoman state, and to the importance of the state-controlled pilgrimage and trade. Due to the lack of detailed information on the buildings’ spatial organ- isation and shape in Sinân Pasha’s endowment deed, the architectural analysis is based on a study of written source materials, in conjunction with an analysis of the complexes spatial and material aspects. These in turn are compared to similar complexes built in the same province by Pasha as well as two others in the region; cf. MEIER, 2007, p. 148. Other similar complexes in the province were those in Payas by Sokollu Mehmed Pasha, Beilan by Sulaymân the Magnificent and Zanbaqiyya by Sinân Pasha. 7 ERGIN, NEUMANN, SINGER eds., 2007, p. 46; MEIER, 2007, p. 141. 8 Food distribution was in general the facility that received the most attention; cf. ERGIN, NEUMANN, SINGER eds., 2007, p. 13. 9 NEUMANN, 2007, p. 284. 10 Ibid., p. 283. 11 E.g., for Qu†ayfa, cf. THÉVENOT, 1727, p. 85-87, and GREENE, 1736, p. 31. 95310_Turcica43_17_Boqvist.indd 365 3/10/12 11:01 366 MARIANNE BOQVIST another patron or in other provinces by Sinân Pasha himself. This cross- disciplinary approach provides a broader (and thus hopefully more solid) information basis from which conclusions can be drawn. More evidence on the circumstances of the foundation and its subse- quent historical development can certainly still be found; yet thus far, the imperial orders (Mühimme Defterleri) are the only published source pro- viding us with information on the sultan’s involvement in Sinân Pasha’s foundation.12 The two most important Syrian buildings considered here for com- parative purposes are Murâd Çelebi’s complex in Ma‘arrat al-Nu‘mân, at the north of Hama, and Lala MuÒ†afâ Pasha’s one in Qunay†ira, located on the road between the Sa‘sa‘ and the ‘Uyûn al-Tujjâr complexes (fig. 1). Valuable comparisons are also to be made with other complexes on the same, roughly contemporary roads.13 Sinân Pasha’s endowments in Uzuncaova (Bulgaria), Kaçanik (Kosovo), and Malkara (Turkish Thrace) are also important to consider because, although only few of their build- ings are still standing, the endowment deeds are available.14 THE THREE IMARETS IN QU™AYFA, SA‘SA‘ AND ‘UYÛN AL-TUJJÂR The village of Qu†ayfa, 30 km north of Damascus, was an important junction on the roads towards the north (Aleppo-Istanbul) and the east (Palmyra-Baghdad). The importance of this village as a stop on these roads was emphasised by the foundation of a khân for travellers by Nûr al-Dîn ibn Zangî in the 12th century.15 Sinân Pasha did not include this khân in his complex but chose for its construction a site close by. This complex has survived in a reasonable state of preservation and is described in several travel accounts as well as by J. Sauvaget in 1937.16 Parts of 12 HEYD, 1960, p. 110-113. There is potentially still considerable relevant documenta- tion in the Ba≥bakanlık Ar≥ivi and in the Topkapı archives in Istanbul as well as in the Vakıflar Genel Müdürlügü archives in Ankara. This is why the conclusions drawn in this paper must be considered preliminary. 13 Cf. SAUVAGET, 1937, and MEIER, 2007, p. 148. 14 KALEsI, 1972; SCHWARTZ, KURIO ed., 1983; HAASE, 1991. 15 The village was also included in his endowment. For more information, cf. SAUVAGET, 1939, p. 49; ZAKARIYYÂ, 1955, vol. 1, p. 198-199. 16 For instance, THÉVENOT, 1727, p. 85-87, gives a detailed description of the complex, khân, mosque, café and bathhouse. Other descriptions have been provided by GREENE, 95310_Turcica43_17_Boqvist.indd 366 3/10/12 11:01 BUILDING AN OTTOMAN LANDSCAPE 367 it are still in use and have most likely been restored in recent years, especially the mosque used by the people in Qu†ayfa, and the caravanse- rai used as military barracks.17 A fortified wall enclosed the complex, whose main entrance opened on a vaulted market (arasta) comprising ten shops, a bakery and a coffee shop, all of them vaulted. The arasta opened to the immediate right towards the bathhouse, composed of a summer and a winter dressing room, a hot room and smaller domed chambers. This market also served as an access to the open court whence one entered the enclosed courtyard of the single-domed Friday mosque on the left and a caravanserai on the right. The latter was rectangular in shape with domed rooms on two floors and a rectangular fountain in the centre of the courtyard.
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