OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 53 NO. 1 WINTER 2003 PUBLISHED BY THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO The Archaeological Society of Ohio PUBLICATIONS Term Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist: Expires A.S.O. OFFICERS Ohio Flint Types, by Robert N. Converse $40.00 add $4.50 P-H 2004 President Dr. Brian G. Foltz, 6566 Charles Rd., Westerville, OH Ohio Stone Tools, by Robert N. Converse $ 8.00 add $1.50 P-H Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N. Converse $15.00 add $1.50 P-H 43082(614)882-3878. The Glacial Kame Indians, by Robert N. Converse.$25.00 add $2.50 P-H 2004 Vice President John Mocic, Box 170-RD #1, Dilles Bottom, BACK ISSUES OF OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST OH 43947, (740)676-1077. 1956 thru 1967 out of print 2004 Immediate Past President Walt Sperry, 1006 1/2 S. Main St., Mt. 1968 - 1999 $ 2.50 Vernon, OH 43050, (740) 392-9774. 1951 thru 1955 REPRINTS - sets only $100.00 2004 Executive Secretary Frank Otto, 2200 E. 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BUSINESS MANAGER Don Casto, 138 Ann Court, Lancaster, OH 43130 Business Phone 1-800-736-7815 Home Phone 740-653-9477 ASO WEBSITE - www.ohioarch.org TABLE OF CONTENTS PRESIDENT'S PAGE President's Page 3 Front Cover Information 3 Do you remember the last time you saw some dirt? Man, where Deep-Base Paleo Points: a Provisional Subtype did we get all of this snow? The unbelievable fact is that we even by Elaine Hoizapfel 4 had a field found contest at all in March. Those who got out and Rare Hopewell Figurines From Sites in Ohio, Indiana looked either need an award or more gas for their snow blower. and Illinois by D. Ft. Gehlbach 6 They have got it good and we need more of them. And that is The Thackery Pipe by Robert N. Converse 10 where I will start. I want more members. It will take some effort but A Unique Spike Axe by Jeff Dearth 11 Household Artifacts from The Feurt Site, we are working toward that goal at the ASO. Scioto County, Ohio by D. R. Gehlbach 12 The first line of recruitment is us. We all have friends, relatives Newly Discovered and Undocumented Scioto River and acquaintances who are genuinely interested in looking at Valley Indian Mounds these "rocks" that we so prize. This should be a time for you to by Hal Povenmire 16 show off. Show them your copy of the OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST, A Case of Mistaken Identity let them know they can have one of their own. Help them get by Thomas R. Pigott 17 started, it is fun to turn someone on to this great magazine and Scenes From January Meeting organization. I sent a membership application to my uncle Frankie, by Frank Otto 20 A Trade Silver Pendant From an 18th Century he was delighted. Even though he had collected and hunted for Shawnee Village Site by John C. Rummel 21 over 50 years he wasn't aware of our organization. It is really hard Artifacts From The Mount Vernon Mound to find someone who isn't fascinated by this "stuff". What better by Robert N. Converse 22 way to get a child away from the TV or computer than to take them Pickawillany: The Turning Point in Iroquois out in the field. And don't be jealous if they find more than you do. Hegemony in Ohio What if we could connect all of the newspapers and publications by Craig S. Keener 24 in this state? We could release information at the push of a key. Two Fluted Point Bases There are a lot of chapters that access their local papers. It by Robert N. Williams 29 wouldn't be a big jump to bring these sources together and coordi­ The Banded Eye Birdstone by Kenneth E. Simper 30 nate them. When someone new sees what resources are available Necrology 30 to them through the stae organization, the real winners will be the A Uniface Tool local chapters. We have computer people in our organization and by Art Heaton 31 what they are doing with the internet and archaeology is awesome. A Madison County Dovetail They make it look easy. by Bob White 31 We have adopted a new policy at our state meetings. We will not A Fractured Base Tool by Bob White 32 allow the displaying of "certificates of authenticity". If you have a A Granite Bannerstone Preform by Bob White 32 question of authenticity, ask someone you trust. If someone is Some Long Forgotten Knox County Prehistoric Sites selling a piece and they won't let you take it to someone for an by Michael A. Fath 33 opinion, beware. There is no guarantee, none. An Exotic Stone Celt by John Rodgers 34 Several short takes. I like to hear great speakers, and let me Intrusive Mound Points From The Edith Site know if you do also, and we are seriously considering having a one by Don Casto 34 day symposium with 5 or 6 speakers that are leading-edge educa­ Call For Summer Meetings 34 tors, and having a banquet with a keynote speaker. Also Robert Notched Ovate Bannerstones Converse has a new book being published as you read this. by David Root 35 Details as I get them, and there may be limited edition. Enuf said. More Palaeo-American Evidence in Knox County, Ohio by Michael A. Fath 36 Swallowtail Butterfly Bannerstones by David W. Didion 39 Brian Foltz, President Book Review by Michael Rusnak 41 Call For Essays 42 A Fine Hafted Shaft Scraper by Rudy Altizer 42 Correction 43 Indian Artifact Show 43 January Meeting 43

Front Cover Photograph: Three Adena Flint Ridge spears from the Sandy Hill site, Dorchester County. Maryland. The presence on the Atlantic Coast of a number of sites that contain Adena artifacts has long been an archaeological mystery. Large numbers of classic Adena flint and stone objects made of Ohio materials have been reported from these East Coast locations, particularly those in the Del- marva area. How these materials and artifacts got to the East Coast has been the subject of much speculation.

3 DEEP-BASE PALEO POINTS: A PROVISIONAL SUBTYPE by Elaine Hoizapfel 415 Memorial Drive Greenville, Ohio 45331

An unusual and rare Paleo projectile than 2 inches (50mm) with an average characteristic from earlier times? A trait point variety is called a deep-base point. It basal concavity of only 3/16 inches (5 mm) carried forward after the art of fluting had occurs primarily in west central Ohio and (Hoizapfel 2000). They are frequently made been lost. east central Indiana. Figure 1 shows an of coarse tan chert with average to rough Deep base points probably date from example from east-central Indiana. Similar workmanship. the late Paleo-American period, 10,500 to points have been reported from the upper Although deep-base points share simi­ 10,000 years before present. They appear drainages of the Wabash, Whitewater, Still­ larities with Subtype III Hi-Lo points, they to be a southern relative of the Hi-Lo point water and Great Miami rivers. differ in several respects: they are larger, but are sufficiently different to merit a sub­ A unique type of Paleo point, they have made of better quality material, have type of their own. several distinguishing characteristics. Most deeper basal concavities and display Acknowledgements: Thanks to Harold noticeable is the deep basal concavity, better than average chipping treatment. Westfall for allowing me to photograph the usually around 10 mm. (.4 inch), which is According to Ellis and Ferris (1990), makers Paleo point he found, and to Tony DeReg- deeper than concavities on most fluted of Hi-Lo points seem to have been naucort for supplying the Hi-Lo points from points. They are shaped like fluted points restricted in their choice of raw materials his research collection. but have no true fluting or even basal thin­ and settled for low-quality cherts. The ning. They are made of a variety of flints makers of deep-base points do not appear References Cited including Carter Cave, Wyandotte, Liston to have been so restricted and used better 1990 Ellis, Chris J. and Neal Ferris Creek, Four Mile Creek chert and a vit­ materials. Whether these differences indi­ The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to reous quality of Laurel. They are generally cate a difference in cultures is debatable. A.D. 1650. Occasional Publication of the well-chipped and display excellent work­ Basal concavities on fluted points are London Chapter, OAS. No. 5. manship. They bear a strong resemblance the result of preparing basal striking plat­ 1963 Fitting, James E. to Hi-Lo points but are larger, often more forms for removing flutes. First a striking The Hi-Lo Site: A Late Paleo-lndian Site than 2-1/2 inches long. platform was prepared on a straight base in Western Michigan, Wisconsin Archae­ Hi-Lo points were first described by and the first flute struck. To prepare a ologist 44(20):34-40 James Fitting in 1963 from surface col­ second striking platform, the base had to 2000 Hoizapfel, Elaine lected points found near the Hi-Lo Gun be deepened - hence the basal depth or The Paleoamerican Occupation of Darke County, Ohio, and Environs, MA thesis, Club in Ionia, Michigan. Examples of Fit­ indentation on fluted points. Therefore, the Ball State University ting's Subtype III Hi-Lo points from Indiana exceptionally concave indentation on the and Ohio are shown in Figure 4. A Paleo deep-base type is puzzling since no flutes point survey in west-central Ohio revealed were removed. Could the basal configura­ that Hi-Lo points typically measure less tion on the deep-base type be an inherited

Figure 1 (Hoizapfel) Obverse and reverse of Deep-Base Paleo point found in Randolph County, Indiana.

4 LENGTH OF FLUTE: none TYPE: Deep-base Paleo Point (10.500 - 10.000 BP) RAW MATERIAL: Four-Mile-Creek or Laurel chert LENGTH: 2 5/8 inches (69 mm) PHYSIOGRAPHIC SETTING: terrace of stream MAXIMUM WIDTH: / 5/16 inches (34 mm) DRAINAGE: Upper White River WIDTH OF BASE: 1 1/8 inches (28 mm) SLOPE DIRECTION: unknown MAXIMUM THICKNESS: % inch (6 mm) PRESENT LOCATION OF ARTIFACT: Harold Westfall DEPTH OF BASAL CONCAVITY: 3/8 inch (10 mm) CONSULTANT: Harold Westfall LENGTH OF LATERAL GRINDING: 11/16 inch (17 mm) 9/16 inch (14 mm) COMMENTS: This point was found by Harold Westfall around 1980 in Randolph County. Indiana, north of the town ofBartonia.

Figure 2 (Hoizapfel) Data for point shown in Figure 1.

Figure 3 (Hoizapfel) Deep-Base points. First: Darke County, Ohio, Carter Cave flint, length 3-1/8 inches (78 mm), basal concavity 3/8 inch (10 mm). Second: Preble County, Ohio, Wyandotte chert, length 2-3/4 inches (70 mm), basal concavity 3/8 inch (10 mm). Third: Butler County, Ohio, glossy Laurel or Four-Mile-Creek chert, length 2-11/16 inches (63 mm), basal concavity 3/8 inch (9 mm).

Figure 4 (Hoizapfel) Subtype III Hi-Lo points: First: Darke County, Ohio, tan chert, length 2 inches (49 mm), basal concavity 1/4 inch (6 mm). Second: Delaware County, Indiana, tan and gray chert, length 1-7/8 inches (47 mm), basal con­ cavity 1/4 inch (6 mm). Third: Darke County, Ohio, tan chert, length 1-3/4 inches (45 mm), basal concavity 5/16 inch (8 mm). Fourth: Delaware County, Indiana, tan chert, length 2 inches (50 mm), basal concavity 1/4 inch (6 mm).

5 RARE HOPEWELL FIGURINES FROM SITES IN OHIO, INDIANA AND ILLINOIS by D. R. Gehlbach Columbus, Ohio

The Middle Woodland Hopewell people from the center of her forehead, perhaps The Mann Site crafted an impressive number of artifacts a hair part, with black and red paint inter­ The Mann site is located in extreme in effigy form. The variety and quality of spersed on her hair line. She also southwestern Posey County, Indiana. It sits their creations suggests the existence of appears to be wearing a necklace. The on a high terrace which borders the Ohio a class of craftsmen who created such facial treatment on both figurines is sim­ River floodplain. A low marshy area called portrayals. These objects were likely ilar, including pointed heads, slanted Cypress Slough fronts the high terrace and made to fill ritualistic or ceremonial roles. eyes, exaggerated lower lips and broad separates it from the river. James Griffin, Specialized art forms included animal sharp chins. Their bodies are foreshort­ the noted Michigan archaeologist, sug­ effigies in lifelike poses atop platform ened. As will be seen these features were gested that Mann was an important pipes, peregrine falcon effigies, fanciful often duplicated on figurines at other Hopewell regional religious and transaction horned serpent carvings, copper snakes, Hopewell sites. mica animal effigy cutouts, and raptorial center. James Kellar of Indiana University bird representations on funerary pottery. conducted fieldwork at the site in 1966-67, reporting that the remnants of at least 10 All were sculpted in basic themes with The Knight Site geographic modifications throughout the mounds and 16 earthworks could be iden­ Hopewell sphere of influence. Six figurines were found at a site in Illi­ tified. Among this array of structures he nois explored in 1942 by avocational found 77 fragments of terra cotta figurines One of the little publicized accomplish­ archaeologist, Walter Wadlow. His excava­ scattered over the surface with other ments of Hopewell artisans were their tion was conducted at a group of 26 Middle Woodland debris. His figurine finds realistically crafted pottery human fig­ mounds known as the Knight Site in Cal­ included ears, noses, and heads with urines. These symbolic doll-like por­ houn County. Two figurines are pictured. incised almond shaped eyes and the exag­ trayals of male and female personages One is a male the other a female imperson­ gerated lip motif. In his report he mentions were used in the ritual activities at a few ation (Figures 3 & 4). They were found in a number of other figurines from the site in large Hopewell regional congregation Mound 8, which measured 40 feet by 50 private collections including some crafted centers. Illinois Hopewell mound and vil­ feet and 6 feet high. Wadlow had uncov­ from hardstone materials. Pictured in Fig­ lage locations such as Twenhofel, ered a row of five extended adult burials at ures 5 & 6 are broken Mann site figurines Whitnah, Crable, Duncan Farm and the mound base. Each had a pottery collected over the years by Edmund Lewis Knight produced multiple examples of vessel at the head or shoulder. At the feet of Indianapolis, a friend of the Mann family. these full bodied figurines. Comparable of the central burial of the group were five Figure 5 shows the various red and buff specimens were also found at the Mann figurines, including the two pictured. Also terra cotta body parts, and a human head site in southern Indiana and the Turner in association were six pinkish Burlington embellished with an elaborate headdress Mound Group in Ohio. chert flake knives, an unworked piece of or hair decoration. Noteworthy are two galena, and a diorite cone. holes drilled into the base of the head for The following discussion will highlight attachment to its missing body. Figure 6 is Hopewell figurine occurrences at four of The Knight figurines are unique in their an unusually large head, possibly part of a these locations with comments on their refinement and chosen portrayal. The male figurine which had been damaged by fire. usage and possible iconography. (Figure 3) is shown kneeling and holding a The slanted prominent lip motif are usual staff or mace to his chin. The mace is features. This sculpture also has circular painted red and is carved with a hook at earspools at both ears. The Duncan Farm Site the bottom. Most Hopewell figurines do The Duncan Farm site is situated within not portray artifacts in association. A breech clout covers a portion of his pur­ Pere Marquette State Park adjacent the The Turner Site Mississippi River in Jersey County, Illinois. plish red body while two fabric straps In 1967 two terra cotta figurines were cross his shoulders. The straps are painted The Turner Mound Group once con­ found during a heavy equipment grading white, bordered by red with black trans­ sisted of an elaborate set of geometric operation (Figures 1 and 2). Unfortunately verse lines. His face is painted white and earthworks enclosing a series of mounds both were considerably damaged. One is a he has a pompadour hair style with an oval in Anderson Township, Hamilton County, male portrayal and the other a female. plait at the rear of his head. Ohio. The site was situated on the west The female,with foreshortened legs elevated bank of the Little Miami River, They were unearthed from two to three eight miles north of its junction with the feet below the surface in the upper level (Figure 4), is shown in a standing position. She is portrayed with both hands holding Ohio River. Today the location is developed of a ridge fronting the Mississippi River and has been destroyed by a gravel quarry. floodplain. Found nearby in the disturbed foot-shaped objects, perhaps sandals, which are positioned heel to heel. She is The site was extensively explored in the soil were a pointed pole celt, an late 1880s and early 1890s by Harvard exhausted flint core and flint chips. Both also wearing a breechclout and her arms are adorned by black arm bands with University researchers under the direction effigies are buff to brick red terra cotta, of Frederick W. Putnam who was arguably with crushed limestone tempering. The white speckles. A multiple loop necklace is shown at her neckline. She wears a head­ the preeminent American archaeologist of male's attire is limited to a breech clout the nineteenth century. (apron) at his waist and a broad beaded dress with hair bobs protruding from basal necklace. The female wears a skirt, rings. Both effigies have the familiar Hopewell figurines were recovered from denoted by traces of white paint. She slanted, slit-like eyes, dominant lower lips Turner Mound 4 which was located inside also has an incised line running back and broad chins. a large oval enclosure measuring over 550

6 feet in diameter. The mound was 108 feet with an exposed flat knob-like extension site is misleading. There was no effort to long, 66 feet wide and 6 feet high. A cre­ possibly for attachment to a wooden base. protect the Mann mounds, and genera­ matory basin had been built at the mound Found with the effigy were the usual flake tions of farming activities would have dis­ baseline and was eventually covered by knives, bladelets and Snyders points. turbed all of the site's cultural materials. ash fill which first identified it as a burial Summary Thoughts and Conclusions Whatever their role in the iconography location. The crypt was designed with of the Hopewell people, their figurines inwardly sloping clay lined walls with Since I first encountered the figurine stand as unique treasures from the pre­ rounded corners enclosing a level clay parts collected by Edmund Lewis at the historic world. floor. Cremation residue consisted of layers Mann site in Indiana, I have been fasci­ of white ash at the bottom of the feature nated by their unique qualities and pos­ and black ash above, in some places 13 sible place in the iconography of the References: inches deep. A considerable quantity of Hopewell people. The figurines seem to burial material was found in the ash bed have received limited interpretive atten­ 1979 Keller, James H„ The Mann Site And including a three pound copper nugget, tion from the professional archaeolog­ "Hopewell" In The Lower Wabash Valley, copper beads, a chunk of cannel coal and ical community. in Hopewell Archaeology, The Chillicothe two effigy boatstones. One of the effigies Conference, The Kent State Press was crafted from red slate, the other mica­ It can be postulated that their recovery ceous slate. When pieced together the effi­ from funerary settings implies their role in 1945 McKern, W. C, Titterington, P. F, and gies appeared to portray beetles with important symbolic or religious purposes Griffin, James B., Painted Pottery Fig­ horn-like appendages. Both were hollowed involving the deceased. Since most speci­ urines From Illinois, American Antiquity, Vol. 10 #3 out on the bottom and were wrapped in mens seem to have been intentionally broken it can be surmised this act was slabs of worked mica. Placed next to them 1980 Mohrman, Harold W., Blake, Leonard W„ were a number of broken terra cotta designed to impact the deceased in the afterlife. It also seems plausible that they Two Figurines From Jersey County, Illi­ human figurines. The entire burial vault nois Association for Advancement of deposit was covered, first with pieces of were mutilated to prevent looting and to release of the spirit or soul of the departed Archaeology, Journal of Archaeology, cannel coal, then a five inch layer of pure Vol. 1 sand, and finally a triple layer of flat stones. person, perhaps as an appeal for tran­ Most of the effigies (Figure 7), although quility in the afterlife. By delivering the 1922 Willoughby, Charles C. The Turner heavily damaged, could be at least partially deceased in spirit to another world the Group Of Earthworks, Papers of the restored. All were modeled from buff col­ body would become irrelevant. The fig­ Peabody Museum of American Archae­ ored clay without tempering material. urines are usually found in multiple num­ ology, Harvard University Vol 8 #3 Putnam felt they were moulded by hand bers or in groupings which suggests some and finished with smoothing tools. Some sort of family representation, perhaps both body parts were prepared separately and former and current generations of a lineal fused into the other pieces. The figurines group. The ceremonial killing of the fig­ exhibit forehead knots, perhaps a hair urines would also bond the relationship motif. Many wear belts or breech clouts, and hopefully, over time, facilitate their life and have red ear ornaments. Some wear together in the next world. A number of moccasins. Others have short leggings other figurines (not pictured) show women and are shown with flexed legs and toes carrying babies and may represent families turned inward. Hair depictions include the "traveling together in spirit" with the forehead bun and a parted design with the deceased even though only a single family hair gathered in a chignon arrangement at member has died. the back of the head. In several examples body skirts are depicted by a narrow The iconographic significance of the blanket wrapped around the hips with one two Knight figures might be interpreted as comer tucked in at the waist line. The follows; The male clutching a staff or largest figurine in the group is over six mace is holding the family/clan symbol of inches in height. strength and vitality offering it to the spiri­ tual forces to protect the deceased on the journey ahead. The female Knight figurine could be holding foot coverings as an Another Effigy From Jackson County, offering to insure the deceased's safety during the passage to the next world. It Illinois should be noted that all of the above Although not part of the terra cotta speculations while thought provoking, assemblage, an interesting figurine or doll deserve more investigation. head (Figure 8) was found in a small Hopewell mound in Jackson County, Illi­ Another theory would suggest that the nois in the 1960's. It is carved from a figurines were merely art objects modeled chalky sandstone material and many of its for decorative purposes, possibly the prod­ features are similar to the clay figurine ucts for bartering at a trade event. They sculptures. The hair presentation featuring were subsequently buried with the a turban-like cap with coiffured flowing hair deceased because they were valuable or at the rear is a typical Hopewell motif seen prized possessions. on some other figurines. The level slit-like The most likely conclusion is that the fig­ eyes, exaggerated nose and thin facial urines are special purpose objects used in structure are typical Hopewell features, but funerary observances, given their final differ to some degree from the terra cotta placement, fragile characteristics, the figurines. Perhaps this example was a one absence of wear from use and their icono­ of a kind symbolic totem. The bottom of graphic implications. The scattered surface the effigy is carved in a cantilever manner evidence of figurine deposits at the Mann

7 Figure 1-2 (Gehlbach) Male and female terra cotta figurines from the Duncan Farm Mounds, Jersey County, Illinois

Figure 3-4 (Gehlbach) Male and female terra cotta figurines from the Knight Mound Group, Calhoun County, Illinois

8 Figure 5-6 (Gehlbach) Parts of terra cotta fig­ urines from the Mann Site, Posey County, Indiana

Figure 8 (Gehlbach) Chalky sandstone human head effigy, Jackson County, Illinois

Figure 7 (Gehlbach) Terra cotta figurines and figurine parts from the Turner Group, Hamilton County, Ohio THE THACKERY PIPE Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio 43064

This Hopewell pipe has long been known as the Thackery pipe. cally, the site is unimposing - as are many sites in the vicinity - Made of red Ohio pipestone, it was originally collected many years since it lies in a flood plain over five miles wide. ago by the late Errit Lewis of Urbana, Ohio. Because its prove­ Needless to say, Hopewell pipes are rare no matter where they nience was listed as "Thackery" it was assumed by its several are found. Nearly all recorded examples have come from Hopewell owners that it was found near the Champaign County village of mounds and very few from open sites. In fact, the famous effigy Thackery. The pipe was recently acquired by Chris Show of pipes are rarely, if ever, found on the surface. Open sites have pro­ Fletcher, Ohio. At a Mad River chapter meeting he showed the pipe duced a few platform monitor pipes such as the Thackery to David Collins, of Springfield, and George Carroll of Urbana, both example. Because of the fragility of pipestone, most surface found long-time and knowledgeable collectors who told him where the Hopewell pipes made of this material are in unidentifiable pieces. pipe was actually found. Surface found Hopewell pipes are often made of a wider variety of The name Thackery is indeed correct, but it has nothing to do materials than those from mounds and can be fashioned of sand­ with the village of the same name. It was found on the Thackery stone, slate or steatite as well as pipestone. site which is situated on the flood plain of Mad River southeast of Surface found Hopewell platform pipes usually differ in some Urbana. The place of its find is not far from the state nature pre­ detail from those found in mounds. Those from the surface are serve Cedar Bog in Champaign County and is closer to Urbana plainer and do not display the bulging or ringed bowls seen on than Thackery. In fact, the Thackery site is in proximity to three mound finds. Perhaps this lack of decoration is an indication that Glacial Kame sites - Muzzy's Lake, a few miles northeast, and pipes used by Hopewell villagers or commoners were not to be like Storms Creek and Tremont City to the south. A number of unre­ those of the Hopewell hierarchy. ported sites occur along the expansive Mad River Valley. Physi­

Figure 1 (Shoe) Hopewell pipe of red Ohio pipestone found on the Thackery site.

10 A UNIQUE SPIKE AXE

by Jeff Dearth 3413 Reed Point Dr. Milliard, Ohio

It has been suggested that the spike A favorite weapon of the Iroquois, the Tomahawks

References: 1 American Indian Tomahawks, H. Peterson 2 Indian War Clubs of the American Fron­ tier, J. Baldwin 3 Indian Tomahawks & Frontier Belt Axes, D. Hartzler & J. Knowles m

Figure 1 (Dearth) Spike Axe made on an English Tomahawk. Figure 2 (Dearth) Close-up of touchmark on axe.

11 HOUSEHOLD ARTIFACTS FROM THE FEURT SITE, SCIOTO COUNTY, OHIO

by D. R. Gehlbach

On July 5,1916, William C. Mills, Curator isaded apparently for defensive pur­ four hole specimens were used in reli­ of Archaeology at the Ohio Archaeological poses. Ft. Ancient agricultural activity gious ceremonies. and Historical Society (now Ohio Historical probably continued in a spring through Figure 3 shows three types of knives Society) began an extensive examination fall cycle at the Feurt location, sometimes represented in the village. They were of the Feurt village site located five miles by necessity extending well into the early used for butchering wild game and north of Portsmouth on the east bank of winter period. preparing food. the Scioto River in Scioto County, Ohio. The infrastructure was made up of an The famous Hopewell Temper Mound was Figure 4 shows the range of projectile equitable division of responsibility. A sig­ situated directly west of the site across the points from the site. Triangles, both plain nificant talent pool was needed. Particu­ Scioto. and serrated were common. At the top of larly important were co-operative hunting the picture is a bone point made from the The four-acre Feurt site was well sorties, the crafting of effective hunting known locally and had been field hunted tip of a deer antler. This shaft mounted tools, as well as game processing and projectile was a Ft. Ancient mainstay. for many years by a number of local fami­ food preparation artifacts. Community lies and briefly excavated in 1896 by members sewed and stitched apparel Figure 5 shows an engraved bone pin Warren K. Moorehead on behalf of the and crafted clan artifacts for personal or awl, a bone needle and a bone whistle. Historical Society. Materials recovered adornment and decorative objects. The pin or awl was possibly used as a during Mills work showed evidence of a feather support or worn in the hair as an habitation location and a once pros­ Mills' comment on food processing in ornament. It is highly polished and tapers perous well populated sedentary commu­ his 1916 site report was, "After food was from the decorated end. Deer and elk leg nity. Mills found that the original top soil secured the next important step was to bones provided the raw material. The of the habitation plateau was clay loam render it more palatable by cooking. Cer­ bone needle has a series of eyes at the several feet thick and underlain with tainly there must have been a time when bottom, perhaps designed to draw up the gravel. At the time of his excavation this man did not know the use of fire in the reservoir of fiber or string being used to top soil was six inches to four feet thick preparation of food, and flesh of animals sew or stitch a garment. The bone whistle The custom of the prehistoric residents he killed for food no doubt was eaten in could have been a bird calling device. was to carry soil from the sides of the the raw state. But with the use of fire, nat­ river bank to cover the accumulated urally the home would become estab­ Figure 6 is a bird-bone necklace debris in and around their living site. lished and the cooking of food would mark made from 33 hollow wing bones of a an important step in his advancement." raptorial bird. Above surface features included three remaining low "mounds" of earth at the The purpose of this article is to Figure 7 shows a turtle carapace east end of the village. These sand and examine the living environment of the dipper, scoop or spoon, a common culi­ gravel hillocks contained at least 260 Feurt people by illustrating some of their nary tool in Ft. Ancient villages. A mollusk burials, including some original inter­ cultural items. A few are curious pieces shell hoe was also a common agricultural ments and reburials. with imperfectly known functional identi­ digging/excavating tool used for planting, ties. However, all belonged to the inhabi­ weeding and harvesting. The flat plain below the site had scat­ tants of the Feurt village community and Figure 8 illustrates left and right the two tered homesteads with accompanying Ft. each tells a story about the skills and Ancient debris/refuse depositories. most common forms of discoidals or technologies of the Feurt villagers. Along game stones found at the Feurt village. The Feurt inhabitants were farmers with providing for the necessities of sur­ They are bi-concave in form with flat­ who cultivated the large floodplain fields vival, the artifacts reveal that residents tened circular rims. The left example is each spring and planted their crops of likely had time for collegial activities perforated and the right undrilled. Mills eight row corn. Their farm products along during intervals of leisure. recovered over 300 specimens at the with wild harvested fruits, nuts and Figure 1 is a diorama representing vil­ site. Avocational collectors found at least berries such as cherry, plum, blackberry lage life in a typical Ft. Ancient commu­ 300 more. Most were made of Waverly and paw paw, provided their sustenance. nity, circa 1300 AD. Activities include sandstone. The recreational game of Hunting and fishing was critically community members stretching and "chunky," using the round discs, is well important as evidenced by refuse pits drying deer and other animal hides used documented in the historic period. One containing parts of numerous deer for outerwear during the cold winter version involves rolling the discoidal bones, skulls of black bears and wild season. In another area, villagers are down a prepared sand alley to an esti­ turkey bones. Many other animals were crafting pottery vessels, and in another mated destination with the players pre­ also hunted, and butchered remains were part of the village "chunky" players may dicting and betting on the outcome. The found throughout the village. Bone and be rolling discoidals down a prepared center object in the figure is a plummet antler were used to craft a variety of arti­ sand alley. The diorama is currently on with a central groove. It may have been facts especially tools for domestic use. display at the Ohio Historical Society in used as a net weight by village fishermen. Columbus. Another less plausible theory has the The evidence suggests the Feurt folk plummet employed as part of a sling enjoyed at least a somewhat peaceful Figure 2, also from an exhibit at the device for securing wild game. The small existence and a level of semi-permanent Ohio Historical Society, shows an artist's groove in most examples would have subsistence not seen previously in pre­ rendition of a community member about been ineffective as a tie on. This spec­ historic societies. There is evidence of to blow into a bone whistle. The raw imen is made from iron impregnated violent death at a number of Ft. Ancient material is hollow wild turkey bone dense sandstone. sites and some communities were pal­ (Figure 5). Mills speculated the three or

12 Leisure time pipe smoking (Figure 9) were often made of pipestone. While bracelet shaped object highly engraved was a frequent activity at the Feurt site. most Feurt pipes adhered to typical Ft. with punctates and a series of equally Hundreds of pipes were recovered by Ancient shapes, they could be described spaced lines demarking individual sec­ Mills and numerous examples were found as more diminutive and more aestheti­ tions. This may have been an ornament by field hunters in every part of the vil­ cally refined than examples from other or possibly some form of marker. The lage. Many were broken either during sites. The Feurt people must have valued artifact shown at the bottom of the pic­ manufacture or while being used and dis­ their pleasure-driven and ceremonial ture has a rounded central cavity and is a carded. Many kinds of stone including smoking activities. hemisphere in form. It likely served as a pipestone, sandstone, limestone, lau- The illustrated elbow pipes, although paint mixing cup. All four artifacts are rentian slate and hematite served as raw slightly damaged, demonstrate the pipe made of sandstone. materials, however pipestone and sand­ maker's skill. The two finished specimens The people who lived at the Feurt vil­ stone were the most popular. are made from very fine grained sand­ lage belonged to the Ft Ancient Aspect of Pipestone from the Feurt Hill deposits stone. They feature a slightly raised the late prehistoric era. Their habitation was available at the crest of the hill east rounded lip at the stem end. The example site in the fertile Scioto river valley of the site and there were numerous out- at the right is an unfinished pipe made of allowed for the development of sedentary croppings of sandstone nearby. Since reddish pipestone, a recurring stone at agricultural practices and a series of arti­ discarded raw materials were missing the site. facts that demonstrate their talent and from the occupation zone, Mills theorized Figure 10 illustrates four uncommon resourcefulness. that blocking out pipes to the desired artifacts from the Feurt village. On the left size and shape was done at the quarry is a half-moon shaped sandstone artifact Reference location. A majority of the Feurt pipes are ornamented with simulated turtle mark­ plain without ornamentation. A few are ings on its top portion. This piece may Mills, William C. The Feurt Mounds and effigies of bird heads and several were have served as a totem or good luck Village Site, Ohio Archaeological and human head portrayals. The most promi­ charm. At the top of the photo is a drilled Historical Quarterly, Volume 27, pp. 304-449, 1916 nent types were elbow and vase shaped. discoidal shaped artifact with opposed An unusual pipe style, unique to the Feurt indentions and concave sides, perhaps a community, was a platform type with a form of spindle whorl used in spinning flat base and a v-shaped end. This and/or fire making. At the right is a ring or unique style, and another oval base form,

Figure 1 (Gehlbach) Diorama depicting village life in a Ft. Ancient community, display at the Ohio Historical Society

13 Figure 2 (Gehlbach) Artist's sketch of Ft. Ancient villager using a bone whistle

Figure 3 (Gehlbach) Three flint knives

Figure 5 (Gehlbach) Decorated bone pin, bone needle and bone whistle

Figure 4 (Gehlbach) Array of flint and bone projectile points

14 7 (Gehlbach) Turtle carapace dipper/scoop and shell hoe

Figure 6 (Gehlbach) Bone necklace consisting of 33 individual beads

Figure 8 (Gehlbach) Perforated and undrilled sandstone discoidals and iron-impregnated sandstone center groove plummet

Figure 9 (Gehlbach) Two sandstone elbow pipes and pipe­ stone pipe blank

Figure 10 (Gehlbach) Engraved sandstone hemisphere (turtle effigy?), dis- coidal shaped spindle whorl?, engraved sandstone ring and sandstone paint cup

15 NEWLY DISCOVERED AND UNDOCUMENTED SCIOTO RIVER VALLEY INDIAN MOUNDS by Hal Povenmire 215 Osage Dr. Indian Harbor, FL 32937

The Scioto River Valley in central Ohio south of Rt. 159. It is quite large, overgrown but apparently in excellent was one of the richest areas in the approximately 100 feet in diameter and condition. It is approximately 35 feet world for Indian Mounds. While some of about 8 feet high. high and 110 feet in diameter. the major mounds and earthworks have been preserved, many more have been 2. Hocking Co. This mound is in front of References: the Pine Bethel Church. From Laurelville, destroyed and the rest are being lost at (1) Woodward, Susan L. and McDonald, an alarming rate. go southeast on Rt. 56 for 4.2 miles to Jerryn N. (2002) Indian Mounds of the Big Pine Rd. Go north about 1.8 miles to Middle Ohio Valley The McDonald In the school year, 1963-64, I taught Pine Bethel Church which is on the north and Woodward Publishing Company at Saltcreek Township School in Pick­ side of the rd. It is approximately 30 feet Blacksburg, VA. away County. I spent my evenings and in diameter and 5 feet high. weekends hunting for Indian Mounds (2) Mills, W.C. (1914) Archaeological and found to my surprise that many 3. Pickaway Co. From Circleville, this Atlas of Ohio Fred J. Heer for the mound is located on Rt. 56 west. Go to Ohio State Archaeological and Histor­ landowners did not know that they had ical Society. an Indian Mound on their property! Rt. 104 and continue 1.5 miles to London Rd. The mound is at the south The best time to search for or locate edge of the highway just past this inter­ mounds is when the leaves are off the section. It is approximately 100 feet in trees during the winter months. Several of diameter and about 12 feet high. It is the mounds found in the 1963-64 time composed mostly of gravel from the period were searched for but could not be glacial outwash. located during the summer of 2002. 4. Franklin Co. About four miles north of It is my belief that all the mounds are the Pickaway Co. line on Rt. 104. This part of our heritage and should be pre­ large mound is visible from Rt. 104 and served for the future generations. The caps the large hill east of it. It is about first step is identifying them and 30 feet high and 100 feet in diameter. bringing them to the attention of the public so that they can be protected for 5. Pickaway Co. From Rt. 23 in Cir­ science and history. cleville, go southeast to Rt. 56. About 18 miles out, at Saltcreek School, turn The following is a list of the mounds onto South Perry Rd. Go across the and their Global Positioning Satellite bridge and past the new developments. (GPS) coordinates. Use the GPS to get into the exact loca­ tion. The Kenneth Cooper Mound was The Mounds partially excavated in February 1964. Name Latitude Longitude Elev. The indication from one artifact is that it is Adena. There is a large glacial erratic 1. Church of God 39d 32.825 82d 48.363 980 boulder somewhat higher on the hill. The coordinates are only approximate 2. Big Pine Bethel since the area has grown up consider­ Church 39d 26.910 82d 38.831 722 ably since that time. This mound is 90 feet in diameter and approximately 6 3. Rt. 56 West 39d 37.449 83d 01.638 680 feet high. 4. Rt. 104 39d 47.240 83d 01.277 699 6. Pickaway Co. From Rt. 23 in Cir­ 5. Ken Cooper cleville go southeast on Rt. 56. About 3 (Approximate) 39d 30.964 82d 45.241 850 miles out turn south for a half mile on 6. Huber-Hitler Rd. 39d 34.360 82d 54.000 754 Hitler Rd. This mound is just south of the intersection of Huber-Hitler Roads 7. Moccasin- in a pasture field. It is well preserved Armstrong 39d 31.329 82d 44.361 950 and approximately 70 feet in diameter and 8 feet high.

Physical Description And Directions 7. Pickaway Co. From Rt. 23 in Cir­ To The Mounds cleville, go east on Rt. 56. Go to Salt­ creek School and turn onto South Perry 1. Pickaway Co. From Leistville, go Rd. Go over the bridge to Moccasin Rd. northeast on Rt. 159 toward Tarlton. and turn left. Take the old road along Just southwest of Jackson Rd will be the Moccasin Creek for about a mile. It the Church of God. This mound is is between Moccasin Road and Arm­ beside the Church of God property. It is strong Rd. on the west side of Moc­ southwest of Jackson Rd and on the casin Creek. This very large mound is

16 A CASE OF MISTAKEN IDENTITY by Thomas R. Pigott Phalanx Mills, Ohio

The Tuscarawas River flows south Mr. Gregory had also delayed bringing in top on diagonal comers of the cavity led us through Franklin Township in the southwest the pictures and the artifacts. He finally to believe it to have been a watering trough corner of Summit County, Ohio. On its west brought the photographs and the "arrow­ with one semi-circular notch (visible in fig. side the river is paralleled by the Ohio head" to work with him in mid-January of 4) serving to hold a pipe for incoming water Canal, as well as by railroad tracks that are 2002. He said that he had left the bone on and the other cruder notch serving as an maintained by the CSX Railroad. Along the railing of his porch and that his overflow. these railroad tracks, less than 150 yards grandson had thrown it out into the back­ The arrowhead (Fig. 5) turned out to be a north of Center Road, there is a small yard where the falling leaves had covered very large (7 and 3/8 inches long) Early spring-fed gully carrying multiple trickles of it. Winter and snow had arrived in the Woodland Adena spear. The design of this water that in the past created a swampy meantime and he said that he would look artifact shows it to have been a utilitarian area at the mouth of the gully. The railroad for it in the spring. Pat made copies of the processing tool, a multipurpose "knife". tracks are farther down slope from the pictures and brought them and a glowing One side has a bifacial cutting edge along swampy ground and perpendicular to the description of the "arrowhead" to me for its entire length; on the other side, parts of water flow. A steel drainage pipe carries the show and tell. the cutting edge have been replaced by a water from these springs under the railroad The picture of the "log," (Fig. 2) brought "spokeshave" and a 3" long, steeply tracks. During periods of heavy runoff mud astonished exclamations from me and retouched sidescraper. Other areas show and debris would occasionally wash down others who saw it. Both Pat and I had signs of utilization as well. Perhaps one and clog the culvert, creating flooding and seen only one dugout canoe, a replica in should say functional rather than utilitarian, erosion problems along the tracks. the Cleveland Museum of Natural History, as it is possible that it was used ceremoni­ In August of 2001 G. L. Gregory, a road- but this picture certainly matched my ally for such mortuary practices as the dis­ master for the CSX railroad, supervised a vision of what a dugout canoe should look memberment of bodies and the defleshing crew who created a retention pond (Fig. 1) like. Wondering if it was still there and how and processing of bones - but such a pro­ at the mouth of the gully to hold back much deterioration the weather might posal is pure speculation. One wonders, debris in order to allow the water to flow have caused, we arranged a field trip for but we will likely never know, what the bone freely through the drainage pipe. In January 20, 2002, to search out and recovered with it was. Was it prey, sacrifice November of 2001 Mr. Gregory told Patrick examine this object. or perhaps the knife's handle? Or was their occurrence together, as with the cut log, Layshock, a coworker and an ASO We found it where Mr. Gregory had said just another of time's coincidences? Mr. member, that they had dug up an odd log that it would be (Fig. 3), but unfortunately it Layshock is now the proud owner of this from the middle of the catch basin. His did not live up to the expectations gener­ magnificent implement, having recently description of this log - cut off at both ends ated by the photograph. There was nothing acquired it from Mr. Gregory. and hollowed out in the middle sounded as in the photograph to indicate scale. On site if it could be a dugout canoe. He also said measurement showed it to be approxi­ As a footnote, after seeing this artifact I that he had found an "arrowhead" in the mately 124 inches long, 22 inches wide was reminded of a remarkably similar same place. He reported seeing something and 15 inches thick (at the "stern"). The specimen from the Warren Archaeological white roll out of one of the shovel buckets interior cavity measured 94"x16"x8", Society collections in the Sofsky Archives; as it was being emptied. It piqued his making the bottom twice as thick as the similar down to the incorporation of the curiosity and when he went to investigate sides. It was too small and would have sidescraper and "spokeshave" (Fig. 6). It is he found a "large" bone with an arrowhead been too top heavy to serve as a canoe. somewhat smaller (5-1/2 inches long) and sticking through it; not penetrating the sur­ There were no visible hatchet or axe appears to be made of Flint Ridge chal­ face of the bone, but sticking through a cir­ marks. Instead one end, both sides, the cedony. Thomas McKibben recovered it cular cavity in it. Mr. Gregory is not an bottom and the cut-out center were along Mosquito Creek, part of the artifact collector. He told Pat that he had straight and flat (fig. 4) and had obviously Mahoning River drainage, in Trumbull always wanted to find an arrowhead and been made by metal saws after the arrival County, Ohio, nearly half a century ago. had finally found one. of European culture. Notches cut into the He said that they had moved the log to the edge of the area where they were working and left it there as it would make a good seat for future crews working along the tracks to sit on while eating lunch. Of course Pat found all of this very interesting and sought more information from him. Mr. Gregory told him that he had taken pictures of the work in progress, including one of the log. Pat asked him to bring the picture, the arrowhead and the bone in to work with him so that he could examine them, to which Mr. Gregory agreed. Pat contacted me at the time and asked if I would be interested in accompanying him to the area to check out the potential dugout canoe. This all sounded very interesting to me as well and I agreed to go, However, the holiday seasons were upon us and life's on-going activities and commitments interfered, causing the trip to be put on hold. Figure 1 Catch basin constructed by the CSX railroad. (Photo by G. L. Gregory)

17 Figure 2 a "dugout canoe" from Summit Co., Ohio. (Photo by G. L. Gregory)

Figure 3 Log in foreground. RR tracks beyond car. White line through the trees beyond the care is the towpath for the Ohio Canal, which is between the towpath and the RR tracks. The Tuscarawas River is beyond the trees.

Figure 4 Log showing saw cuts and notch.

18 Figure 5 Early Woodland knife from Summit Co., Ohio. (Images by Thomas R. Pigott)

0 2 3 4 5 i 1 CM 1 IN ^^ 2

Figure 6 Early Woodland knife from Trumbull Co., Ohio. (Images by Thomas R. Pigott)

0 2 3 4 ! i A CM ] IN 2

19 SCENES FROM JANUARY MEETING by Frank Otto, Lewis Center, Ohio

BEST OF SHOW DISPLAY WINNERS

FIELD FIND WINNERS

20 A TRADE SILVER PENDANT FROM AN 18TH CENTURY SHAWNEE VILLAGE SITE by John C. Rummel 478 Burns Drive North Westerville, Ohio 43082-6026

This trade silver pendant was found item was most likely a nose ring as References: November 30, 2002 while metal many early Indian captivity accounts 1972 Good, Mary Elizabeth. Guebert Site: An detecting on a 19th century Shawnee describe the natives with large triangular 18th Century Historic Kaskaskia Indian Village site in Pickaway County, Ohio. pieces of silver hanging below their Village in Randolph County, Illinois. The Central States Archaeological Soci­ The pendant was an isolated find on the noses and almost covering their upper eties, Inc., Memoir II. surface of the recently plowed field. It is lip (O'Neil II, 1995). 1995 O'Neal, James F, II. Their Bearing is 1-1/4 inches long with two of the three A future article will be presented on the Noble and Proud: A Collection of Narra­ sides being scalloped. Similar examples site and provide more detail on the addi­ tives Regarding the Appearance of of scalloped triangular silver pendants tional artifacts that were recovered and a Native Americans From 1740-1815. were recovered fromt he Guebert Site in possible structure that may have existed Dayton: J.T.G.S. Publishing. Randolph County, Illinois (Good, 1972). during its occupation. With the original clasp still intact, this

Figure 1 (Rummel) Trade Silver Pendant from an 18th Century Shawnee Village site in Pickaway County, Ohio

21 ARTIFACTS FROM THE MOUNT VERNON MOUND by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio 43064

In June, 1988, the Mount Vernon Mound tures, and had aerial photographs taken of and published a significant archaeological near Tell City, Indiana, was bulldozed for the site. The mound was estimated to be report in their careers, took smug satisfac­ topsoil at the orders of the property owners 395 feet long, 167 feet wide, and perhaps tion in the fact that they had sent someone the General Electric Company. The mound, 25 feet high, making it one of the largest to jail - never mind losing one of the most one of the largest Hopewell mounds in mounds in the eastern United States. important Hopewell mounds in the world. existence, bordered a new access road Other Indiana archaeologists, rather than They would rather see it bulldozed into project and the topsoil was needed for seeing that this partially ruined mound was oblivion than pass up a chance to prose­ landscaping. Neither the owners of the properly excavated and reported, saw it as cute a collector. mound nor Indiana archaeologists claimed an opportunity to prosecute, under the To add to the debacle, and in order to they knew it was a burial mound although NAGPRA law, the people who had gath­ curry favor with a handful of so-called it had been previously noted on agricultural ered disturbed artifacts from the site. One Native Americans, the confiscated artifacts maps and even named. During the course collector, who went there long after the were given away to unrelated individuals of bulldozing, thousands of classic mound was bulldozed, was prosecuted and reburied in the mound. Hopewell artifacts were unearthed. Since and convicted. Other than Curt Tomak, no The accompanying color plates show no one in the professional community Indiana archaeologist ever made a serious some of the artifacts. seemed to be concerned with the destruc­ attempt to excavate or publish any of the tion of what was obviously a burial mound, artifacts from the site. References or showed any interest in salvaging what In one of the most bizarre fiascos of 1997 Gramly, R. M. was left, avocationalists did what they American professional archaeology, in Observations on the "GE Mound" and could to recover artifacts from the dis­ which prosecution and conviction of col­ the Hopewell Artifacts Unearthed There turbed topsoil. The Amateur Archaeologist lectors took precedence over dedication to Special Issue Vol. 3 No. 2 When news of the finds became public, preserving the past, the mound - 40% of 1994 Tomak, Curtis only one Indiana archaeologist, Curt which remains untouched - was written off The Mount Vernon site: A remarkable Tomak, went to the site to salvage what by Indiana archaeologists. Certain profes­ Hopewell Mound in Posey County, was left of this enormous mound. He dug sional archaeologists who motivated the Indiana Archaeology of the Eastern test pits, which revealed no original fea­ prosecution, but who had never written North America 22-146.

Figure 1 (Converse) Drilled Hopewell bear teeth with copper stains (photo courtesy The Amateur Archaeologist).

22 Figure 2 (Converse) Hopewell copper earspools. Center example is covered with silver (photo courtesy The Amateur Archaeologist).

Figure 4 (Converse) Copper celt, 11-1/2 inches long, weight 5 lbs. 4 oz. Decayed leather, pearl and shell beads adhere to its surface, (photo courtesy The Amateur Archaeologist).

Figure 3 (Converse) Copper celt, 11-1/2 inches long, weight nearly six pounds, (photo courtesy The Amateur Archaeologist).

23 PICKAWILLANY: THE TURNING POINT IN IROQUOIS HEGEMONY IN OHIO by Craig S. Keener 5180 US 425 Plain City, Ohio 43064

The Iroquois League, a Native American con­ begins soon after the end of the peace treaty. and influence for the Iroquois. This did not go federacy situated in central New York and com­ The fragile alliance of western tribes such as the unnoticed by the French. posed of five and later six tribes (Mohawk, Ottawa, Miami, Wyandot, Illinois, Fox, and Sac, The end of hostilities, establishment of Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, and Tus- broke apart. These tribes had formerly been friendly ties, and renewed power led to Iroquois carora), was well known for its prowess in war enemies and had only unified to combat the expansion westward. Iroquois villages began to during the seventeenth century. So successful greater threat posed by the Iroquois. With the pop up along the upper Ohio River valley in the were the Iroquois in defeating their tribal ene­ formation of the peace treaty this alliance crum­ 1720s. With them came many of their Indian mies in the southern Ontario peninsula and bled and these tribes began to fight each other. allies such as the Delaware and Shawnee. Such launching raids against the French settlements From a strategic perspective the disintegration notable towns as Kuskuski, Allaquippa, and that their warfare abilities, power over other of the western tribal alliances is significant. The Logstown were formed in the 1720s to 1740s. tribes and claims over vast tracts of lands numerical superiority the western tribes had Large numbers of Iroquois also established became legendary (Parkman 1983 [1865-1892]). when united certainly acted as a deterrent to themselves along the Cuyahoga River, and San­ In the seventeenth century the Iroquois defeated Iroquois ambitions in the west and had enabled dusky Region. During this time the Iroquois or drove out the tribes that originally inhabited them to take control of the southern Ontario encouraged the Delaware and Shawnee who the Ohio region and they lay claim to it. The Iro­ Peninsula and effectively eliminate Iroquois were living along the Susquehanna River in quois, however, did not always have their way. claims to lands west of Ohio. However, without Pennsylvania to remove to the Ohio region, By the 1690s the Iroquois suffered serious set­ the alliance the western tribes as individual enti­ whereupon many did. These tribes were allied backs to the French and their Indian allies. ties no longer held a numerical advantage and to the Iroquois and began establishing villages Nonetheless during the first half of the eigh­ even though the Iroquois had suffered signifi­ along the Allegheny (e.g. Kittanning) and Ohio teenth century the Iroquois lay claim and held cant losses in warrior strength during the seven­ (e.g. Lower Shawnee Town) Rivers. In addition unchallenged influence over the tribes living teenth century wars they were more than a to these alliances in 1723 the Wyandot became along the middle and upper Ohio River. It was match against single opponents. Consequently, an ally of the Iroquois to the chagrin of the not until the opening phase of the French and while the western tribes began to reoccupy French. Indian War which officially began at Pickawillany Indiana, Michigan, and the southern Ontario that this came to an end. It has long been advo­ Peninsula, no individual tribe resettled the Ohio cated by western histories that the attack on area until the 1720s and only the northwestern The Iroquois, Wyandot, and Pickawillany Pickawillany and French occupation of the Ohio portion of the state. Coalition (1741 to 1754) River was a contest between European powers The 1740s represented the zenith of Iro­ (the French and English). This article argues that Political events also strengthened the image quois power in the eighteenth century. During in reality the opening stages of the war was a and influence of the Iroquois between 1700 this decade they attacked the southern tribes contest of the French against their long time and 1740. During this period Iroquois began to with impunity, forcing many to relocate or sue enemy the Iroquois. The outcome was over who launch raids and attacks against a number of for peace (MPCP 4: 668; MPCP 5: 137; NYCD would control the Ohio region. powerful southern tribes (mainly the Cherokee 6: 210-211; NYCD 9: 1063, 1097). The most and Catawba). This was a result of the alliance significant events, however, occurred in the of the Iroquois with the Tuscarora an Iroquoian west along the Ohio River Valley where the The Resurgent Iroquois of the Eighteenth speaking tribe located in North Carolina. The Iroquois were able to draw two French Indian Century Tuscarora came under attack from the nearby allies, the Miami and Wyandot, away from the At the end of the 1690s the Iroquois had suf­ English settlements and surrounding southern French trade. The impetus for Iroquois inter­ fered a number of military defeats at the hands tribes in the 1710s. They were defeated in a action with the midwestem tribes in the first of the French and their western Indian allies. series of battles but many fled and sought half of the eighteenth century was trade and Nonetheless the Iroquois refused to surrender refuge with the Iroquois. During this forty year military support against the southern tribes. or enter into unconditional peace talks. Fighting period the Iroquois launched numerous expedi­ As the Iroquois and their allied tribes began continued and both the Iroquois and their tions against the southern tribes and scored establishing villages along the upper and French and allied Indian opponents began to significant victories. middle drainages of the Ohio River, many of tire of the war. Fearing the defection of their The news of the Iroquois attacks and suc­ the midwestem and even some St. Lawrence Indian allies the French agreed to equitable cess against the southern tribes spread tribes (all allied to the French) visited them to peace terms with the Iroquois and formalized an quickly to other northern tribes. These tribes trade and to organize expeditions against the official peace between the groups which was were also at war with the southern nations. southern tribes. As the number of Indian denoted the Grand Peace Settlement of 1701. Such tribes as the Wyandot, Ottawa, and groups increased in this area, more English Many historians have viewed this treaty (e.g. Miami began to participate in joint raids with traders arrived. By the 1740s English traders Jennings 1984; Richter 1992) as indicating that the Iroquois against the southern tribes and were residing in most of the Iroquois, the Iroquois lost the "Iroquois Wars" and that came to view them as leaders of an unofficial Shawnee, and Delaware settlements along the they lost most of their military power and claims northern alliance of tribes. Another attractive Ohio River. to lands in the west. Others (Brandao 1997; element to establishing friendly ties to the Iro­ The number of Iroquois living in the Ohio Brandao and Starna 1996; Keener 1998) have quois was their close association with the region during the 1740s and early 1750s can argued that the Grand Settlement of 1701 indi­ English. The Iroquois were used as contacts only be estimated. In 1743 the French reported cates that the Iroquois Wars ended in a stale­ and go-betweens for establishing trade for approximately 600 Iroquois warriors living along mate with no clear winner. The political events English goods which the Western nations the Cuyahoga River (NYCD 9:1099). In 1748 at that occurred in the first half of the seventeenth wanted desperately. Tied into this was the a council held at Logstown the English trader century appear to support this and even show growing discontent with the French. Simply Conrad Weiser reported the following statistics that the Iroquois regained much of their former put the French trade goods were too costly. on the number of warriors from various tribes influence in the Ohio Valley during this period. The combination of military success and eco­ living in the Ohio River villages: Seneca 163, Evidence of the resurgance of Iroquois power nomic power led to greatly increased prestige Shawnee 162, Wyandot 100, Tisagechroanu

24 [Tuscarora] 40, Mohawk 74, Mohican 15, Detroit found themselves surrounded by ene­ 6: 531-533). At Logstown they found a sub­ Onondaga 35, Cayuga 20, Oneida 15, and mies, many of whom ironically, had previously stantial number of Indians (mainly Iroquois) and Delaware 165 (MPCP 5: 351). These estimates been loyal allies. several English traders that boldly showed point out that the Iroquois represent the largest To the French the open conflict exhibited at themselves. Celeron ordered the English contingent of any tribe recorded in the region, their western posts was instigated by the Iro­ traders be removed from the area and that the and with their allies may have numbered quois and English who had successfully turned Indians only trade with the French. The Iro­ between 750 and 1,500 men. their Indian allies against them. The French quois "made little or no answer only gave the The growing presence of the Iroquois, their failed to understand that it was their own French to understand that the land was theirs allies, and English traders in Ohio had an actions in trying to prevent these tribes free [the Iroquois] and that while there was any impact on midwestem tribes' trading prac­ access to other trade venues and their attacks Indians in those parts they would trade with tices with the French. The temptation and on the English traders that had initiated the their brothers the English" (NYCD 6: 533). easy access to cheaper goods was irre­ conflict. The Iroquois demonstrated again that When the French indicated they were planning sistible. As the French began to discover they could provide military assistance to other to attack the Miami and Wyandots, the Iroquois which tribes were trading with the English, the tribes when fighting a Euroamerican colony. only laughed in response. The French goal to tensions grew. At first they encouraged the This contest was not unlike the Tuscarora War intimidate the Iroquois had failed and with midwestem tribes to remove or kill the English of the 1710s. Iroquois war parties were sent out reports that additional warriors were to arrive, traders along the Ohio (NYCD 9: 704-708). to raid the French along the St. Lawrence and Celeron promptly left and proceeded down Most of the tribes rejected this and were along the lakes. river to Lower Shawnee Town and then Pick­ upset at the French intentions to deny them In the spring of 1748 the French posts in awillany. At these villages they continued to access to English goods. Several parties of the Midwest were on the defensive and the receive an unfriendly response and the high French and loyal Indians, however, proceeded Iroquois and several midwestem tribes number of warriors present at the towns meant to rob and kill English traders at various loca­ attacked the French at Detroit and Ft. Miamis that their force could not possibly threaten tions in Ohio in 1744 and 1745 (MPCP 4: 776; (NYCD 10: 157,163,181). However, cracks these tribes. Even more disconcerting was that NYCD 10: 20). At Sandusky an English trader had developed in the Iroquois/ midwestem Celeron observed French Iroquois, Miami, and from Philadelphia was killed. These events tribal alliance. During the spring the French at several individuals from various Detroit tribes coincided with the opening of war between Detroit were able to secure the support of the (who had recently confirmed their alliance with France and England (King George's War). Huron and Chippewa residing near the fort. the French) present at these villages for pur­ poses of trade (Hanna 1911). At first the Iroquois and midwestem tribes The English sent no aid and by the autumn of remained neutral in the conflict. However, the 1748 the French and English ended the war, The French attempt to intimidate the Iro­ killing of the English traders appeared to have leaving the midwestem tribes and Iroquois on quois, Wyandot, and Pickawillany coalition turned most of the midwestem tribes against their own. The Miami released their prisoners along the Ohio River Valley had failed. In 1750 the French. In the spring of 1747 a small and sued for peace (NYCD 10: 150), although these groups solidified their alliances as the group of Iroquois and Wyandot killed five those disenchanted with the French soon split following passage demonstrates: French traders at Sandusky in apparent from the tribe and migrated to southwest Ohio "We [the Miamil are yet young and unex­ revenge for the killing of the English traders to form their own village, named Pickawillany. perienced, you the Six Nations are our elder (MPCP 5: 72, 86). A major break between the Fearing retaliation for their part in attacks on brothers, and can advise us what to do on French and the midwestem tribes occurred the western French posts, the Wyandot at all occasions. We therefore put ourselves that same year (1747) with the defection of a Sandusky left for the Muskingum and Ohio under your care, and request that you will band of Wyandot led by Nicholas (Orotony), Rivers (NYCD 10: 162). The Ottawa also look upon us as children, and assist us with who removed to the Sandusky area where moved away from the French posts and your council, and we promise to follow they built a fortified village named sought refuge along the Maumee River to see whatever advice you give us; for we are Ayonontout. This group was probably what kind of response the French would sensible that it will be for our good. Our involved in the deaths of the French traders make. The French, however, were in no posi­ father Onontio has kept us poor and blind, and they openly requested aid from the Eng­ tion to launch any offensive attacks from their but thro' your means we begin to open our lish and Iroquois and encouraged other mid- western posts. They were well outnumbered eyes and to see things at a great distance" western tribes and the Delaware and by the midwestem tribes, and needed sub­ (NYCD 6: 595). Shawnee to attack the French (MPCP 5: 137; stantial reinforcements before they could con­ sider retaliation. The Iroquois accepted the Miami alliance NYCD 6: 733, NYCD 10: 115). Both the Mis- much like they had the Tuscarora and Wyandot sisauga and Ottawa allied themselves with the At the end of 1748 the French had to make a before them: "We will take you under our care, Iroquois and began attacking the French decision on what to do about the Ohio River and assist you on all occasions in the best across the Great Lakes area. The Wyandots tribes who were rapidly growing in strength and manner" (NYCD 6:595-596). Several English reportedly killed nine French near Kichaga. now firmly entrenched within the English trade. traders established themselves at Pickawillany (the Cuyahoga River?). The Chippewa killed The French decided to first reinforce their and the village grew as more Miami began to nine French settlers near Detroit, while the existing posts at Fort Niagara and Detroit, relocate there. English traders also set up camp Ottawa killed another 12 in the Michilimack- which were the most exposed to attack by the with the Wyandots and Iroquois at Conshake inac region (NYCD 6: 386; NYCD 10: 84, 87, Iroquois or disaffected midwestem tribes. They located at the confluence of the Muskingum 115, 119, 140-142). So encouraged were the then focused on either attacking or intimidating and Tuscarora Rivers. As Figure 1 demon­ Ottawa, Wyandot, and Missisauga by the disaffected tribes living around Detroit, forcing strates, the Iroquois, Wyandot, and Pickawillany results of their attacks during the summer that them to return as allies. The ploy worked with coalition had firm control over the upper and in the autumn they even asked Iroquois per­ the Ottawa and Missisauga. middle Ohio River drainage and presented a mission to destroy Fort Niagara (NYCD 6: possible military threat that could field close to 387, 389). The French then decided to send a 230 man force on an expedition to travel down the Ohio 3,000 warriors. The seriousness of the situation for the River and then up the Great Miami to Detroit. To the French this was a severe threat to their French posts in the west was brought to light The purpose of this expedition was three-fold: trade in the Great Lakes that could upset fragile when they reported that the Miami and Wea to arrest or drive out the English traders alliances they had reestablished with several of had taken prisoner all the French and their located there; to intimidate the Iroquois, the lake tribes (e.g., Ottawa). They decided in goods that were stationed there. The leader of Shawnee, Delaware, Wyandot, and Miami 1750 to continue the reinforcement and provi­ this action appeared to be none other than La living along these areas; and to formally lay sion of their western posts and also tried to Demoiselle, who would play a significant role claim to the region with leaden plates that appease the Iroquois (MPCP 5: 485; NYCD 6: in events to come in the Ohio River Valley. would be buried at the mouths of several rivers 546, 589). Ironically while appeasing the Iro­ With the defection of the Miami, the French at entering the Ohio River (JR 69:175-177; NYCD quois, the French were justifying their claims to

25 the Ohio River Valley in many of their writings of This acknowledgement by Jonquiere per­ 1911 [21: 287; NYCD 10: 248). In January of this period. In the previous decades the French haps represents the pinnacle of Iroquois 1752 the French again tried to recruit their allied had rarely questioned Iroquois ownership of diplomatic skills in the early 1750s. The Iro­ Indians. This time they asked a group of 70 Ohio, but now they claimed that the French quois defensive posturing had convinced the French Iroquois. These Indians had few rela­ were the rightful owners based upon LaSalle's French governor they were willing to fight for tions with the Miami and agreed, but the local alleged travels down the Ohio River in the these lands and that they were not intimidated Ottawa found out and threatened to attack the 1670s. Thus, by the so-called rules of discovery by French demands or threats. Jonquiere had French Iroquois if they proceeded. All but three they were the first to find this drainage and were conceded. This compromise was not accept­ of the French Iroquois were dissuaded. The consequently the rightful heirs. The rights of the able to many French, particularly those at Ver­ remaining three killed two Miami near the village indigenous owners of this area who were sailles in France, who viewed the Iroquois (Hanna 1911 [21283-284). During the spring the defeated or driven off by the Iroquois was not independent claims as endangering France's Miami continued attacks on the French, killing considered. rights to the Midwest and validating English 15 (MPCP 5: 573-574). In late 1750 the French successfully rein­ title to this region. Consequently, when Jon­ In late June of 1752 French tried once more forced their existing posts and constructed quiere died in March of 1752, he was replaced to use their allied Indians in an attack on Pick­ Fort Junindot at Sandusky (Darlington 1893: by Duquesne, a man more inclined to risk war awillany. This time they asked the Michili- 44-45; Hanna 1911 [21: 270; MFCP 5: 485). with the Iroquois and English. Duquesne's mackinac Ottawa to raid the Miami, since they This fort secured this area as French, pro­ plan was clear. Prevent English expansion into had no ties with the Miami. Led by Charles hibiting access by English traders on the the Ohio River Valley and strengthen France's Langlade, a force of 240 Ottawa traveled western end of Lake Erie. The fort also acted claim to this region. He openly stated he had secretly southward to Pickawillany so that the as a base for French backed raids on English no intentions to abide by Jonquiere's prom­ village would not be warned of their approach. traders and on the Indians located on the Ohio ises and gave no credence to Iroquois claims Luck was with this group of French and River to the south (MPCP 5: 497). The threat to Ohio, reiterating LaSalle's explorations Ottawa, who fortuitously found the fort occu­ that the French posed was felt greatest by the (Hanna 1911 [1]: 21). The Iroquois' diplomatic pied by only a handful of defenders (approxi­ Miami at Pickawillany, who were the most vul­ triumph was short lived, as they discovered mately 26), as most were off either hunting or nerable to attack. The Miami contacted the new governor of New France's true trading. The fort was swiftly attacked and George Croghan and Andrew Montour (an Iro­ agenda was war. after a short siege it was surrendered. In the quois) and asked the Iroquois if they could The meetings between Jonquiere and the Iro­ attack one English and fourteen Indians (one relocate farther up the Ohio River to be better quois had temporarily checked possible hostili­ of whom was an Iroquois) were killed protected from the French and closer to ties between the two groups, but the French felt defending the fort, and five English traders potential aid from the Iroquois and/or English. differently about the Miami at Pickawillany. They were captured (Hanna 1911 [2]: 289-290; JR They never moved however. As Pickawillany planned to forcibly remove them from their vil­ 69: 299; MPCP 5: 599). The attack on Pickaw­ grew in strength over the next year, the Miami lage back to Kiskakon, or destroy them. The illany had a disastrous effect on the Iroquois became more bold and felt confident in French continued to send out small war parties coalition, but for the French it gave them resisting any French aggression. This later to try to kill or capture English traders in Ohio renewed confidence and great prestige. Only proved to be unwise. (NYCD 6: 733). In preparation for an attack on a few defenders had been lost, but the village and trade post had been destroyed. More In 1751 the Iroquois, perhaps in response the Miami, the French sent a force of 1,000 importantly the charismatic leader of the to the Miami requests to relocate, reassured French and 200 St. Lawrence Indians to rein­ Miami, La Demoiselle, so vocal in his anti- them they would defend their relatives, allied force their western posts (MPCP 5: 548-549; French sentiments, was among the dead. tribes, and the English traders living on the NYCD 6: 730). The French hoped to pressure With his death the Miami's will to fight the Cuyahoga and Ohio Rivers (NYCD 6: 706). At their allied tribes at Detroit and in the lake area French evaporated, and no leader arose to the same time the French began to change to attack and disperse the Pickawillany Miami. effectively organize a response. their political exchanges with the Iroquois. In Many of these tribes promised to help, but the spring of 1751 they demanded that the failed to do so. Only a small party of Nippiss- Iroquois stop allowing English traders in the ings succeeded in killing two Miami near Pick­ Collapse of Iroquois Power in the Ohio area. The Iroquois became demonstrably awillany in late 1751 (NYCD 10: 247248). The Valley upset at the French audacity to forbid them to French were frustrated that most of their allied The Iroquois and their allies were unable to trade and reminded them that these were Iro­ tribes (Potowatomies and Ottawas) were prevent the attack on Pickawillany or offer quois lands not French (MPCP 5: 536). Later refusing to participate in an attack because they assistance, it had simply happened too quickly. that summer the French and a Detroit Ottawa were intermarried with or had close ties with the The swiftness of the attack had exposed met with the Iroquois again. Jonquiere, now Miami. Their reluctance was also attributed to inherent weaknesses in the defensive capabili­ governor of New France, was also in atten­ the size of Pickawillany, which had grown sub­ ties of other coalition villages to sustain surprise dance. Jonquiere was particularly concerned stantially since Celeron had visited it in 1749. assaults due to their isolation. Logistically Pick­ that the Enghsh were planning to build a fort Croghan and Gist visited the town in February awillany was too far away to be aided by allies along the drainage, which they could not of 1751 and reported that "400 families" were in a timely fashion, which had made it vulner­ allow. The Iroquois responded to Jonquiere by living there and that this total was increasing able to such a raid. The Miami had also been stating that they would "not permit any nation daily. They considered the town "one of the overconfident, not garrisoning their fort with an to establish posts there; the master of life has strongest Indian towns upon this part of the adequate number of defenders. With Pickaw­ placed us on that territory, and we alone continent" (Hanna 1911 [2]: 273). The report of illany gone, other coalition villages along the ought to enjoy it, without anybody having the 400 families at the town suggests a total of 400 Ohio River such as Lower Shawnee Town and power to trouble us there" (NYCD 10: 233). to 500 warriors. Understandably, any hope of Logstown were now more exposed to French They reiterated to Jonquiere that the Ohio defeating this fortified village would take a siz­ and allied Indian raids. These towns also had to River Valley "lands are the property of the Five able force, not a raiding party. The other con­ wonder whether the Iroquois in New York could Nations" (NYCD 10: 244). Jonquiere had cern for the French and their Indian allies were come to their aid in time if they were attacked. experience with the northeastern tribes and the Miami's allies residing on the Ohio River. With Pickawillany's destruction, the united front was cognizant of the various tribal claims and They could send substantial reinforcements if that the Iroquois and other Ohio Indians had their legitimacy. Jonquiere recognized that the given enough time. only recently posed to French power in the west Iroquois had a legitimate claim to the Ohio The isolated attack on the Miami by the Nip- was now unraveling. For the French the suc­ River and in this meeting openly stated that cess of the raid on Pickawillany enabled them the "French would not settle on those lands pissings did not go unanswered. The Miami and their relatives the Piankashaws, retaliated by to consolidate their control over many of the [Ohio River Valley lands] without their permis­ vacillating Great Lakes tribes. This was sion" (NYCD 10: 244). attacking French posts in Indiana. Eighteen French were killed in the ensuing weeks (Hanna strengthened when the Iroquois and their allies

26 showed additional signs of weakness by not the opening phases of this conflict were Shawnee and Delaware to remain neutral and immediately attacking French settlements in purely the French versus the Iroquois and their to not attack the French (MTCP 6:159). retaliation. Instead, the Iroquois went on the Indian allies. What had started at Pickawillany Without the support of the Iroquois, the defensive fearing an attack from French forces was now culminating in the French chal­ Shawnee, and Delaware were unwilling to take on their villages in New York or along the Ohio lenging the other portion of the Ohio Indian action. Some removed east into Pennsylvania, River. The Iroquois' anxiety, however, was justi­ coalition. The French had realized from their but the majority sued for peace, which the fied, for the French had heavily reinforced their historic encounters with the Iroquois in the French graciously accepted. A few Iroquois western posts, particularly Fort Niagara, from past that an army of limited size would have warriors openly joined Washington's force of which an attack could easily be launched. If the little impact. Consequently, the French posi­ Virginians that arrived on the scene in 1754, Iroquois sent their warriors to attack the French tioned the largest force they had ever assem­ but once this small English force was in the Great Lakes, their villages would be left bled in the field at their western posts. This defeated, the Iroquois resistance to the completely exposed. Unlike the Miami they was meant to intimidate and give themselves French advance into this area ended. chose to keep most of their warriors home to overwhelming numerical advantage. Unlike After many years of posturing, maneu­ repulse an expected invasion. the seventeenth century when the Iroquois vering, and on occasion bloodshed the French Iroquois suspicions of a French invasion of and French forces were generally evenly had won a significant victory. In the end they New York or the Ohio River Valley were not matched, the French colony had gradually did not have to fight the Iroquois, yet, they unwarranted. In fact, although the ethnohis- grown in size and recently received substan­ had forced them to abandon the Ohio River toric record is not explicit, the French rein­ tial reinforcements from France so that their Valley and consequently destroyed the Iro­ forcement of their western posts indicate a military strength numbered close to 15,000 to quois and Ohio Indian coalition. The result of deliberate attempt by the French to play up 20,000. Besides a numerical advantage, the the Iroquois retreat was the expulsion of Eng­ the fear that they may attack the Iroquois' army was well supplied and Duquesne had lish traders, the isolation of allied tribes such main villages (Hanna 1911 [2]:290). The made it dear that this large force was going to as the Shawnee and Delaware, and enforce­ French knew, militarily, that the Iroquois could stay in place to enforce France's claim. As for ment of French claims to the region. While the still muster a significant force of warriors, with the English the French knew there was prob­ Iroquois still possessed a potent military force, as many as 1,200 to 1,400 men and possibly ably little to be concerned with as historically they could not match the numerical superi­ an additional 800 to 1,000 men from the they had failed to support the Iroquois. ority of the French, and consequently the Shawnee, Delaware, and other allied tribes. Tactically the French positioned their forces French humbled them. Jennings (1984,1988) Consequently, in the spring of 1753, they in such a manner so as to threaten the Iro­ and Richter (1992) had been wrong in heavily reinforced Ft. Niagara with more men quois villages from various directions (Figure depicting a weak Iroquois Confederacy at the and supplies (NYCD 6: 779, 796). The Iroquois 2), a fact of which the Iroquois were well turn of the century, but their assessments reported that as many as 6,000 French and aware. In the summer of 1753 a portion of the were more applicable for the period at the 500 St. Lawrence Indians were now posi­ French army traveled to Presque Isle and built onset of the French and Indian War. The Iro­ tioned at this post. The Iroquois sent messen­ a fort. The Iroquois reported they felt that a quois' inability to stop the French from gers to the Ohio Indians to inform them of the French attack on their main villages in New invading the Ohio River Valley had demon­ situation and that they may also be a target York was imminent (NYCD 10: 256). The Ohio strated to the midwestem tribes that the Iro­ (MPCP 5: 614; 622-623). The French informed Indians also felt that the French expedition quois could no longer hold their own against a the Iroquois that their army was only going to was aimed at the Iroquois in New York (NYCD Euroamerican colony and, as a result, the Iro­ strike the Miami and drive the remaining Eng­ 6: 806). The Iroquois and Ohio Indians were quois lost prestige and power. The Iroquois lish traders away. The Iroquois put up a bold soon to learn that another French detach­ still played a role in political events to come, front, telling the messengers to take the fol­ ment, of approximately 1,000 men, was but the midwestem tribes ultimately began to lowing statement back to the French: moving up the Mississippi to attack the Ohio rely on their own military capabilities and lead­ settlements from the south (MPCP 5: 732). As ership (eg. Little Turtle, and Tecumseh) in the "they [the Iroquois] would not suffer him conflicts that were to come. to build forts there [the Ohio region], nor the French probably intended, the Iroquois take possession of those lands, nor drive realized they could not send reinforcements to away the English, that those lands aid the Ohio Indians, or vice versa, if either References belonged to the Indians, and that neither was attacked as their villages would be left Brandao. J. A. French nor English should have anything open to attack from either direction. The 1997 "Your tyre shall bum no more": Iroquois inherent weakness of the Iroquois and Ohio to do with them; that the Indians were Policy Toward New France and Its Native Indian coalition of being too dispersed was owners of the soil and independent of Allies to 1701. University of Nebraska Press, now conspicuously evident. The Iroquois Lincoln and London. both, and would keep the lands in their turned to the English for aid, but as they had hand;" (MPCP 5: 607608). too often done in the past, they were indeci­ Brandap, J. A. and W. A. Starna Bravado aside, the Iroquois were extremely sive and only agreed to send a token force the 1996 The Treaties of 1701: A Triumph of Iroquois Diplomacy. Ethnohistory. 43(2): 209-244. worried about the presence of the French following year, by which time it was too late. army. Colonel Johnston of New York reported By the late summer of 1753 the Iroquois, cog­ at this time that the Iroquois refused to come Darlington, W. nizant of their situation, informed the English 1893 Christopher Gist's Journals. Pittsburgh: J.R. to a council meeting in Winchester, "not that they could not stop the French forces. thinking it proper to leave their houses at a Weldin and Co. time of so much danger" (MPCP 5: 607-608). With the situation deteriorating, the Iroquois Hanna, C. A. Strategically, the French military tactics recognized that logistically they could not 1911 The Wilderness Trail. Vol. I and II, The used in 1753 to establish forts at Presque Isle, defend the Ohio River Valley and ordered their Knickerbocker Press, New York. Venango, and Le Boeuf in hostile territory people living there to remove back to Iroquoia were brilliant. Unlike previous attempts, such (MPCP 6:219). Although this may be viewed Jennings, F. as Denonville's campaign of 1687 which had by some as a sign of weakness, tactically it 1988 Empire of Fortune: Crowns, Colonies and ultimately failed, this expedition was better was wise for the Iroquois, for it concentrated Tribes in the Seven Years War in America. planned and focused on neutralizing a pow­ their military forces in one area. Except for a New York and London: W.W. Norton and erful foe, the Iroquois. Historians have often few Iroquois families, the order was obeyed. Company. portrayed this expedition as purely a contest To the Shawnee, Delaware, Miami, and between the English and French. Certainly the Wyandot the Iroquois retreat must have been 1984 The Ambiguous Iroquois Empire: The Covenant Chain Confederation of Indian engagement between Washington's small seen as a betrayal. They urgently requested Tribes with English Colonies from its Begin­ ineffectual force and the French in 1754 was a that the Iroquois send them aid (MPCP 6:37). nings to the Lancaster Treaty of 1744. New clash between the colonial powers, however, The Iroquois response was to instruct the York: W.W. Norton and Co.

27 Keener, C. S. O'Callaghan, E. B., (editor) (NYCD) Richter, D. 1998 An Ethnohistoric Perspective on Iroquois 1856 Documents Relative to the Colonial History 1992 The Ordeal of the Longhouse: The Peoples Warfare During The Second Half of the Sev­ of the State of New York. 16 vols. Albany: of the Iroquois League in the Era of Euro­ enteenth Century (A.D. 1649-1701). PhD Weed, Parsons and Company. pean Colonization. The University of North dissertation, The Ohio State University. Parkman, F. Carolina Press. 1983 [1865-1892] France and England in North Minutes of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania America. 2 vols (25th edition). New York: Thwaites, R., (editor) (JR) (MPCP) The Viking Press. 1896- The Jesuit Relations and Allied Docu- 1852 Minutes of the Provincial Council of Penn­ 1901 ments. 73 vols. Cleveland, Barrow Bros. sylvania. Theo. Penn and Co., Harrisburg.

miles N t

mu/~^ ^ Hii|i|u hiii*T „...... */Vr'"""fSv^ ** - "V Ft. Frontenac / ^) Ft. Michihmackinac J • "V CX i .ml //) JUk0ttawK J ^VJ Mississagi "<"\ V*""*"*-'"**"''* (Ft. Niagara

y^ S*JF Iroquois w \ ) Detroit] *-» /* Huron • k m^srk DelawareJS^Z; L V , \J Ottawa*^~£5 r A ^A r Delaware ^ j / Ft Miamis » flroquoisyfcj^ogstown J*^ 1 i "+C 11 s—>vJ J £ • Miami>( • = French Fort / ] Pickawillany . Wyando S t / t jf^~\ ft Sy 1 Kickapoo/ »• WL hn 1 V' y 7 11 ] awneejf A L» _^X / A = an Indian village Lower Shawnee Town 7 u \ Ft. Vincenne^/ ^Q n. = Iroquois, Wyandot, and Miami Coalition

Figure 1 The Iroquois, Wyandot, and Pickawillany coalition in 1749 showing Iroquois allies and influ­ ence in the Ohio Valley.

= French Fort = Ohio Indian Village = Iroquois Village -1753 French Invasion Route = Rumored French Invasion Route • = a French Attack in 1752

Figure 2 The French invasion of the Ohio River Valley and potential threats to the Iroquois in 1753.

28 TWO FLUTED POINT BASES by Robert N. Williams Warsaw, Ohio

The fluted point base on the right was appears to be 6.9 mm. The flute on one neighbor. He told me he found the point found April 15, 2002 while I was surface side extends beyond the break. The flute while surface hunting a field in southeast hunting. This field had been plowed the on the reverse side extends 26.8 mm Illinois between the forks of the Embarras previous fall and is located in Coshocton from the base and is much narrower. The River, Jackson County, Willowhill Town­ County, Newcastle Township. The point broken edge of the midsection appears ship. The point is made of a dark grey was found on the slope of a hill about to have had many small pressure flakes flint maybe Indiana hornstone. It is 41.6 100 yards from Dutch Run. No other arti­ removed from one edge, perhaps to be mm long at the longest part of the break. facts or flint chips were found within 50 used as a scraper. The edge of the Width at the base was 27.9 mm with a feet. The point is made of classic Nellie broken ear appears to be worked in the base cavity of 5.2 mm. Width at the break chert (light gray with darker thin bands). same manner. There is heavy basal and is 30.92 mm. Thickness at the break is The identical material occurs in a surface lateral grinding. This would have been a 5.9 mm. There is light grinding on the outcrop about 1/2 mile to the southeast rather large point maybe 114 mm or 4- base and heavy lateral grinding. The flute of the site. Had an ear not been broken 1/2 inches long. (I have been surface on one side extends beyond the break. the base would have measured 30.62 hunting for over 40 years and this is the The flute on the reverse side ends 14 mm mm wide. The broken end is 33.26 mm first classic fluted point I have found.) from the base. This too would have been wide and is 6.4 mm thick at this point. The point on the left was found years a rather large point. The lowest point of the concave base ago and was given to me by a former

Figure 1 (Williams) Obverse and reverse of two fluted point bases.

29 THE BANDED EYE BIRDSTONE by Kenneth E. Simper Hamilton, Indiana

Here is a fine bird from the Glacial and is made from green slate with attrac­ One sad fact about this birdstone is Kame Culture. We recognize them from tive black banding. The large black cir­ that the location of its find has been lost, their long heads and beaks as well as cular band used for an eye was placed although the chances are strong of its their long bodies and wide fantails. exactly where the actual eye would have coming from Indiana in the vicinity of Although this bird's body is not as long been located. Many black bands run par­ Orville Wisehart's home. as many of this type, note how the length allel to the base on the opposite side. There is a large gluespot on the base of head and beak nearly equal the length The first known collector of this artifact where a sticker has fallen off or has been of its body. was Orville Wisehart of Indiana, then removed. A smaller piece of medical tape This is a very well made birdstone that Julian Gentry, and then on to the collec­ was placed on it with a number one measures four and one-half inches long tion of Clem Caldwell, Danville, Kentucky. inscription by Mr. Gentry.

Figure 1 (Simper) Glacial Kame birdstone from Indiana

NECROLOGY Randy Hancock - 1946-2003 It was with sadness that we heard of in Ashland, Ohio, in 1946 and graduated He was a veteran of the U.S. Army. Our the passing of Randy Hancock of Ash­ from Ashland High School in 1965. He condolences and sympathies to his land, Ohio. Randy was one of the truly was one of the original members of the family. nice people in our Society and will be Johnny Appleseed Chapter and was a missed by his many friends. He was born member of the Chippewa Valley Chapter.

Marsha Helman Longtime ASO member Marsha will be remembered for her courage, enjoyed surface hunting. She will be Helman passed away March 4th, 2003, compassion, keen wit and straightfor­ greatly missed by husband Ron, son after battling a lengthy illness. A friendly ward approach to life. She encouraged Chris, grandson Austin, her family and and familiar face at Ohio ASO meetings and supported husband Ron in his col­ many friends. and auctions for over 30 years, Marsha lecting and ASO activities and especially

30 A UNIFACE TOOL by Art Heaton 165 North St. Batavia, Ohio 45103

This unique flint tool was found by tool is made on a uniface blade - pos­ are carefully chipped from the obverse Gregg Harris in the early 1990s and is sibly of Carter Cave flint - and is 3-3/4 side. Uniface tools such as these are now in the collection of Mike Bauer. The inches long. Both of the concave sides often found in Paleo contexts.

Figure 1 (Heaton) Obverse and reverse of uniface Paleo tool

A MADISON COUNTY DOVETAIL by Bob White Thornville, Ohio

The small based Dovetail shown in obverse and reverse (Figure 1) was found by a farmer near Kiousville, Franklin Township, Madison County, Ohio, in 1975. It was later given to a friend of mine and I subsequently acquired it as part of his collectiion. When found it had a small part of the tip and one barb broken from farm machinery. In col­ lector's terms, this piece would be cate­ gorized as a heartbreaker. Because it was only slightly damaged I had it restored. The piece measures 4-7/8 inches long and 1-3/4 inches at the barbs and is a typical Ohio small based Dovetail. It is fashioned from brown, yellow, tan, orange and cream Flint Ridge flint. The base was expertly chipped and is heavily ground and polished - the blade edges are still very sharp. Similar Dovetails have been reported from western Franklin and Madison Counties. They are also made from high quality and colorful Flint Ridge flint. Figure 1 (White) Obverse and reverse of Flint Ridge Dovetail

31 A FRACTURED BASE TOOL by Bob White Thornville, Ohio

The Fractured Base point shown in Fig­ ures 1 and 2 was acquired from another collector but it has no provenience except Ohio. It is made from Flint Ridge chalcedony and is 2-1/2 inches long which is an average size for the type. It exhibits a combination of large percus­ sion scars and fine edge retouch. The selection of high quality raw material is also characteristic for the type. Generally Fractured Base points are tri­ angular in outline and are well-chipped Figure 1 (White) Fractured Base point of Flint from a variety of compact flint. On many Ridge chalcedony examples the thickest part of the piece is toward the tip of the artifact, some being so thick that they appear somewhat unbalanced. As with nearly all prehistoric flint artifacts the basal configuration gives the type its identity. On the Fractured w base type the base was first notched in the center and then two burin flakes were made from each corner toward the notch, leaving the typical flat fracture scar. Some examples I have seen also have a small burin scar directed into the notch at each corner of the stem. Similar burin-like frac­ turing can be seen on the stems of some small bifurcates. The interesting features of this point are not only the four burin flakes made to create the distinctive stem, but the two additional flakes made from the tip to create the burin tool seen in Figure 2. As is usual with burins, there is more than one flake - this one has two of them - one 5/8 inches long and the other 1/8 inch. Thus, a point with a burin-created base was turned into a burin tool. Figure 1 (White) The 5/8 inch burin flake on the left and a short 1/8 inch flake on the right made this point into a burin

A GRANITE BANNERSTONE PREFORM by Bob White Thornville, Ohio

I found this granite bannerstone pre­ The field in which it was found has form in Thorn Township, Perry County, yielded a small Archaic Bevel, an Archaic Ohio, in 1990. It measures 3-3/4 inches Side Notch, and two Kanawha bifurcated long, 2-3/4 inches wide, and 1-1/4 inches points. This preform, therefore, probably thick. Although the artifact has been pol­ dates from the Archaic period. ished, peck marks on the surface were not obliterated. It is undrilled.

Figure 1 (White) Bannerston preform found in Perry County, Ohio

32 SOME LONG FORGOTTEN KNOX COUNTY PREHISTORIC SITES by Michael A. Fath Burton. Ohio

Knox County Ohio has a rich tradition of historic and This moundbuilders (sic) earthworks was on the "At Brink Haven the stream (Mohican River) is prehistoric activity. Unfortunately, much of this history Simpson farm just south of Greer. It was in the shape large and can be navigated in a canoe. There are seems to be forgotten as the "old timers" pass away. This of an arc. four or five feet high and between one hun­ many stone mounds on both sides, upon the high article summarizes some 1989-91 discussions and corre­ dred fifty and two hundred feet long. According to the hills. On the Hunter farm one mile below the village, is spondence between the author and Thomas Grubb and information I have the moundbuilders were active in a small mound 3 feet high and 35 feet base, made of Dwight Greer, long term residents of Knox County. Ohio from 30OBC to 600AD. Thus this earthworks yellow clay. It is shown in Figure VI (Author note: Dwight is a direct descendant of Robert Greer who could have been in existence at or even before the figure quality not suitable for duplicating). Although settled into the Jefferson Township in 1827. The town time of Christ. This earthworks must have been built thoroughly examined, there was nothing found in it. was later renamed Greersville in honor of Robert, and for ceremonial purposes as rt couldn't possibly have Mr. Gann lives opposite the Hunters, across the then finally shortened to Greer. Tom was a well known been used for protection. Recently uninformed oilwell Mohican. On his farm are two mounds 300 yards avocational archaeologist who documented prehistoric men bulldozed it off to make room for oil tanks." apart. One is 4 feet high and 3 5 feet base. Both are mounds in Knox County and contributed much to the He later wrote to me to report: injured by cultivation. In the larger one we found local archaeological literature. "People at the Holmes County surveyor's office some charcoal. Four large white flint arrow-heads lay Some early useful historical references complement know of no earthworks in that county and I know of about a foot from the surface near the center. the discussions with these gentlemen. The early Jefferson no others in Knox County." Nothing else was found. Township history documented in "History of Knox Interestingly, the 1914 journal. "Ohio Arch, and His. The small mound contained charcoal and burnt County" by N.N. Hill, Jr. (Hill 1881) tells of the life and Society Publications" (Mills 1914) makes no mention of earth. There were no bones or relics. Both mounds times of the earliest settlers who arrived here just after the these prehistoric features in the Jefferson (or Greer) were examined thoroughly." end of the war of 1812 up to the late 1800's. For Township area. They do. however, record sites both north The question remains: why is the 1914 documentation example, the region along the Mohican river in 1881 is and south of the Greer area in their official Report of Field of prehistoric sites so complete for the areas located both described thusly: Work. (Mills 1914). To the north, the following is reported: north and south of the 1881 described Greer sites, yet no The Mohican River, the principal stream, crosses The old Delaware village of Hell Town is on the mention is made of these Greer sites? Clearly, the resi­ the entire eastern part of the township, from north to Clear Fork in Richland County, near Newville. It is on dents in the Greer area were well aware of the fortifica­ south, in a meandering course. Many interesting the south side of the stream about 4 miles from the tion, the earthworks and the mounds in 1914, yet the relics of former ages have been found here. The early Ashland County line. It was deserted about 1782. the official field work of the Ohio Archaeological Society pioneers unearthed with their plows hundreds of time of the massacre of Gnadenhutten. Graves were seems to have missed them completely. flints, or Indian arrowheads, and various implements visible until two years ago: the field is now cleared Dwight Greer's verbal descriptions of the Knox County of Indian manufacture. On the farm of George Bird, and plowed. In the author's cabinet are two iron sites and their ultimate fate comprise a valuable contribu­ near Greersville, were several small mounds. These scalping knives and an iron tomahawk which were tion to the prehistoric knowledge of this area. The same were explored by the early settlers, several human thrown up by the plow: also the brass mountings of a can be said for Tom Grubb's descriptions and documenta­ skeletons unearthed, and ashes and charcoal also gun, a gun-flint, a stone ax. and some arrow-heads. tion of mounds in Knox County (personal communication) found. On the summit of a high and precipitous hill Dr. James Henderson of Newville, Ohio, has in his The author is grateful to have had the privilege to have adjacent to Greersville are the remains of an ancient possession several articles obtained from this site. known both of these men. fortification or intrenchment (sic). The sides of a por­ The Indians formerly called their settlement Clear tion of the hill were so steep as to make an intrench­ Town, and stream Clear Fork, but learning the REFERENCES CITED ment unnecessary, but the portions less abrupt were German word hell, for clear or bright, they changed Greer. Dwight strongly fortified by a wide and deep ditch, cut in the the name to Hell Town. 1989-91 Personal Communications form of a semicircle." A rock shelter is located on the west side of Clear Grubb, Thomas C. Dwight Greer recalled climbing on and around these Fork, in the conglomerate sandstone of the Lower 1989-91 Personal Communications features in his childhood in the early 20th century, and in Carboniferous. It was explored in 1877 by L. Rust discussions with him and in his correspondence to Tom and the author, who found about 2 feet of ashes Hill. N.N. Jr. Grubb and the author, Dwight reports: intermingled with a few animal bones and coprolites. 1881 History Of Knox County, Ohio: Its Past and Present. "At one time there was an Indian mound at the No human remains were disclosed excepting a split Mount Vernon, OH, A. A. Graham, pp. 493-496. highest point of the pine hill east of Greer. Several bone, and even that is doubtful. The ashes continue years ago timber cutters bulldozed a road through deeper, and further examination might prove inter­ Mills. William C. the mound but I know where it was located." esting." 1914 Archaeological Atlas Of Ohio, Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society. Columbus OH, pp. 188-189. He goes on to describe an old photograph he had of Moving to the south of Greer, this same 1914 refer­ yet another prehistoric feature he knew as. a child: enced field work reports:

1_mgm^mmmtjmmamm%ml

33 AN EXOTIC STONE CELT by John Rodgers P.O. Box 207 Casstown, Ohio 45312 This unique celt was found near St. Paris, Champaign County, Ohio, in 1939. It is made of yellow-white quartz with inclusions of nephrite (similar to jadeite). This stone undoubtedly came from the glacial drift and must have been attractive to its prehistoric maker. Both quartz and nephrite are extremely hard stones and this celt would have held a keen edge as well as being pleasing in appearance.

Figure 1 (Rodgers) Quartz-nephrite celt.

INTRUSIVE MOUND POINTS FROM THE EDITH SITE by Don Casto 138 Ann Court Lancaster, Ohio Shown are Intrusive Mound points from the Edith site in Fairfield County, Ohio. The Late Woodland Intrusive Mound people probably used the bow and small, thin side notched and corner notched points on their arrows. The Edith site is located near the headwaters of Clear Creek which empties into the Hocking River. The areas were once known as Muddy Prairie where a man could feel the ground shake from heavy nearby steps.

Figure 1 (Casto) Intrusive Mound points from the Edith site.

CALL FOR SUMMER MEETINGS

Chapters who wish to sponsor ASO July, August and September are avail­ dates will be announced by the Society. If summer picnic meetings should contact able. Most dates will be awarded on first you have questions call John Mocic at Vice President John Mocic, Box 170-D, come first serve basis and the sooner the above number. RD #1, Dilles Bottom, Ohio 43947 - tele­ your plans are made the better. Summer phone 740-676-1077. Dates for June, meetings are organized by the chapter -

34 NOTCHED OVATE BANNERSTONES by David Root Harbor Springs Michigan

Figure 1 (Root) Four notched ovate bannerstones from the Ohio Michigan area are shown. Top left is Butler County, Ohio. Top right, Kent County, Michigan. Bottom left, near Prospect, Marion County, Ohio. Bottom right, South of Attica near the Seneca County, Huron County line.

35 MORE PALAEO-AMERICAN EVIDENCE IN KNOX COUNTY, OHIO by Michael A. Fath Burton, Ohio

Bob Converse recently reported that blage based classes described and used Knox County is particularly rich in prehis­ by Brush. Tool materials include: Converse, Robert N. toric artifacts and undoubtedly contains a scraping tools (n=804), cutting tools 1973 Ohio Flint Types, Archaeological stronger Palaeo-American presence than (n=641), chopping tools (n=432), piercing Society of Ohio Columbus OH. might be generally realized (Converse tools or projectile points (n=376), perfo­ 2002) The author heartily agrees with his rating tools (n=236), graving tools (n=177) 1973a Ohio Stone Tools, Archaeological Society of Ohio Columbus OH. assertion and during our pleasant tele­ and pounding tools (n=115). The 389 phone conversation, Bob urged me to non-tool assemblage includes cores 1978 Ohio Slate Types, Archaeological document several Knox County sites (n=118) decorative items (n=13) and other Society of Ohio Columbus OH. which I have investigated. This report miscellaneous objects (n=258). summarizes the extensive inventory of Finally, there are 1681 utilized, but 1994 Ohio Flint Types, Archaeological materials collected over a 32 year period unclassified, debitage items. The grand Society of Ohio Columbus OH. from several contiguous sites located total of all material in the data base is within an approximately 50 acre area in 4851 items (Table 2, Figure 3). 2002 Paleo-American Evidence in Knox eastern Knox County. County, Ohio, Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. While certainly not definitive, it appears 52, No. 4, pp. 8. Approximately 4850 artifacts, mostly that the quantity, diversity and frequency lithic, have been collected from the sites, distribution of the many different tool Gramly, Richard, M. and these have been classified using the types suggest a long term domestic 1990 Guide To The Palaeo-lndian Artifacts of appended references (Converse 1973, occupation at these sites, and not merely North America, Persimmon Press, Buf­ 1973a, 1976; 1978; 1994; Hothem 1986, hunting camps or quarry reduction sites. falo NY. 1990; Gramly 1990; and many issues of Furthermore, based on published Ohio Archaeologist published between descriptions, sketches and photographs Hothem, Lar 1976-2002). Further classification of the of Palaeo artifacts by Gramly (1990) and 1986 Indian Flints of Ohio, Hothem House materials was made using the systematic Hothem (1986, 1990), the author is con­ Books Lancaster OH. procedures described by Nigel Brush in his vinced that a significant percentage of doctoral dissertation (Brush 1990, 348- 1990 First Hunters, Ohio's Paleo-lndian Arti­ the tools could be of Palaeo origin. How­ facts, Hothem House Books, Lancaster 352). He reports that two basic types of ever, since this cannot be positively OH. systematics are commonly used for classi­ proven, these are not included in the fication of archaeological materials; type diagnostic analysis. Had they been, the Tallman, Dean E. and Edwards, Gene R. based and assemblage based. Type based sites might be much more Palaeo than 1989 A Fluted Knife From Northern Ohio, Ohio methods are often used to classify items reported herein. Archaeologist Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 30. such as specific, diagnostic projectile point An interesting example of such a tool is types chronologically or by cultural affilia­ shown in the accompanying photograph tion. Assemblage based techniques, as (Figure 4) This Palaeo fluted knife is Brush explains, embodies four elements: almost the mirror image twin of another (1) a lithic typology for identifying and clas­ Palaeo knife previously described and sifying various tool groups, (2) a type list pictured by Tallman and Edwards (1989). and ordering of these tool groups (3) They illustrate an Upper Mercer flint preparation of cumulative frequency distri­ fluted knife recovered at the Huron bution graphs of the tool groups, and (4) County Hackelberry site (UT-ER-276) in examination of the tool grouping frequency the Spring of 1988. The length, width, to estimate the most common activities thickness, fluted width, and bifacial occurring at the sites. Although Brush's retouch features on their unifacial knife dissertation centers upon improvements are nearly identical to the fluted knife and refinements of these two systematic found at one of our Knox County sites. techniques, the procedures were still useful Unfortunately, the Huron County artifact here to describe the materials and possible was stolen from the University of Toledo nature and activities at these sites. Laboratories of Archaeology in the Fall A total of 278 projectile points were 1988. Therefore, it is personally gratifying suitable for cultural and chronological to be able to report that its "twin" has diagnostic type based analysis and these been located and preserved. I wonder are summarized in table 1 and figures 1 though, was this style of knife design as and 2. More than 30% of these diag­ uniformly consistent as is commonly nostic materials were Palaeo or Piano, seen with projectile points, or did the and when early Archaic items were same person make both artifacts? included, the total is nearly 53%. Clearly, these sites are highly represented by REFERENCES CITED early prehistoric cultures. Brush, Nigel R. As anyone who ever tried to "type" 1990 Developing An "Archaeology Of Place": lithic materials knows, it is often very dif­ A Debitage Analysis Of Rockshelter ficult to unambiguously describe the Utilization In The Lower Killbuck Valley Of Holmes and Coshocton Counties, exact usage of a prehistoric tool. In spite Ph.D Dissertation, University of of this difficulty 2781 lithic artifacts have California, UMI Dissertation Information been placed into the functional or assem­ Figure 4 (Fath) Palaeo knife from Knox County, Services, Los Angeles CA. Ohio

36 EARLY WOODLAND PERIOD (-1000-0 AO) Table 1 (Fath) Early Adena 8 Early woodland "Sublet Ferry" 1 CATALOG OF PROJECTILE POINTS AND TOOLS FOR CULTURAL CHRONOLOGY Kramer : SUBTOTAL EARLY PALEO INDIAN PERIOD (-12000-9000 B.C.) NUMBER 11 Fluted technology on Fine Blade-excellent very early Paleo tool 1 FkitBd technology on Flake knives 3 Fluted technology on core-like tools 2 MIDDLE WOODLAND PERIOD (-0-500 AD.) Fluted technology on ovate knives 2 Adena Adze Fluted technology on reworked point tips 2 : Fluted technology on small knife 1 Adena Celt 1 Miniature projectile points 2 Adena, Late 5 Unfluted Fluted 2 Gorget, Adena - Gorget, Slate quadnconcave blank 1 SUBTOTAL 15 Hopewell •6 Thick Corner Notch 1 Uni-notch Woodland 2 LATE PALEO AND PLANO INDIAN PERIOD (-9000-7500 B.C.) SUBTOTAL 32 Lanceolate, round base 1 Lanceolate. Stemmed Stringtown 2 Lanceolate. Stemmed 5 LATE WOODLAND PERIOD (500A.D-1000 AD ) Lanceolate tips/points 56 Lanceolate, with two spokeshaves 1 Chesser Notched Parallel Flaked lanceolate (Small) 1 Intrusive Mound Transitional 4 Side notched triangular (Raccoon notched) SUBTOTAL 70 Woodland "Steuben" Woodland. late-"Koster"

EARLY ARCHAIC PERIOD (-7500-5500 B.C.) SUBTOTAL

A/chatc Comer Notch 14 Archaic Side Notch 12 FT ANCIENT (1000 AD.-1600 AD) Bifurcate, Kanawha 1 Bifurcate. Large S Ft Ancient Serrated Bifurcate, McCorkle 1 Triangular Bifurcate, Small 2 1: Bifurcate, small stemmed 1 Early Archaic, "Amos" type • SUBTOTAL 18 Fox Valley Point 1 Fractured base 1 Indented stem 1 TOTAL CHRONOLOGICAL DIAGNOSTIC ARTIFACTS 278 Kanawha Bifurcate 1 Kirk Corner Notch 2 Kirk Stemmed-St Albans variety 1 Kirk. Small 2 NON-TOOL ARTIFACT ASSEMBLAGE Serrated Comer Notch 5 Diagnostic Artifacts DECORATIVE ITEMS Small Stem Bifurcate 1 St Albans Bifurcate 4 by Cultural Affiliation PERIOD Seed. Oiled Stone Weak Stem Point 3 Gorget. Adena Gorget Slate {juedhconcave blank TJ80 I Paleo Pebble pendants SUBTOTAL • Pendent. Grooved Sandstone 1 60 2PlanO- Pendent. Square pebble < i Early Arch. •S 40 4Mid"ArCu\ MIDDLE ARCHAIC PERIOD (-5500-3000 B C.) 3 20 5Late Arch. • Archaic "Stanley" point E 6Early Wood MISCELLANEOUS TOOLS Archaic Angle tip serrated 1 7MidWood 3 o "Hook' shaped attract, fine crsppeto Dovetail 4 8Late.Wood Abrarang Stone 1 Fishspear points 7 ,2T 9Ft. Ancient Bedstone preforms?'' Bended slate 2 9 "-er» Blanks/Preforms 22 Heavy Duty Bonerteelh Item (toorTT?) 1 Off Set Stem 1 Broken Archaic Round pases (purposely broken???) :< Pentagonal 5 Cultural Period Concretion containers 2 4 1 Tapered stem bifurcate e (nearer??} 4 Doled Stone TOOL (AM Weight. Net Sinker??) 1 Figure 1 (Fath) SUBTOTAL 29 Fluted technology on Mksceteneous flakes 2 Fluted technology on core-kke tools 2 Fossa or Artifeor??. Unusual i LATE ARCHAIC PERIOD (-3000-1000 B C ) Mussel shea toots 13 Pyramid shaped flakes?? ' Ashtabula Diagnostic Artifacts Salvaged Ts) 2 10 Sandstone hoe 1 Bird Point 7 by Cultural Affiliation State Mr** 1 Bottleneck Spheroid. 1" dkvneler (musket Dal?! 2 Bottleneck point (table rock type) Ursdeneoed artifact (natural or man made??) 1 Brewerton Ear Notch UrsdeneRed tool fragments •7 [Others g (6.47% Unidenaned round base Matanzas 1 Meadowood 8 (3.24% Untdenened long sguare stone tool Unidenaned hatted tool Robinson Point Unidentified mscelaneous Shallow Notched 7 (11.87%) Umdenefied strange sandstone object Shallow Side Notched SUBTOTAL 6 (396%

5 (11.15% DEBITAGE LatTT Channel Rakes (from maksig fluted points) Debeoge. Smatnondescnpt "8 Archaic 4 (10.43%) Debitage, uniface flakes Flake blade debeege Mid •_•;• Flake Men an Large, biocky debitage Archaic* Uttazed flakes

SUBTOTAL Figure 2 (Fath)

37 TOOL ASSEMBLAGE BY FUNCTION Table 2 (Fath)

CUTTING TOOLS Number TOOL ASSEMBLAGE BY FUNCTION PIERCING TOOLS (PROJECTILE POINTS) PERFORATING TOOLS

Bladelets 154 Adena 14 Arte ChisBls 17 Adena. Late 4 Bipointed perforator Combination: Bladelets/scrapers 2 Adena, earty 3 Borera Archaic "Stanley" point 1 Borers/perforators Denticulars 3 Combination: AwVknife/scraper Archaic Angle tip serrated 1 Fine blades 7 Combination: Dnll/Square knife Archaic Comer notched 22 Flakesaw/spur 1 Combination: Flake knife/perforator Archaic Side Notch 6 Combination biface scraper/knife/perforator Fluted technology on Fine Blade-excellent very early Paleo to 1 Archaic Side Notched (With flute?) 1 Combination: knife/end scraper/perforator Fluted technology on Flake knives 3 Archaic Side notch, (Newton Falls) 1 Combination: knife/perforator Fluted technology on ovate knives 2 Archaic side notch with off set stem 1 Combination: reamer/gouge Combination: scraper/spur Fluted technology on small knife 1 Ashtabula 9 Combination; Biface scraper/knife/perforator 1 Gouge/chisels 9 Ashtabula (End scraper) Drill/pin tip Gouges 6 Bifurcate. Kanawha 2 Drills 8 Heavy rectangular blade ends 5 Bifurcate. Large Perforator 1 Pin, delicate Knife, Hafted 1 Bifurcate, McCorkle Bifurcate, Small 2 Prismatic with spur Knife, Heavy duty 1 Reamers Bifurcate, St. Albans 4 Knife, Large piano 1 2 Reamers/scrapers with handles-3 right, 1 left handed Bifurcate, small stemmed Knife, Stanfield 1 7 Birdpoints SUBTOTAL I Knife, Uni-edge leaf blade 1 Bottleneck 1 Knife/Paleo blank 1 Bottleneck point (table rock type) 3 Knife/scraper tool 1 Brewerton Ear Notch GRAVING- TOOLS 1 Knives Miniature Rectangular blades 5 Chesser Notched 1 Burins Knives, Bipointed 3 Diagonal Side Notch 2 Combination: UNIQUE: drili/scraper/burln Dovetail, Small Based Knives, General purpose 5 2 Combination: spur/scraper Dovetail, wide base Coronet Gravers 6 Knives, Incurvate 15 1 Early Archaic, "Amos' type Engraver tool 1 Knives, Large biface 8 1 Early woodland "Sublet Ferry" ? Graver on large flakes ii Knives, Ovale 15 1 Graver lips on small flakes 123 Expanded Stem (Paleo Long Stem) Knives, Rectangular 6 1 Limaces S Expanded base (Lamoka) Picks 3 Knives, Serrated 4 Expanding Stem 10 Radial Fracture Tools 4 Knives, Triangular 8 Fishspear points 7 Retouchers 5 Knives, Triangular uniface 2 Fluted technology on reworked point tips 2 SUBTOTAL Knives, Water polished 2 Fox Valley Point 1 Knives: Multiple variations 114 Fractured Base 2 Pieces Esquillee 14 Ft. Ancient. Serrated (Mississippian) 8 Prismatic Blades 80 Heavy duty 9 Hopewall Cores: Coshocton black flint Prismatic Chisels 17 15 Indented stem 1 Cores: Coshocton gray flint Saws 5 Cores: Rint Ridge Intrusive Mound 4 Sawtooth Flakes 3 Cores: Flint Ridge Nethers flint Intrusive Mound Large 2 3 Sickle shaped tool 1 Cores: Flint Ridge chalcedony Kirk Corner Notch 2 Cores: Glacial flint 17 Square knives 45 Kirk Stemmed-St. Albans variety 1 Cores: Indiana green 1 Tri-faced blades 14 Kirk. Small 2 Cores: Nellie Chert 6 Uniface blades 36 Kramer 2 Cores: 6 unknown flint varieties 34 Wedges 21 Lanceolate 56 Lanceolate, Stemmed 5 Lanceolate. Stemmed Stringtown 2 SUBTOTAL 641 Lanceolate, round base 1 POUNDING TOOLS Lanceolate, with two spokeshaves SCRAPING TOOLS 1 Matanzas 1 Hammerstone, Flint 1 Biface scrapers 487 Meadowaod 3 Hammerstone, Grooved 2 Bifacial microscrapers 12 Miniature Paleo projectile points 2 Hammerstone, hafted Hammerstone, oblong •5 Combination: endscraper/perforator 2 Off Set Stem 1 3 Hammerstones 74 Combination: plane/end scraper (Thick) Paleo, late 1 3 Mauls/large hammerstones 18 Drawshaves Parallel Raked lanceolate (Small) 1 End Scrapers 113 Pestles Pentagonal 5 End scraper on blade 1 Roller pestle End scraper with graver spur 2 Robinson Point 1 End scrapers, with handles 14 Serrated corner notch 5 1 Grattoir A' Museau tip (hog nosed endscraper) Shallow Side Notched 5 1 Hafted Shaft scraper 1 Side notched triangular (Raccoon notched) 1 Hafted scraper on Archaic Comer notch 6 Tapered stem bifurcate 1 Hafted scrapers 1 Thick comer notch 1 Lancet 2 Transitional (with small flute) 1 Limace/flakeshave 41 TOOL FUNCTION Transitionals 3 Lunate edged tools or Concave scrapers 20 Planes 5 Triangulars 10 Scrapers, Exceptional quality 3 Unfluted Ruted 2 Scraping 804 Scrapers, Left Handed 4 Uni-notch Woodland 3 Cutting 641 Side scraper 35 Unidentfied projectile points 84 Spokeshave 7 Weak Stem Point 3 Chopping 432 Thumbnail scrapers 7 Woodland "Steuben" Uni-nolcri fine scraper-like tools (some broken) 33 1 Piercing (Projectile Points) 376 Woodland, Late - "Raccoon notch" 2 Uniface microscrapers Perforating 236 Woodland, late-"Koster" 1 SUBTOTAL Graving 177 SUBTOTAL Pounding 115 CHOPPING TOOLS Ca«S Hi TOTAL TOOLS 289P Adena Adze Adena Celt 2 Adze 137 Ax. Flint 1 Tool Assemblage Choppers tog NON-TOOL ASSEMBLAGE Cleavers 93 by Function Hand axes 10 Tool Type. ; Handax, hafted 1 Miscellaneous 258 m 1000 1-Scraping Decorative (Pendants.etc.) 13 2-Cutting 3-Choppirtgi TOTAL NON-TOOLS 271 500 4-Piercing 5-Perforate 6-GraVing 7-pouhdirig; DEBITAGE 1681

1 5 6 Total Tools' Tool Type 2781 ii GRAND TOTAL INVENTORY A tSI

Figure 3 (Falh)

38 SWALLOWTAIL BUTTERFLY BANNERSTONES? by David W. Didion 415 Scott St. Sandusky, Ohio 44870

In early April of 2002, I found a broken right half of the bannerstone. It measures they first appear on single notched ban­ winged bannerstone while hunting a farm 1-7/8 in. from base to broken tip. nerstones but also are sometimes found field In Norwich Township, Huron County, We look at a notched winged banner­ on the double notched. He refers to the Ohio. The single wing piece was dam­ stone and notice that the outline resem­ feature as "flared antenna-like append­ aged by agricultural machinery, but it was bles that of a butterfly. I had never ages", which imitate those of real butter­ also obvious that the bannerstone had seriously thought that the artisan who flies. Where he and others see antennae, I been broken long ago, because it had fashioned the winged bannerstone had see a tail feature of the lower wings of a been drilled through the wing in order to actually intended to emulate the form of a butterfly. Fig. 5 is a drawing of a single accommodate lashing for the purpose of butterfly, but now I think perhaps he did. notched bannerstone, drawn with the fea­ tying the broken halves together. I A feature of some of the notched winged ture in question. I would argue that the returned to this field on July 28, 2002 with bannerstones appears to be a deliberate open area of the design, the notch, repre­ my friend Larry Pisano. We were hoping part of the design. The drawing, Fig. 3 , is sents the open area between the lower to have a good day hunting artifacts and an outline of the bannerstone. I have cir­ wings of a butterfly. The body and head of maybe locate the other half of the banner­ cled the area where there seems to have the butterfly would fill the area of the stone. The soil had been refitted, planted been a deliberate effort to create small upper wings, represented by the un- for a pumpkin crop, cultivated at least extensions or protrusions on the wing notched top of the bannerstone. once, and had received a generous comers. I believe the maker may have I'll leave it to the reader to decide amount of rain. While we were systemati­ been trying to copy the swallowtail fea­ which end is up, so to speak. But cally walking off the field, Larry spotted a ture which is a part of many species of whether the protrusion feature was meant piece of banded slate. It turned out to be butterflies. Fig. 4 is a drawing of a Tiger to represent antennae or tails, I believe it the other half, the right wing, of the but­ Swallowtail butterfly and is included to is still a good indication of the intent of terfly bannerstone which is pictured in better illustrate the tail design in question. the bannerstone artisan to represent an Fig. 1. The artifact is made of grey-green In the drawing the butterfly wings are in a additional feature of a real butterfly. banded slate and measures 4-5/8 in. from somewhat resting position, that is, not wing tip to wing tip, 2-7/8 in. from top to fully spread. References bottom. The central drilling is of a con­ stant 7/16 in. bore. Figure 2 illustrates the In a recent issue of the Ohio Archaeol­ ogist (White 2002) titled "A Double-Sal­ 2002 Robert White point types found in the immediate area of A Double-Salvaged Notched Winged the bannerstone find location. The points, vaged Notched Winged Bannerstone", the author Robert White illustrated a sal­ Bannerstone Ohio Archaeologist Vol. 52 and the scraper are made from mottled No. 3 grey-black Coshocton flint. They appear vaged winged bannerstone. That photo to best fit the design and chipping style of was also a good illustration of the 2000 David L. Lutz The Archaic Bannerstone the Kirk stemmed and corner notched appendages or protrusions which are the Its Chronological History and Purpose points, most often attributed to the Early subject of this article, for they appear on From 6000 B. C. to 1000 B. C. Archaic period. I found the point or blade that piece as well. shown on the right in Fig. 2, shortly before In his book "The Archaic Bannerstone" and very near to where Larry found the the author, David L. Lutz, also makes men­ tion of these protrusions. He states that

Figure 1 (Didion) broken butterfly bannerstone

39 Figure 2 (Didion) scraper, points or blades (mottled Upper Mercer flint)

Figure 3 (Didion) outline of figure 1 bannerstone Figure 4 (Didion) tiger swallowtail butterfly

Figure 5 (Didion) single notched with (antennae-tails?) feature

40 BOOK REVIEW: THE FIRST AMERICANS: IN PURSUIT OF ARCHAEOLOGY'S GREATEST MYSTERY BY JAMES ADAVASIO WITH JAKE PAGE ISBN: 0-375-50552-0 Random House, 2002 $26.95

In any endeavor, there are certain logical evidence. These same criteria an effort to correct popular - and mis­ moments that stay with you. This past become so significant in viewing the legiti­ leading - notions of ice age life as one summer, our Cuyahoga Valley Chapter macy of sites such as Meadowcroft. large macho hunt. An expert in soft mate­ visited Meadowcroft Rock Shelter in Additionally, the book gives a fasci­ rials - wooden implements, weaving and Pennsylvania. I was standing on a small nating picture of the ice age world - its cordage - he stresses that stone artifacts observation platform, looking down on climate, landscape, and animal life. The have led to a "preservation bias" that has the excavation, and listening to Mr. section on the Pleistocene animals alone distorted our understanding of the past. He Adavasio field questions from our group. is worth the read. The era was a time adds wood, snares, nets, tailor-made He then sprayed a water mist over the when the animals really were bigger and clothing, and, refreshingly, women and cut-away wall of the excavation, and meaner, and you better believe you had children to the ice age picture. gradually brightened the lighting. real reasons - the 15 foot tall short faced Groups may visit Meadowcroft by prior At that moment, so many details bear among them - to fear what went arrangement through their website became increasingly visible. The colors of bump in the night. www.meadowcroftmuseum.org or by countless layers of strata stood out. Adavasio also delivers on the anticipated phone at (724) 587-3412. There were sandy tans, grays, and discussion of the Meadowcroft and Monte -Michael Rusnak browns, interspersed with streaks of Verde sites. He retells the fascinating story 4642 Friar Rd. black and blotches red-all directly before of the excavations at Meadowcroft, and the Stow, Ohio 44224 us. Some features were clearly outlined, exciting discoveries of such artifacts as an where the neat horizontal layering was ancient cord knot still tied and preserved in interrupted by the stone linings of prehis­ the soil at Monte Verde. toric fire pits or by boulders and rubble In one of the most entertaining sec­ from past roof falls. tions, Adavasio details the controversy It stopped me. I thought about how over his early dates. The group he calls this site not only had some of the earliest the "Paleo Police" went beyond scientific R.C. dates in association with artifacts in inquiry to discredit Meadowcroft's dates. North America, but how the site is a land­ Some of the attacks were almost bizarre. mark in the history of American archae­ One study that attempted ology itself - both in its unprecedented to show coal contamina­ detail involving several fields of study, tion, noted that bitumi­ and in its pivotal role in rethinking the nous coal could dissolve Clovis First theory. into ground water if the Shortly after our Chapter's visit to coal were immersed for Meadowcroft, I read James Adavasio's 200 hours-at boiling book The First Americans: In Pursuit of point! It is little wonder Archaeology's Greatest Mystery. that his initial reaction to I found the book both an informative and the early R.C. dates was entertaining read. Adavasio, a native of not "Eureka," but Youngstown, uses an easy, guy-next-door "Damn!" writing style. It is free from jargon and not Finally, Adavasio offers crammed with unexplained technical terms. an explanation to put Many of the events that he discusses, Clovis and Pre-Clovis including his discussion of the excavations into perspective, an at Meadowcroft and the controversy that explanation that comes followed, unfold like good stories. from work done on the The book accomplishes much. First, it is peopling of Northern an informative history of the American Europe. He explains the archaeology itself - both in explaining concept of a "Pioneering archaeology's origin out of geology, and in Phase" of colonization discussing those men who attempted to that is scattered and answer the question that presented itself sparse for a period of a soon after the arrival of Christopher few thousand years. Columbus - Who were the first Ameri­ Then, when the popula­ cans? tion becomes large n Pursuit of Archaeology's enough, a "Residential Adavasio relates early attempts by indi­ Greatest Mystery viduals like Caleb Atwater who, despite Phase" of colonization misconceptions, made early contributions follows. It is this "resi­ to the new field. Adavasio also gives biog­ dential phase" that Clovis might represent. raphical sketches of the personalities who WITH made archaeology a science and estab­ Adavasio also teaches AD OVASIO JAKE PAGE lished specific criteria for sound archaeo­ as he presents. He makes

41 Archaeological Society of Ohio Field School Scholarship CALL FOR ESSAYS

As reported in a previous issue of the Please send your essays to: (business recording the data. This unique opportunity ASO journal, the Archaeological Society of manager) for science education encourages team Ohio will be awarding a scholarship to Don Casto building, hands-on learning, and the attend a week long session at the presti­ 138 Ann Court, chance to meet other students from many gious Center for American Archeology Lancaster, Ohio 43130 parts of the world. The children take part in Kampsville Archaeological Center in Illinois. All essays must be received by April an actual excavation, be introduced to lab The scholarship essay contest will be 10, 2003 the decision will be made by techniques, field note writing, debris open to any child who will be entering the April 15, 2003. The winner will be notified analysis and all aspects of a controlled 7-8 or 9th grade in the fall of 2003. The by mail. There will be at least one student excavation. They will also get experience child must have a parent or grandparent selected, depending on contributions to with basketry/weaving, ceramics, take an who is a member of the Archaeological the scholarship fund there may be others. Eco-hike and take part in a wrap-up camp- Society of Ohio. The scholarship will consist of a one fire. The program includes weekday meals, The scholarship essay must answer the week archaeological field school and arti­ lodging and all educational supplies. Travel questions, why I would like to be selected fact analysis at the Center for American arrangements are coordinated at the time to attend the archaeological field school Archeology, Kampsville, Illinois at the of enrollment. CAA staff will meet all stu­ and why I am interested in archaeology. famous Koster site. Room and board will dents arriving via bus, Amtrak, or at Lam­ The essay is to be 500 words or less. be included in the scholarship, trans­ bert International Airport in St. Louis. It must be typed. portation will not. (Kampsville is about 80 All youth programs have 24-hour a day There must be a cover sheet that has miles above St. Louis.) This year's field chaperones in residence. The staff your: age, name, address, telephone school will run between July 9-20 the includes research archaeologists, educa­ number, email address (if you have one) second week is available for purchase. tors certified in youth and science educa­ and the first paragraph of your essay. The For more information please see: tion, and specialists in museum studies. cover sheet will not be sent to the judges www.caa-archeology.org The goal is to provide students of all ages but will be kept by the business manager Students will be introduced to archaeo­ with an educational experience that will for identification of your essay. logical practice and theory at their "Investi­ encourage them to pursue engaged Judging will be based on how well the gate the Past," field school. Young learning as a life long process. individual addresses the essay criteria. students work with staff archaeologists as Any questions please email: Sentence structure, and neatness of prepa­ part of the research team excavating in the [email protected] or call 305-745-2971 ration will also be a factor in the judging. field, processing artifacts in the lab, and (January - February)

A FINE HAFTED SHAFT SCRAPER by Rudy Altizer Marengo, Ohio

I surface hunt Knox County and adja­ cent counties in east central Ohio. I found this shaft scraper in Knox County, Ohio. It is made of high quality Flint Ridge flint and is unbroken.

Figure 1 (Atlizer) Hafted shaft scraper from Knox County

42 CORRECTION

Color plate of drills and text in Volume 52 No. 4 of the Archaeologist should have been attributed to Dan Rhoades, West Liberty, Ohio. Our apologies to our readers and Dan Rhoades.

Dan Rhoades

INDIAN ARTIFACT SHOW April 20th, 2003 AT DAMON'S IN COMFORT INN 700 East Pike Street Marietta, Ohio Interstate Exit 77 - Exit 1

Display tables free - dealer tables small fee For tables and other information call

Richard Henry 740-984-2199 Randy Bauman 304-295-9724 Eric Wagner 740-749-3312

JANUARY MEETING

Business Manager Don Casto who pre­ sented Editor Bob Converse with thirty- five year award.

Back Cover: Four knobbed crescent bannerstones from the Rick Waibel collection. Top down, Seneca County. Marion County, Miami County, and Wayne County, Indiana.

43 «.*••*". OBJECT OF THE SOCIETY The Archaeological Society of Ohio is organized to discover and conserve archaeological sites and material within the State of Ohio, to seek and promote a better understanding among students and collectors of archaeological material, professional and non-professional, including individuals, museums, and institutions of learning, and to disseminate knowledge on the subject of archaeology. Membership in the society shall be open to any person of good character interested in archaeology or the collecting of American Indian artifacts, upon acceptance of written application and payment of dues.