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Tectonic-Sedimentary System of the Atlantis‒Meteor Seamounts (North

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Tectonic-Sedimentary System of the Atlantis‒Meteor Seamounts (North ISSN 0024-4902, Lithology and Mineral Resources, 2019, Vol. 54, No. 5, pp. 374–389. © Pleiades Publishing, Inc., 2019. Russian Text © The Author(s), 2019, published in Litologiya i Poleznye Iskopaemye, 2019, No. 5. Tectonic-Sedimentary System of the Atlantis‒Meteor Seamounts (North Atlantic): Volcanism and Sedimentation in the Late Miocene‒Pliocene and Position in the Atlantic‒Arctic Rift System N. P. Chamova, *, I. E. Stukalovaa, S. Yu. Sokolova, A. A. Peivea, N. V. Gor’kovaa, A. A. Razumovskiia, M. E. Bylinskayaa, and L. A. Golovinaa aGeological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pyzhevskii per., 7, Moscow, 119017 Russia *e-mail: [email protected] Received February 19, 2019; revised February 19, 2019; accepted March 13, 2019 Abstract—The paper analyzes original data obtained on the Atlantis‒Meteor seamount system during Cruise 33 of the R/V Akademik Nikolai Strakhov in the eastern North Atlantic. This system is a volcanic rise formed on the Canary abyssal plate and represents one of the key objects for understanding the geological history of opening of the central segment of the Atlantic Ocean. Basalts, tephrites, and organogenic terrigenous lagoonal marine sediments dredged from the Atlantis, Plato, and Cruiser seamounts are considered. Petrog- raphy and compositions of the Atlantis and Cruiser basalts reflect significant differences in settings of their eruptions. Well-crystallized vesicle-free olivine basalts from the Atlantis Seamount were ejected under deep- water conditions. Glassy vesicular basalts of the Cruiser Seamount are typical of shallow subaerial eruptions. Evidence for the accumulation of tuff breccias and tuff gravelstones of the Plato Seamount in subaerial set- tings are obtained. Tendencies were revealed in the lithogenetic transformations of organogenic‒terrigenous sediments of the Cruiser Seamount, which were subjected to the high-temperature impact of subaerial lava flows. During the volcanosedimentary lithogenesis, the plant lignite-like matter lost its primary structure and was transformed into anisotropic coke with the wide development of fusinite and pyrofusinite. The studied volcanic occurrences are thought to be related to the final (Late Miocene‒Pliocene) volcanic stage in the seamount system, which predated the destruction of the system, its prograde subsidence, and transformation of islands into guyots. Keywords: North Atlantic, seamount, tectonics, sedimentation DOI: 10.1134/S0024490219050043 INTRODUCTION seamounts are contradictory. The existing models can Geological Position and Characteristics be divided into two principle groups: hot spots and of the Seamount System structural control. According to the first concept, the systems of the The tectonic-sedimentary system of the Atlan- Corner and Atlantis‒Meteor seamounts in the west tis‒Meteor seamounts is a regional crustal element, and east of the North Atlantic, respectively, mark the which represents a single volcanic rise formed on the subsequent passage of the North American plate, Canary abyssal plate and is one of the key objects for Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and African plate over the New understanding the geological history of the North England hotspot in the Late Cretaceous (Tucholke Atlantic opening (Fig. 1). and Smoot, 1990). However, this concept cannot offer The volcanic rise is situated about 1500 km to the a satisfactory explanation of the resumption of volca- northwest of Africa, marked by 3750-m isobath, has a nism on some seamounts 20‒30 Ma after their initial length no less than 1000 km, and area over 350000 km2. passage over the hotspot. Inferred plate rollback or It comprises seven large flat-topped seamounts pres- possible relation of the hot spot with the previously ently located at depths from 240 to 800 m. The sublat- formed volcanic edifices through some intralitho- itudinal Oceanographer, Hayes, and Atlantis fracture spheric channels a few kilometers thick is not geologi- zones intersecting the Mid-Atlantic Ridge are termi- cally substantiated. nated in the area of the Atlantis, Cruiser, and Great Models of this group also ignore the fact that the Meteor seamounts, respectively. Atlantis‒Meteor seamount system has a complex In spite of the comprehensive investigations since morphology, which cannot be explained in the frame- 1970s, views on the evolution of the Atlantis‒Meteor work of a single system of geodynamic strains. The 374 TECTONIC-SEDIMENTARY SYSTEM OF THE ATLANTIS‒METEOR SEAMOUNTS 375 Symbols N VolcanicVolcanic rocksrocks tuffstones,tuffstones, Dredge no. limestoneslimestones Route of Cruise 33 Mt.Mt. AtlantisAtlantis FragmentsFragments ofof Bottom topography, m FeFe−MnMn crustscrusts −10388 − −8000 Mt.Mt. TyroTyro −7999 − −7000 34° −6999 − −6000 −5999 − −5750 −5749 − −5500 −5499 − −5250 Mt. Plato −5249 − −5000 −4999 − −4750 −4749 − −4500 −4499 − −4250 Tuffstones,Tuffstones, −4249 − −4000 limestoneslimestones Mt.Mt. CruiserCruiser −3999 − −3750 −3749 − −3500 −3499 − −3250 −3249 − −3000 Mt.Mt. IrvingIrving −2999 − −2750 FragmentsFragments ofof − − − 32° 2749 2500 FeFe−MnMn crustcrust andand −2499 − −2250 fusedfused rockrock −2249 − −2000 fragmentsfragments −1999 − −1750 − − − Mt.Mt. HyeresHyeres 1749 1500 −1499 − −1250 −1249 − −1000 −999 − −750 Mt.Mt. SmallSmall HHyeresyeres −749 − −500 −499 − −450 −449 − −400 −399 − −350 −349 − −300 AtlantisAtlantis FaultFault − − − ° 299 250 30 − − − Mt.Mt. GreatGreat MMeteoreteor 249 200 −199 − −150 Mt.Mt. SmallSmall MMeteoreteor −149 − −100 −99 − −50 MMt.t. ClossCloss 03570 140 210 280 km −49 − −25 −24 − 0 30° 28° W 26° Fig. 1. Scheme of the performance of geological‒geophysical works during Cruise 33 of the R/V Akademik Nikolai Strakhov in the Atlantis‒Great Meteor area. Compiled using GEBCO data of 30″ Bathymetry Grid. Version 2014-11-03. 2014 (http://www.gebco.net). Red line is the cruise track. Rectangles are the position of dredging stations. Inset shows the position of the studied area in the Atlantic. position of seamounts (Fig. 1) indicates the existence between the spreading ridge and the Azores plume of at least four structural axes: northwestern (Atlantis (Gente et al., 2003; Ribeiro, 2017). Plateau, Cruiser‒Tyro, Great Meteor‒Hyeres); Geologists from the Geological Institute of the northeastern (Plato‒Tyro–Unnamed, Hyeres– Russian Academy of Sciences studied the Atlantis– Irving–Cruiser); latitudinal (Plato); and the least pro- Great Meteor seamount system during Cruises 1 nounced sublongitudinal (Great Meteor‒Hyeres). (1985) (Bebeshev et al., 1984) and 33 (2016) of the R/V Akademik Nikolai Strakhov. This paper reports Models of the second group are based on the kine- the results of the macro- and microscopic study of the matic mechanism of the formation of the seamount volcanic and terrigenous‒humic rocks dredged from system and on the structural control of “hot” anoma- seamount slopes during 2016 expedition (Fig. 1). New lies detected by seismic tomography data (Bebeshev et materials supplement data on the nature of volcanic al., 1989; Georgen, 2011). Similar models relate the rocks obtained during Cruise 1 and highlight previ- evolution of the region with large-scale interaction ously unknown features of the volcanosedimentary LITHOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES Vol. 54 No. 5 2019 376 CHAMOV et al. Table 1. Station, coordinates, and depths of the beginning and end of dredging Station no. Initial latitude Initial longitude Final latitude Final longitude Initial depth, m Final depth, m S3302 34°36.4′ ‒30°33.7′ 34°36.0′ ‒30°34.0′ 840 800 S3307 33°11.5′ ‒29°49.0′ 33°12.4′ ‒29°42.2′ 1500 1260 S3312 32°23.0′ ‒27°30.0′ 32°23.5′ ‒27°30.6′ 1800 1670 lithogenesis of terrigenous‒humic sediments under warm-water relatively shallow assemblage: Reticu- the impact of high-temperature subaerial lava flows. lofenestera pseudoumbilicus, Sphenolithus sp., Scyphos- phaera sp.sp. (3 or 4 species), Discoaster surculus, D. brouweri, D. aff. berggrenii, D. prepentaradiatus, Timing of the Seamount Formation Amaurolithus aff. primus (1 specimen.), Ceratolithus Based on the interpretation of magnetic anomalies rugosus (1 specimen), and others. All discoasteraceae (Verhoef, 1984), ocean floor beneath the seamounts are excessively overgrown by calcite are poorly identified; dated at 82‒86 Ma for the Great Meteor, 75‒83 Ma for given this fact, host rocks could be dated by the second Hyeres, 69‒78 Ma for Irving, 68‒77 Ma for Cruiser, half of the Late Miocene (Golovina et al., 1984). 49‒60 Ma for Plateau, 50‒56 Ma for Tyro, and 37‒48 Ma Thus, the age of the organogenic rocks from the for Atlantis. Atlantis slopes spans a stratigraphic interval from Oli- The formation of volcanic buildups began no ear- gocene to Quarter. Sedimentation occurred in a warm lier than Oligocene or early Miocene (Willians et al., relatively shallow setting and was accompanied by the 1983). Based on the K-Ar dating, the age of dredged redeposition of products of the simultaneous volcanic basalts is 33.4 ± 0.5 Ma for Plato and 31.6 ± 0.4 Ma for activity (Bebeshev et al., 1989). Small Hyeres (Ribeiro et al., 2017). The age of the The Cruiser Seamount is characterized by the wide Cruiser seamounts calculated using empirical curves development of diverse organogenic limestones. The of the subsidence of the Atlantic Ocean crust is about limestones from the western slope at a depth of 16 Ma (Tucholke and Smoot, 1990). The minimum 1800‒1300 m yielded nannoplakton assemblage with age for the Cruiser‒Hyeres seamount complex is esti- Coccolithus pelagicus, Discoaster deflandrei, D. exilis, mated to be 13.3 Ma (Duin, 1984). Based on the K-Ar Calcidiscus macintyrei, D. aff. kugleri, D. aff. bellus, and dating of basalts from depths of 600 and 1000 m, the other forms of the lower Middle Miocene (15‒11 Ma)— minimum age of the Great Meteor seamount is 16.3 ± Discoaster exilis zone (Golovina et al., 1984). 0.4 and 10.7 ± 0.5 Ma, respectively (Wendt et al., 1976). The Great Meteor seamount is overlain by the cover (150‒600 m) of post-Middle Miocene (<11 Ma) car- Their Miocene age also follows from the microfau- bonate and pyroclastic rocks and sands (Bebeshev nal analysis of samples dredged from seamount slopes et al., 1989).
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