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Volcanic Ash Over Europe During the Eruption of Eyjafjallajökull on Iceland, April–May 2010 In: Atmospheric Environment (2011) Elsevier
Final Draft of the original manuscript: Langmann, B.; Folch, A.; Hensch, M.; Matthias, V.: Volcanic ash over Europe during the eruption of Eyjafjallajökull on Iceland, April–May 2010 In: Atmospheric Environment (2011) Elsevier DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.03.054 1 Volcanic ash over Europe during the eruption of Eyjafjallajökull on Iceland, 2 April-May 2010 3 4 Baerbel Langmann1), Arnau Folch2), Martin Hensch3) and Volker Matthias4) 5 6 1) Institute of Geophysics, University of Hamburg, KlimaCampus, Hamburg, Germany, 7 e-mail: [email protected] 8 2) Barcelona Supercomputing Center - Centro Nacional de Supercomputación, Barcelona, 9 Spain, e-mail: [email protected] 10 3) Nordic Volcanological Center, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland, e-mail: 11 [email protected] 12 4) Institute of Coastal Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht, Germany, 13 e-mail: [email protected] 14 15 Abstract 16 During the eruption of Eyjafjallajökull on Iceland in April/May 2010, air traffic over Europe 17 was repeatedly interrupted because of volcanic ash in the atmosphere. This completely 18 unusual situation in Europe leads to the demand of improved crisis management, e.g. 19 European wide regulations of volcanic ash thresholds and improved forecasts of theses 20 thresholds. However, the quality of the forecast of fine volcanic ash concentrations in the 21 atmosphere depends to a great extent on a realistic description of the erupted mass flux of fine 22 ash particles, which is rather uncertain. Numerous aerosol measurements (ground based and 23 satellite remote sensing, and in situ measurements) all over Europe have tracked the volcanic 24 ash clouds during the eruption of Eyjafjallajökull offering the possibility for an 25 interdisciplinary effort between volcanologists and aerosol researchers to analyse the release 26 and dispersion of fine volcanic ash in order to better understand the needs for realistic 27 volcanic ash forecasts. -
THE PLANETARY REPORT FAREWELL, SEPTEMBER EQUINOX 2017 VOLUME 37, NUMBER 3 CASSINI Planetary.Org CELEBRATING a LEGACY of DISCOVERIES
THE PLANETARY REPORT FAREWELL, SEPTEMBER EQUINOX 2017 VOLUME 37, NUMBER 3 CASSINI planetary.org CELEBRATING A LEGACY OF DISCOVERIES ATMOSPHERIC CHANGES C DYNAMIC RINGS C COMPLICATED TITAN C ACTIVE ENCELADUS ABOUT THIS ISSUE LINDA J. SPILKER is Cassini project scientist at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. IN 2004, Cassini, the most distant planetary seafloor. As a bonus, it has revealed jets of orbiter ever launched by humanity, arrived at water vapor and ice particles shooting out of Saturn. For 13 years, through its primary and fractures at the moon’s south pole. two extended missions, this spacecraft has These discoveries have fundamentally been making astonishing discoveries, reshap- altered many of our concepts of where life ing and changing our understanding of this may be found in our solar system. Cassini’s unique planetary system within our larger observations at Enceladus and Titan have made system of unique worlds. A few months ater exploring these ocean worlds a major focus for arrival, Cassini released Huygens, European planetary science. New insights from these dis- Space Agency’s parachuted probe built to coveries also have implications for potentially study the atmosphere and surface of Titan habitable worlds beyond our solar system. and image its surface for the very first time. In this special issue of The Planetary Report, a handful of Cassini scientists share some results from their studies of Saturn and its moons. Because there’s no way to fit every- thing into this slim volume, they’ve focused on a few highlights. Meanwhile, Cassini continues performing its Grand Finale orbits between the rings and the top of Saturn’s atmosphere, circling the planet once every 6.5 days. -
Iceland Is Cool: an Origin for the Iceland Volcanic Province in the Remelting of Subducted Iapetus Slabs at Normal Mantle Temperatures
Iceland is cool: An origin for the Iceland volcanic province in the remelting of subducted Iapetus slabs at normal mantle temperatures G. R. Foulger§1 & Don L. Anderson¶ §Department of Geological Sciences, University of Durham, Science Laboratories, South Rd., Durham, DH1 3LE, U.K. ¶California Institute of Technology, Seismological Laboratory, MC 252-21, Pasadena, CA 91125, U. S. A. Abstract The time-progressive volcanic track, high temperatures, and lower-mantle seismic anomaly predicted by the plume hypothesis are not observed in the Iceland region. A model that fits the observations better attributes the enhanced magmatism there to the extraction of melt from a region of upper mantle that is at relatively normal temperature but more fertile than average. The source of this fertility is subducted Iapetus oceanic crust trapped in the Caledonian suture where it is crossed by the mid-Atlantic ridge. The extraction of enhanced volumes of melt at this locality on the spreading ridge has built a zone of unusually thick crust that traverses the whole north Atlantic. Trace amounts of partial melt throughout the upper mantle are a consequence of the more fusible petrology and can explain the seismic anomaly beneath Iceland and the north Atlantic without the need to appeal to very high temperatures. The Iceland region has persistently been characterised by complex jigsaw tectonics involving migrating spreading ridges, microplates, oblique spreading and local variations in the spreading direction. This may result from residual structural complexities in the region, inherited from the Caledonian suture, coupled with the influence of the very thick crust that must rift in order to accommodate spreading-ridge extension. -
Breakup and Early Seafloor Spreading Between India and Antarctica
Geophys. J. Int. (2007) 170, 151–169 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03450.x Breakup and early seafloor spreading between India and Antarctica Carmen Gaina,1 R. Dietmar Muller¨ ,2 Belinda Brown,2 Takemi Ishihara3 and Sergey Ivanov4 1Center for Geodynamics, Geological Survey of Norway, Trondheim, Norway 2Earth Byte Group, School of Geosciences, The University of Sydney, Australia 3Institute of Geology and Geoinformation, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST Central 7, Tsukuba, Japan 4Polar Marine Geophysical Research Expedition, St Petersburg Accepted 2007 March 21. Received 2007 March 21; in original form 2006 May 26 SUMMARY We present a tectonic interpretation of the breakup and early seafloor spreading between India and Antarctica based on improved coverage of potential field and seismic data off the east Antarctic margin between the Gunnerus Ridge and the Bruce Rise. We have identified a series of ENE trending Mesozoic magnetic anomalies from chron M9o (∼130.2 Ma) to M2o (∼124.1 Ma) in the Enderby Basin, and M9o to M4o (∼126.7 Ma) in the Princess Elizabeth Trough and Davis Sea Basin, indicating that India–Antarctica and India–Australia breakups were roughly contemporaneous. We present evidence for an abandoned spreading centre south geoscience of the Elan Bank microcontinent; the estimated timing of its extinction corresponds to the early surface expression of the Kerguelen Plume at the Southern Kerguelen Plateau around rine 120 Ma. We observe an increase in spreading rate from west to east, between chron M9 Ma and M4 (38–54 mm yr–1), along the Antarctic margin and suggest the tectono-magmatic segmentation of oceanic crust has been influenced by inherited crustal structure, the kinematics GJI of Gondwanaland breakup and the proximity to the Kerguelen hotspot. -
Identification of Erosional Terraces on Seamounts
ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 03 July 2018 doi: 10.3389/feart.2018.00088 Identification of Erosional Terraces on Seamounts: Implications for Interisland Connectivity and Subsidence in the Galápagos Archipelago Darin M. Schwartz 1*, S. Adam Soule 2, V. Dorsey Wanless 1 and Meghan R. Jones 2 1 Department of Geosciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, United States, 2 Geology and Geophysics Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, United States Shallow seamounts at ocean island hotspots and in other settings may record emergence histories in the form of submarine erosional terraces. Exposure histories are valuable for constraining paleo-elevations and sea levels in the absence of more traditional Edited by: markers, such as drowned coral reefs. However, similar features can also be produced Ricardo S. Ramalho, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal through primary volcanic processes, which complicate the use of terraced seamounts Reviewed by: as an indicator of paleo-shorelines. In the western Galápagos Archipelago, we utilize Neil Mitchell, newly collected bathymetry along with seafloor observations from human-occupied University of Manchester, submersibles to document the location and depth of erosional terraces on seamounts United Kingdom Daneiele Casalbore, near the islands of Santiago, Santa Cruz, Floreana, Isabela, and Fernandina. We directly Sapienza Università di Roma, Italy observed erosional features on 22 seamounts with terraces. We use these observations Rui Quartau, Instituto Hidrográfico, Portugal and bathymetric analysis to develop a framework to identify terrace-like morphologic *Correspondence: features and classify them as either erosional or volcanic in origin. From this framework Darin M. Schwartz we identify 79 erosional terraces on 30 seamounts that are presently found at depths [email protected] of 30 to 300 m. -
The "Lost Inca Plateau": Cause of Flat Subduction Beneath Peru? M.-A
Earth and Planetary Science Letters Archimer http://www.ifremer.fr/docelec/ SEP 1999; 171(3) : 335-341 Archive Institutionnelle de l’Ifremer http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00153-3 © 1999 Elsevier ailable on the publisher Web site The “lost Inca Plateau”: cause of flat subduction beneath Peru? M. -A. Gutschera, *, J. -L. Olivetb, D. Aslanianb, J. -P. Eissenc and R. Mauryd a Laboratorie de Géophysique et Tectonique, Université Montpellier II, France b IFREMER, Brest, France c IRD, Brest, France d Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest, France *: Corresponding author : IRD Centre de Bretagne (ex ORSTOM), B.P. 70, 29280 Plouzane, France. Tel.: +33 blisher-authenticated version is av 298 22 46 68; Fax: +33 298 224514, E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: Since flat subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath Peru was first recognized in the 1970s and 1980s a satisfactory explanation has eluded researchers. We present evidence that a lost oceanic plateau (Inca Plateau) has subducted beneath northern Peru and propose that the combined buoyancy of Inca Plateau and Nazca Ridge in southern Peru supports a 1500 km long segment of the downgoing slab and shuts off arc volcanism. This conclusion is based on an analysis of the seismicity of the subducting Nazca Plate, the structure and geochemistry of the Marquesas Plateau as well as tectonic reconstructions of the Pacific–Farallon spreading center 34 to 43 Ma. These restore three sub–parallel Pacific oceanic plateaus; the Austral, Tuamotu and Marquesas, to two Farallon Plate counterparts; the Iquique and Nazca Ridges. Inca Plateau is apparently the sixth and missing piece in an ensemble of ‘V-shaped' hotspot tracks formed at on-axis positions. -
Chang'e 5 Samples (Mexag) (Head-Final)
Chang’E 5 Lunar Sample Return Mission Update James w. Head Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences Brown University Providence, RI 02912 USA Extraterrestrial Materials Analysis Group (ExMAG) Spring Meeting: April 7 - 8, 2021. Extraterrestrial Materials Analysis Group (ExMAG) Spring Meeting Barbara Cohen, ExMAG Chair. 2/10/21 • 1. Please provide an update on the Chang'e 5 Sample Return Mission. • 2. What is known of the collection so far? • 3. Please provide an overview of allocation procedures. • 4. Since US federally-funded researchers cannot work directly with China - Who outside of China is working with the mission team? • 5. We'd also appreciate your thoughts on: What NASA might be able to do to enable the US analysis community to collaborate on this sample collection? Extraterrestrial Materials Analysis Group (ExMAG) Spring Meeting Barbara Cohen, ExMAG Chair. 2/10/21 • 1. Some Myths and Realities. • 2. Organization of the Chinese Space Program. • 3. Chinese Lunar Exploration Program (CLEP) context for Chang’e 5. • 4. Chang’e 5 Landing Site Selection, Global Context, Key Questions, Mission Operations and Sample Return. • 5. Returned Sample Location, Storage, Preliminary Analysis and Distribution. • 6. Opportunities for International Cooperation. Extraterrestrial Materials Analysis Group (ExMAG) Spring Meeting Barbara Cohen, ExMAG Chair. 2/10/21 • 1. Some Myths and Realities. • 2. Organization of the Chinese Space Program. • 3. Chinese Lunar Exploration Program (CLEP) context for Chang’e 5. • 4. Chang’e 5 Landing Site Selection, Global Context, Key Questions, Mission Operations and Sample Return. • 5. Returned Sample Location, Storage, Preliminary Analysis and Distribution. • 6. Opportunities for International Cooperation. -
Mantle Dynamics and Characteristics of the Azores Plateau
Earth and Planetary Science Letters 362 (2013) 258–271 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Earth and Planetary Science Letters journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/epsl Mantle dynamics and characteristics of the Azores plateau C. Adam a,n, P. Madureira a,b, J.M. Miranda c, N. Lourenc-o c,d, M. Yoshida e, D. Fitzenz a,1 a Centro de Geofı´sica de E´vora/Univ. E´vora, 7002-554 E´vora, Portugal b Estrutura de Missao~ para a Extensao~ da Plataforma Continental (EMEPC), 2770-047, Pac-o d’ Arcos, Portugal c Instituto Portugues do Mar e da Atmosfera, Lisboa, Portugal d University of Algarve, IDL, Campus de Gambelas, 8000 Faro, Portugal e Institute for Research on Earth Evolution (IFREE), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan article info abstract Article history: Situated in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, the Azores plateau is a region of elevated topography Received 25 July 2012 encompassing the triple junction between the Eurasian, Nubian and North American plates. The plateau is Received in revised form crossed by the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and the Terceira Rift is generally thought of as its northern boundary. 2 November 2012 The origin of the plateau and of the Terceira Rift is still under debate. This region is associated with active Accepted 5 November 2012 volcanism. Geophysical data describe complex tectonic and seismic patterns. The mantle under this region Editor: T. Spohn Available online 18 January 2013 is characterized by anomalously slow seismic velocities. However, this mantle structure has not yet been used to quantitatively assess the influence of the mantle dynamics on the surface tectonics. -
Cubex: a Compact X-Ray Telescope Enables Both X-Ray Fluorescence Imaging Spectroscopy and Pulsar Timing Based Navigation
SSC18-V-05 CubeX: A compact X-Ray Telescope Enables both X-Ray Fluorescence Imaging Spectroscopy and Pulsar Timing Based Navigation Jan Stupl, Monica Ebert, David Mauro SGT / NASA Ames NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA; 650-604-4032 [email protected] JaeSub Hong Harvard University Cambridge, MA Suzanne Romaine, Almus Kenter, Janet Evans, Ralph Kraft Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Cambridge, MA Larry Nittler Carnegie Institution of Washington Washington, DC Ian Crawford Birkbeck College London, UK David Kring Lunar and Planetary Institute Houston, TX Noah Petro, Keith. Gendreau, Jason Mitchell, Luke Winternitz NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, MD Rebecca. Masterson, Gregory Prigozhin Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA Brittany Wickizer NASA Ames Research Center Moffett Field, CA Kellen Bonner, Ashley Clark, Arwen Dave, Andres Dono-Perez, Ali Kashani, Daniel Larrabee, Samuel Montez, Karolyn Ronzano, Tim Snyder MEI / NASA Ames Research Center Joel Mueting, Laura Plice Metis / NASA Ames Research Center NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA Yueh-Liang Shen, Duy Nguyen Booz Allen Hamilton / NASA Ames NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA Stupl 1 32nd Annual AIAA/USU Conference on Small Satellites ABSTRACT This paper describes the miniaturized X-ray telescope payload, CubeX, in the context of a lunar mission. The first part describes the payload in detail, the second part summarizes a small satellite mission concept that utilizes its compact form factor and performance. This instrument can be used for both X-ray fluorescence (XRF) imaging spectroscopy and X-ray pulsar timing-based navigation (XNAV). It combines high angular resolution (<1 arcminutes) Miniature Wolter-I X-ray optics (MiXO) with a common focal plane consisting of high spectral resolution (<150 eV at 1 keV) CMOS X-ray sensors and a high timing resolution (< 1 µsec) SDD X-ray sensor. -
OCEANUS (Organisms and Compounds of Europa – an Analysis Under the Surface) – Concept Mission De- Sign
49th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2018 (LPI Contrib. No. 2083) 1871.pdf OCEANUS (Organisms and Compounds of Europa – an Analysis Under the Surface) – Concept Mission De- sign. M.V. Heemskerk1, G. de Zeeuw1, W. van Westrenen1, B. H. Foing1,2. 1VU University Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands, ([email protected], [email protected], [email protected]) 2ESA ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands ([email protected]) Introduction: 1. Buildup of the ice crust and its ocean; Un- In 2022, ESA (European Space Agency) will launch derstanding how recent and/or current tidal an orbiter – JUICE (JUpiter ICy moon Explorer) – and geological processes are formed. which will collect atmospheric data of Jupiter and 2. Chemical composition; Characterizing the three of its Galilean moons; Ganymede, Europa and properties of the ocean and its crust to de- Callisto [1]. As this is but an orbiter, further explora- scry the origin of organic compounds. tion of the (sub)surface remains out of reach. As of 3. Geomorphology; Understanding the for- today, the most suitable prospect for the occurrence of extra-terrestrial life forms appears to be Europa. mation of surface features Europa contains liquid water [2], simple organic B. Model Instrument Payload: The lander payload compounds [3], a subsurface power source [4] and a consists of two high-definition reconnaissance camer- lot of ice. Convection and tidal flexure could also as, a magnetometer, an altimeter, a short-wave infra- give way to a possible zone for the emergence of life, red spectrometer, a gamma and X-ray detector, a ra- for the bottom of this subsurface ocean may house diation shielding, the ESS, and the ECMD. -
S41598-020-76691-1 1 Vol.:(0123456789)
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Rifting of the oceanic Azores Plateau with episodic volcanic activity B. Storch1*, K. M. Haase1, R. H. W. Romer1, C. Beier1,2 & A. A. P. Koppers3 Extension of the Azores Plateau along the Terceira Rift exposes a lava sequence on the steep northern fank of the Hirondelle Basin. Unlike typical tholeiitic basalts of oceanic plateaus, the 1.2 km vertical submarine stratigraphic profle reveals two successive compositionally distinct basanitic to alkali basaltic eruptive units. The lower unit is volumetrically more extensive with ~ 1060 m of the crustal profle forming between ~ 2.02 and ~ 1.66 Ma, followed by a second unit erupting the uppermost ~ 30 m of lavas in ~ 100 kyrs. The age of ~ 1.56 Ma of the youngest in-situ sample at the top of the profle implies that the 35 km-wide Hirondelle Basin opened after this time along normal faults. This rifting phase was followed by alkaline volcanism at D. João de Castro seamount in the basin center indicating episodic volcanic activity along the Terceira Rift. The mantle source compositions of the two lava units change towards less radiogenic Nd, Hf, and Pb isotope ratios. A change to less SiO2-undersaturated magmas may indicate increasing degrees of partial melting beneath D. João de Castro seamount, possibly caused by lithospheric thinning within the past 1.5 million years. Our results suggest that rifting of oceanic lithosphere alternates between magmatically and tectonically dominated phases. Oceanic plateaus with a crustal thickness to 30 km cover large areas in the oceans and these bathymetric swells afect oceanic currents and marine life 1,2. -
The Depths of Magma Chambers Under the Galapagos Ridge Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Graduation With
The Depths of Magma Chambers under the Galapagos Ridge Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Graduation with a Bachelor of Science in Geological Sciences in the undergraduate colleges of The Ohio State University by Emily V. England The Ohio State University August 2008 Dr. Michael Barton Advisor Table of Contents Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………..p.1 Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………p.2 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………….p.4 Background……………………………………………………………………………..p.6 Methods………………………………………………………………………………..p.9 Samples……………………………………………………………………………..…p.11 Results…………………………………………………………………………………p.13 Discussion……………………………………………………………………………..p.15 Conclusions……………………………………………………………………………p. 18 References…………………………………………………………………………….p.19 Appendix (Summary of P and T)……………………………………………………..p. 21 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to give thanks to the following people for helping me with my research on the Galapagos ridge while at The Ohio State University: my research advisor Dr. Michael Barton who suggested this project and mentored me along the way, Dr. Wendy Panero for her time and conversation, graduate student Daniel Kelley, and classmate Jameson “Dino” Scott. I would also like to acknowledge the entire Geological Sciences Department at OSU. I have been thoroughly pleased with my education and believe that I have found a field that I will enjoy and pursue for the rest of my life. And of course I thank my parents and family for more than words can say. 1 ABSTRACT The Galapagos Ridge System is one of the