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Hotspots and plumes pdf

Continue The mantle feathers area is hot, upwelling the mantle. A hot spot develops above the train. , generated by a hot spot, rises through rigid slabs of the and produces active volcanoes on the 's surface. As ocean volcanoes move away from the , they cool and subside, producing old islands, atolls and seamounts. As continental volcanoes move away from the hotspot, they cool, subside and die out. Hot spots are places inside the mantle where stones melt to generate magma. The presence of a hot spot stems from abnormal volcanism (i.e. not on the plate boundary) such as Hawaiian volcanoes within the . The Hawaiian hotspot has been active for at least 70 million years, producing a volcanic chain that stretches for 3,750 miles (6,000 km) across the Pacific Northwest. Hot spots also develop under continents. Yellowstone hot spot has been active for at least 15 million years, producing a chain of caldera and volcanic features along the plains of the Snake River, which stretches 400 miles (650 km) west from northwest Wyoming to the Idaho- border. Keep in mind, however, that these are just theories. No one knows the answer. The honest answer is that many people are working on it but have not yet come up with an answer. Graphics After Morgan, J., 1971, Convection feathers in the lower mantle: Nature, art 230, p. 42-43. Volcanic regions, which are thought to feed on the underlying mantle, are abnormally hot compared to the surrounding mantle Diagram, showing a cross-section across the Earth's lithosphere (yellow) with magma rising from the mantle (red). The bottom chart illustrates the track hotspots caused by their relative movement. In geology, places known as hot spots or hot spots are volcanic regions that are thought to feed on the underlying mantle, which is abnormally hot compared to the surrounding mantle. Examples include the hotspots of Hawaii, Iceland and Yellowstone. The position of hot spots on the Earth's surface does not depend on the boundaries of tectonic plates, and therefore hot spots can create a chain of volcanoes as the plates move above them. There are two hypotheses that try to explain their origin. One suggests that hotspots are due to mantle feathers that rise as thermal diapirs from the core-mantle border. Another hypothesis is that the expansion of the lithosphere allows the melt from shallow depths to grow passively. This hypothesis considers the term hot spot incorrect, claiming that the mantle source beneath them is not actually abnormally hot. A scheme of origin showing the physical processes inside the Earth that lead to the generation of magma. Partial melting begins over the synthesis point. Origins hotspots lie in the work of D. Tuzo Wilson, who in 1963 postulated that the formation of Hawaii was the result of slow movement tectonic plate through a hot area below the surface. It was later postulated that the hot spots feed on narrow streams of hot mantle rising from the boundary of the Earth's core in a structure called the . Whether such mantle plumes exist is the subject of serious debate in Earth science. Estimates of the number of hot spots postulated for feeding mantle plumes ranged from 20 to several thousand over the years, with most geologists considering the existence of several dozen. Hawaii, Reunion, Yellowstone, the Galapagos Islands and Iceland are among the most active volcanic regions to which the hypothesis applies. Composition Most volcanoes are hotspots (e.g. Hawaii, Tahiti). As a result, they are less explosive than zones where water is trapped under the main slab. Where hot spots occur in continental regions, basalt magma rises through the continental crust, which melts to form riolites. These riolites can form strong eruptions. For example, the Yellowstone caldera was formed by some of the most powerful volcanic explosions in geological history. However, when the riolite is completely erupted, it may be followed by eruptions of basalt magma rising through the same lithospheric cracks (cracks in the lithosphere). An example of this is the Ilgachuz Ridge in British Columbia, which was created as a result of an early complex series of trachite and riolite eruptions, as well as a late extrusion sequence of basalt lava flows. The hot spots hypothesis is now closely related to the mantle plume hypothesis. Comparisons with volcanoes of island arc Hotspot volcanoes are considered of a fundamentally different origin from island arc volcanoes. The latter are formed over subduction zones, on the converging boundaries of plates. When one ocean plate meets another, a denser plate is forced down into a deep ocean trench. This plate, as it is subducted, releases water into the base of the over-riding plate, and this water is mixed with the rock, thereby altering its composition causing some rock to melt and grow. This is what fuels a chain of volcanoes, such as the Aleutian Islands, near Alaska. Hot spots of volcanic chains for millions of years, the Pacific Plate has moved over Hawaiian hotspots, creating a trail of seamounts that stretch across the Pacific Ocean Kilauea is the most active shield of the in the world. The volcano erupted nonstop from 1983 to 2018 and is part of the Hawaii-Emperor Seamount chain. Mauna Loa is a large shield volcano. Its last eruption was in 1984 and is part of the Hawaiian chain of seamounts of the emperor. Bowie Underwater Mountain is a dormant underwater volcano and it is part of the chain Seamount. is the youngest underwater brother of the chain of underwater mountains Cobb-Eikelberg. The last eruption occurred on April 6, 2011. Mauna Kea Kea volcano in the chain of underwater mountains Hawaii-Emperor. It is at rest and has slag cones growing on the volcano. Ulalay is a massive shield volcano in the Hawaii-Emperor Seamount chain. The last eruption occurred in 1801. The hypothesis of a joint mantle/hot spot provides that the feeding structures will be fixed relative to each other, and continents and sea ice will drift overhead. Thus, the hypothesis predicts that progressive chains of volcanoes are developed on the surface. Examples include Yellowstone, which lies at the end of a chain of extinct caldera that is progressively older to the west. Another example is the Hawaiian archipelago, where the islands are getting older and more deeply blurred in the northwest. Geologists have tried to use hot spots of volcanic chains to track the movement of Earth's tectonic plates. These efforts have been vexed by the lack of very long chains, the fact that many of them are not progressive in time (e.g. the Galapagos Islands) and the fact that hot spots do not appear to be fixed in relation to each other (e.g. Hawaii and Iceland). 12) Postulated chain volcanoes hotspots An example of the location of a plume of mantle, proposed by one recent group. Illustration from Folger (2010). Hawaiian-Emperor Chain Underwater Mountains () Louisville Ridge () Walvis Ridge (Gough and ) Kodiak-Bowie Seamount Chain (Bowie Hotspot) Cobb-Eikelberg Seamount Chain (Hotspot Cobb) New England Seamounts () Anahim Volcanic Belt (Anahim hotspot) Tasmantid Seamount Chain (Tasmantid Hotspot) Ninety East Ridge (Kergelen Hotspot) Fernandez Ridge (Juan Fernandez Hotspots) Tasmantid Seamount Chain (Tasmantid Hotspots) List of volcanic regions postulated as hotspots It was suggested that this section be divided into another article titled List of Hotspots and Hotspots. (Discuss) (June 2015) Distribution of hotspots in the list on the left, with numbers corresponding to those on the list. Hot spot Afar (29) is inappropriate. Map of all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as: KML Access Points GPX Eifel (8) 50'12'N 6'42'E / 50.2'N 6.7'E / 50.2; 6.7 (Eiffel Hotspot), w'1 a 082 ±8 speed 12 ±2 mm/year 15 (14) 6424'N 17'18'W / 64.4'N 17.3'W/ 64.4; -17.3 (Icelandic hot spot) (15) , w'0.8 az'075 ±10 speed 5 ±3 mm/year , w'8 az' 287 ±10 speed 15 ±5 mm/year Possibly related to the North Atlantic Continental Fault (62 M), Greenland. Hot spot of the (1) 26'00'W / 37.9'N 26.0'W / 37.9; -26.0 (Азорские точки доступа) в.5 азз 110 ±12 Североамериканская плита, in .3 az '280 ±15 Ян Майен hotspot (15) 71 00N 9 00W / 71,0 N 9,0W / 71,0; -9.0 (точка доступа Январь-Майен) (15) горячая точка Хайнань (46) 20'00'n 110'00'E / 20.0'N 110.0'E / 20.0; 110.0 (хайнаньская горячая точка), азэ 000 ±15 гора Этна (47) 3745'N 15'00'E / 37.750'N 15.000'E / 37.750; 15.000 (Гора Этна) ( 15) Хоггар горячая точка (13) 23'18'N 5'36'E / 23.3'N 5.6'E / 23.3; 5.6 (Горячая точка Хоггара), in '3 az' 046 ±12 (15) Тибести го Точка (40) 20'48'N 17'30'E / 20.8'N 17.5'E / 20.8; 17.5 (горячая точка Тибести), w.2 аз 030 ±15 Джебель Марра/Дарфур горячая точка (6) 13 00N 24'12'E / 13.0'N 24.2'E / 13.0; 24.2 (горячая точка Дарфура), in '5 az'045 ±8 Афар hotspot (29, неуместно на карте) 7 '00'N 39'30'E / 7.0'N 39.5 'E / 7.0; 39.5 (Афарская горячая точка), in '2 az'030 ±15 скорость 16 ±8 мм/год, возможно, связанные с Афар Тройной Джанкшн, 30 Ма. Камерунская горячая точка (17) 2'00'N 5'06'E / 2.0'N 5.1'E / 2.0; 5.1 (Камерунская горячая точка), in '3 az'032 ±3 скорость 15 ±5 ммм/год (3 15) Мадейра горячая точка (48) 3236'N 17'18'W / 32.6'N 17.3'W / 32.6; -17.3 (горячая точка Мадейры), w'055 055 ±15 курс 8 ±3 мм/год (18) Канарские горячие точки (18) 2812'N 18'00'W / 28.2'N 18.0'W / 28.2; -18.0 (Канарская горячая точка), w' 1 аз' 094 ±8 скорость 20 ±4 мм/год (15) Новая А Нглия /Великая Метеорная горячая точка (28) 29'24'N 29'12'W / 29.4'N 29.2'W / 29.4; -29.2 (Великая Метеорная точка доступа), w'8 аз 040 ±10 (15) точки Доступа Кабо-Верде (19) 1600'N 24'00'W / 16.0'N 24.0'W / 16.0; -24.0 (горячая точка Кабо-Верде), w'060 060 ±30 (15) Горячая т Святой Елены (34) 16'30'S 9'30'W / 16.5'S 9.5'W / -16.5; -9.5 (горячая точка Святой Елены), w' 1 аз 078 ±5 скорость 20 ±3 мм/год (15) Гоф горячей точки (49), на 40 '19' S 9'56' W. 17'18's 40'18's 10'00'E / 40.3'S 10.0'E / -40.3; 10.0 (горячая точка Гоф), in '8 az'079 ±5 скорость 18 ±3 мм/год (15) Тристан hotspot (42), на 37 07 S 12 17 Вт. 37'12's 12'18'W / 37.2's 12.3'W / -37.2; -12.3 (горячая точка Тристана) (Vema Seamount, 43), при 31'38' S 8'20' E. 32'06'S 6'18'W / 32.1'S 6.3'W / -32.1; -6.3 (Вема горячая точка) , связанные, может быть, с Парана и Etendeka ловушки (с. 132 Ма) через Уолвис хребта. Горячая точка Дискавери (50) (Дискавери Подводные горы) 43'00'S 2'42'W / 43.0'S 2.7'W / -43.0; -2.7 (горячая точка Discovery), w'1 аз 068 ±3 (51) 54'24'S 3'24'E / 54.4 'S 3.4'E / -54.4; 3.4 (точка доступа Буве) » Шона/Метеор горячая точка (27) 51'24'S 1'00'W / 1.0'W / -51.4; -1.0 (Sean's Hotspot), w'3 az'074 ±6 (33) 21'12'S 55'42'E / 21.2'S 55.7'E/ -21.2; 55.7 (Reunion Hotspot), w '8 az' 047 ±10 speed 40 ±10 mm/year, possibly Related to Deccan Traps (major events: 6 8.5-66 Ma) Comoros Hotspots (21) 11'30's 43'18'E/ 11.5'S 43.3'E/ -11.5; 43.3 (Comoros hot spot), w'5 az'118 ±10 speed 35 ±10 mm/year (15) Marion hotspot (25) 46 '54'S 37'36'E / 46.9 S 37.6E/ -46.9; 37.6 (Marion hotspot), w '5 az' 080 ±12 (52) 4606'S 50'12'E / 46.1'S 50.2'E / -46.1; 50.2 (Crozet hot spot), w'0.8 az 109 ±10 speed of 25 ±13 mm/year, possibly Associated with Karu-Ferrar Geological Province (183 ma) Kergelen hot spot (20) 49'36's 69'00'e / 49.6's 69.0'E / -49.6; 69.0 (Kergelen hot spot), w'2 az'050 ±30 speed 3 ±1 mm/year (St. Paul probably isn't another hot spot) Related, maybe with the Kergelen Plateau (130 Ma) Heard hotspots (53) 53 06S 73 30E/ 53.1 S 73.5E/ -53.1; 73.5 (Heard hotspot), w'030 030 ±20 (2) Balleny hotspot (2) 67'36's 164'48'E/ 67.6's 164.8'E/ -67.6; 164.8 (balleny hot spot), w'2 az' 325 ±7 (15) Erebus hotspot (54) 77'30's 167'12'E / 77.5'S 167.2'E/ -77.5; 167.2 (Erebus hotspot) Trindade/Martin Vaz hotspot (41) 20'30's 28'48'W / 20.5's 28.8'W / -20.5; -28.8 (Trindada hotspot), w'1 az 264 ±5 (9) 3'48's 32'24'W / 3.8's 32.4'W / -3.8; -32.4 (Fernando hotspot), w' 1 az 266 ±7 (possibly related to The Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (c. 200 Ma) Ascension hotspot (55) 7'54's 14'18'W / 7.9's 14.3'W/ -7.9; -14.3 (Ascension hotspot) (15) Hurudud Islands (56) 32'36'N 64'18'W / 32.6'N 64.3'W / 32.6; -64.3 (Bermuda hotspots), w'3 az'260 ±15 (44) Yellowstone (44) 44'30'N 110'24'W / 44.5'N 110.2 4'W/44.5; -110.4 (), w .8 azz 235 ±5 speed of 26 ±5 mm/year, possibly related to Columbia River Basalt Group (17-14 Ma). Raton hotspot (32) 36'48'N 104'06'W / 36.8'N 104.1'W / 36.8; -104.1 (Raton hotspot), w' 1 az 240 ±4 speed 30 ±20 mm/year (15) Anahim hotspot (45) 52 54N 123W / 52,900 -123.733 (Anahim Hotspot) (Nazco Cone) (20) Lord Howe Hotspot (22) 34'42'S 159'48'E / 34.7'S 159.8'E / -34.7; 159.8 (Lord Howe Hotspot), w'8 basics 351 ±10 (15) Tasmanian Hot Spot (39) 40 '24'S 155'30'E/ 40.4'S 155.5 'E/ -40.4; 155.5 (Tasmanian hotspot), w '8 az' 007 ±5 speed 63 Hot spot in Eastern Australia (30) 40-48 degrees Celsius / 40.8 degrees Celsius 146.0 euros / -40.8; 146.0 (Eastern Australia hotspot), w '3 az' 000 ±15 speed 65 ±3 mm/year (15) Juan Fernandez hotspot (16) 33 '54's 81'48'W/ 33.9'S 81.8'W/-33.9; -81.8 (Juan Fernandez hotspot), w' 1 az 084 ±3 speed 80 ±20 mm/year (15) San Felix hotspot (36) 26 '24's 80'06'W/ 26.4'S 80.1'W / -26.4; -80.1 (San Felix hotspot), w'3 az'083 ±8 (7) 26'24'S 106'30'W / 26.4'S 106.5'W / -26.4; -106.5 (Easter hotspot), w'1 az 087 ±3 speed 95 ±5 mm/year (15) Galapagos hot spot (10) 0'24's 91'36'W/0.4'S 91.6'W/ -0.4; -91.6 (Galapagos Hot Spot) 15 Naska Plate, w' 1 az 096 ±5 speed 55 ±8 mm/year coconut plate, in .5 az 045 ±6 Possibly associated with the Caribbean Great Province Vigry (main events: 95-88 Ma). For millions of years, the Pacific Plate has moved through Bowie's hotspot, creating the Kodiak-Bowie Seamount circuit in the Gulf of Alaska Louisville hotspot (23) 53 '36's 140 '36'W/53.6's 140.6'W/-53.6; -140.6 (Louisville hotspot), w' 1 az 316 ±5 speed of 67 ±5 mm/year, possibly related to the Ontong Java Plateau (125-120 Ma). Base Hotspots / Ngatemato Seamount (57) 37 42S 111 06W / 37.7 S 111.1W / -37.7; -111.1 (Basic hotspot), w'1 az 292 ±3 speed 80 ±6 mm/year (15) McDonald's hotspot (24) 29 00S 140 '18'W/29.0's 140.3'W/-29.0; -140.3 (McDonald's Hotspot), w' 1 az 289 ±6 rate 105 ±10 mm/year (President Thiers Bank, 58) 25'36's 143'18'W / 25.6'S 143.3'W / -25.6; -143.3 (Northern Austral Hotspot), w' (1.0) Azim 293 ± 3 speed 75 ±15 mm/year (Arago Seamount, 59) 23'24's 150'42'W/ 23.4'S 150.7'W/ -23.4; -150.7 (горячая точка Араго), ж 1 азим 296 ±4 скорость 120 ±20 мм/год (Мария/южный Кук hotspot (Иль-Мария, 60) 20'12's 153'48'W / 20.2'S 153.8'W / -20.2; -153.8 (Горячая точка Maria/Southern Cook), w'0.8 az' 300 ±4 (15) Самоа горячая точка (35) 14'30'S 168'12'W / 14.5'S 168.2'W / -14.5; -168.2 (самоа горячая точка), w'0.8 az' 285 ±5 скорость 95 ±20 мм/год (Crough Seamount, 61) 26'54's 114'36'W / 26.9'S 114.6'W / -26.9; -114.6 (Кроу горячая точка), w '8 az' 284 ± 2 (15) Питкэрн hotspot (31) 25 '24'S 129'18'W / 25.4'S 129.3'W / -25.4; -129.3 (горячая точка Питкэрна), w' 1 аз 293 ±3 скорость 90 ±15 мм/год 15 Общество / Таити hotspot (38) 1812'S 148'24'W / 18,2 S 148,4W / -18.2.; -148.4 (Общество горячих точек) , w '8 az' 295 ±5 speed 109 ±10 mm/year 15 Marquesas hotspot (26) 10 '30's 139'00'W / 10.5'S 139.0'W/ -10.5; (Marquesas hotspot), w'5 az '319 ±8 speed 93 ±7 mm/year (15) Caroline Hotspot (4) 4 '48'N 164'24'E / 4.8'N 164.4 'E/4.8; 164.4 (Carolina Hotspot), w' 1 az 289 ±4 speed 135 ±20 mm/year (15) Hawaii hotspot (12) 19 N 155W / 19.0 N 155.2W / 19.0 N 155.2W / 19.0; -155.2 (Hawaii hotspot), w'1 az 304 ±3 speed 92 ±3 mm/year (15) Socorro / Revillagigedos hotspot (37) 1900'N 11 1'00'W / 19.0'N 111.0'W / 19.0.W / 19.0'N 111.0'W / 19.0.0'W / 19.0'N 19.0'W / 19.0'N 19.0.W / 19.0'N 19.0'W/ -111.0 (111.0) (Socorro) -15 Guadeloupe hotspot (11) 27'42'N 114'30'W / 27.7'N 114.5'W / 27.7; -114.5 (Guadeloupe hotspot), w '8 az' 292 ±5 speed 80 ±10 mm/year (15) (5) 46 '00'N 130'06'W/ 46.0'N 130.1'W / 46.0; -130.1 (Cobb Hotspot), w'1 az 321 ±5 speed 43 ±3 mm/year (15) Bowie/Pratt-Welker hot spot (3) 5300'N 134'48'W/ 53.0'N 134.8'W/ 53.0; -134.8 (Bowie Hotspot), w'.8 az'306 ±4 speed 40 ±20 mm/year (15) Euterpe/Musicians hotspot () Convection plums in the lower mantle. 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Mantle feathers: Dynamic models and seismic images (PDF). Geochemisty Geophysics Geosystems. 8 (No10006): 10006 euros. Bibcode:2007GGG ... . 810006B. doi:10.1029/2007GC001733. ISSN 1525-2027. Valerie Claward; Herro, Muriel (2007). Scattered spots: Can the Pacific Open as a result of kinematic plates?. Letters about Earth and Planetary Science. 265 (1–2): 195. Bibbod:2008E- PSL.265. 195C. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.10.013. For a better understanding of volcanism hotspots. ScienceDaily. February 4, 2008. There is a media in the Commons related to hotspots (volcanism). Wikibook Historical Geology Has a Page on the Topic: Hotspots Forming Hotspots Raising Hotspots of Large Igneous Provinces Maria Antretter, Ph.D. Thesis (2001): Moving hotspots - Evidence of paleomagnetism and modeling By Plumes exist? Received from (geology) oldid-982003406 (geology) hotspots and mantle plumes pdf. are mantle plumes and hotspots the same thing. what is the difference between mantle plumes and hotspots

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