Historicetl Revie^w

The State Historical Society of Missouri COLUMBIA, MISSOURI COVER DESCRIPTION: The Mississippi River landmark, "Tower Rock," by Charles Bodmer, is based on a sketch by the artist in 1833. A framed, tinted engraving in the State Historical So­ ciety's art collection, it is Vignette No. 9, extracted from the atlas of The Travels in the Interior of North Amer­ ica, by Maximilian, Prince of Wied. The Lewis and Clark Expedition visited Tower Rock, and William Clark sketched a map of the area on November 25 > 1803. An article on "William Clark's Mapping in Missouri, 1803-1804" appears in this issue. MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Published Quarterly by THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI COLUMBIA, MISSOURI

RICHARD S. BROWNLEE EDITOR

MARY K. DAINS ASSOCIATE EDITOR

JAMES W. GOODRICH ASSOCIATE EDITOR

Copyright © 1982 by the State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, Missouri 65201

The MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW (ISSN 0026-6582) is owned by the State Historical Society of Missouri and is published quarterly at 201 South Eighth, Columbia, Missouri 65201. Send communications, business and editorial correspondence and change of address to the State Historical Society of Missouri, 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, MO. 65201. Second class postage is paid at Columbia, Missouri. VOLUME LXXVI

Current REVIEWS are sent to all members of The State NUMBER 3 Historical Society of Missouri during their term of member­ ship. The Society assumes no responsibility for statements made by contributors to the magazine. APRIL 1982 THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI The State Historical Society of Missouri, heretofore organized under the laws of the State, shall be the trustee of this State—Laws of Missouri, 1899, R. S. of Mo., 1969, chapter 183, as revised 1978.

OFFICERS 1980-1983 LEWIS E. ATHERTON, Columbia, President MRS. AVIS TUCKER, Warrensburg, First Vice President REVEREND JOHN F. BANNON, St. Louis, Second Vice President SHERIDAN A. LOGAN, St. Joseph, Third Vice President MRS. VIRGINIA YOUNG, Columbia, Fourth Vice President NOBLE E. CUNNINGHAM, Columbia, Fifth Vice President R. KENNETH ELLIOTT, Kansas City, Sixth Vice President ALBERT M. PRICE, Columbia, Treasurer RICHARD S. BROWNLEE, Columbia, Director, Secretary and Librarian

TRUSTEES Permanent Trustees, Former Presidents of the Society WILLIAM AULL III, Lexington RUSH H. LIMBAUGH, Cape Girardeau WILLIAM R. DENSLOW, Trenton GEORGE A. ROZIER, Jefferson City ELMER ELLIS, Columbia LEO JS ROZIER, Perry ville

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1982 JAMES W. BROWN, Harrisonville J. J. GRAF, Hermann RICHARD J. CHAMIER, Moberly JOHN K. HULSTON, Springfield ILUS W. DAVIS, Kansas City MRS. MARY BANKS PARRY, Columbia ALFRED O. FUERBRINGER, St. Louis ARVARH H. STRICKLAND, Columbia

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1983 CHARLES BLANTON III, Sikeston VICTOR A. GIERKE, Louisiana SAMUEL A. BURK, Kirksville MRS. JEAN TYREE HAMILTON, Marshall R. I. COLBORN, Paris W. ROGERS HEWITT, Shelby ville W. W. DALTON, St. Louis DOYLE PATTERSON, Kansas City

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1984 FRANCIS M. BARNES III, St. Louis W. WALLACE SMITH, Independence ROBERT S. DALE, Carthage RONALD L. SOMERVILLE, Chillicothe GEORGE MCCUE, St. Louis JOSEPH WEBBER, St. Louis ROBERT M. WHITE, Mexico

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The twenty-nine Trustees, the President and the Secretary of the Society, the Governor, Secretary of State, State Treasurer, President of the University of Missouri and Chancellor of the University of Missouri-Columbia constitute the Executive Committee.

FINANCE COMMITTEE Five members of the Executive Committee appointed by the President, who by virtue of his office constitutes the sixth member, compose the Finance Committee.

WILLIAM AULL III, Lexington, Chairman LEWIS E. ATHERTON, Columbia ELMER ELLIS, Columbia WILLIAM R. DENSLOW, Trenton GEORGE A. ROZIER, Jefferson City LEO J. ROZIER, Perry ville ii A MESSAGE FROM THE DIRECTOR

At the annual meeting of the Society on October 17, 1981, the members voted unanimously to increase the mem­ bership fees. This measure was taken to allow the Society to become more self-sufficient during these economically difficult times. Annual membership fees have been in­ creased to $5.00, and lifetime membership fees to $100.00.

In an effort to reduce the Society's expenses, the Missouri Historical Review no longer will be forwarded because of an incorrect address. To remail one copy of the Review returned by the post office because of an in­ correct address costs the Society $2.53. If you move, a change of address should be sent promptly to: The State Historical Society of Missouri, 1020 Lowry Street, Co­ lumbia, Missouri 65201.

Sincerely, Richard S. Brownlee

iii EDITORIAL POLICY The MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW is always inter­ ested in articles and documents relating to the history of Missouri. Articles pertaining to surrounding states and other sections are considered for publication when they involve events or personalities having a significant bearing on the history of Missouri or the West. Any aspect of Mis­ souri history is considered suitable for publication in the REVIEW. Genealogical studies are not accepted because of limited general reader interest. In submitting articles for the REVIEW, the authors should examine back issues for the proper form in foot­ noting. Originality of subject, general interest of the article, sources used in research, interpretation and the style in which it is written, are criteria for acceptance for publica­ tion. The original and a carbon copy of the article should be submitted. It is suggested that the author retain a car­ bon of the article. The copy should be double-spaced and footnotes typed consecutively on separate pages at the end of the article. The maximum length for an article is 7,500 words. All articles accepted for publication in the REVIEW become the property of the State Historical Society and may not be published elsewhere without permission. Only in special circumstances will an article previously pub­ lished in another magazine or journal, be accepted for the REVIEW. Because of the backlog of accepted articles, publica­ tion may be delayed for a period of time. Articles submitted for the REVIEW should be ad­ dressed to:

Dr. Richard S. Brownlee, Editor MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW The State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street Columbia, Missouri 65201 SOCIETY TO PRESENT AWARDS

At the Annual Meeting in October the Society will confer three awards. An engraved citation and a me­ dallion will be awarded to a member who has given distinguished service to the Society and to the State of Missouri in the promotion and dissemination of knowl­ edge concerning the history of our region. A second engraved citation and a one-hundred-dollar cash award will be given for the REVIEW article during the calendar year which has contributed most in depth in a scholarly and popular sense to the history of our State. The two-hundred-fifty-dollar Floyd C. Shoe­ maker History Award will be presented to a junior class student in a Missouri college or university who has written the best historical article that relates to Missouri events or personalities. The distinguished member will be selected by a three-member committee appointed by the Society president. One member of the selection committee will serve for two years and two members for one year. No active officers or trustees of the Society, with the ex­ ception of past presidents, may be nominated for the Distinguished Service Award. Nominations should be made in writing to Richard S. Brownlee, director of the Society, any time during the calendar year. The prize-winning article will be selected by three his­ torians appointed by the editor of the REVIEW. The selection committee will be changed each year with the exception of one member who will be replaced after two years. Articles submitted for the Floyd C. Shoemaker History Award will be judged by the De­ partment of History of the University of Missouri- Columbia. CONTENTS

WILLIAM CLARK'S MAPPING IN MISSOURI, 1803-1804. By W. Raymond Wood 241

MISSOURI COUNTY ORGANIZATION, 1812-1876. By Marian M. Ohman 253

A SEARCH FOR THE RISING TIDE: THE LETTERS OF NATHANIEL LEONARD, 1820-1824. By Jeffrey L. Gall 282

CREATING THE DREAM: JEFFERSON NATIONAL EXPANSION MEMORIAL, 1933-1935. By Sharon A. Brown 302

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS

News in Brief 327

Local Historical Societies 329

Gifts 344

Missouri History in Newspapers 347

Missouri History in Magazines 349

In Memoriam 353

BOOK REVIEW 355

BOOK NOTES 359

CUMBERLAND PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, LEXINGTON Inside Back Cover vi William Clark, Cartographer of the Lewis and Clark Expedition

William Clark's Mapping in Missouri 1803-1804 BY W. RAYMOND WOOD*

In addition to his substantial mapping of the Missouri River in the Great Plains area, and of the Columbia River basin in the Pacific Northwest, William Clark also produced route maps of the passage of the Lewis and Clark expedition along the lower reaches of the Mississippi and Missouri rivers. The finished prod­ ucts of most of that mapping appear to have been lost, but three sketch maps exist of short segments of the Mississippi River, and no less than five other maps have been preserved that illustrate the expedition's trek along the Missouri River within the present boundaries of the state of Missouri (Fig. 1).

* W. Raymond Wood is professor of Anthropology at the University of Missouri-Columbia. He holds B.A. and M.A. degrees from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, and a Ph.D. from the University of Oregon, Eugene. 241 242 Missouri Historical Review

Fig. 1. Coverage of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers Provided by William Clark's Field Maps, 1803-1804

Clark, as the person preeminently responsible for producing the maps illustrating the expedition's route and its discoveries, drafted several charts—both before and after the expedition—that depict all or most of the modern state of Missouri as parts of larger maps.1 The maps discussed below, however, were pre­ liminary detail maps illustrating features later incorporated into those more general maps. MISSISSIPPI RIVER MAPS William Clark resided at Clarksville, in Indiana Territory, when Meriwether Lewis descended the Ohio River in October of 1803. He joined Lewis there for a joint venture into what was to become the American West. The two men, accompanied by the nucleus of their expeditionary force, left Clarksville on October 26

i For example, those illustrated in Reuben Gold Thwaites, ed., Original Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1804-06 (New York, 1904-1905), Vol. VIII, Map 3; Donald Jackson, "A New Lewis and Clark Map," Missouri Historical Society Bulletin, XVII (January, 1961), 117-132; and Carl I. Wheat, •\Jtn+,^i„,T +h„ T^Mcrr^-cri'cci*^^; T/TAPC* ISdO-IRAI /(Jon TTrann'sm 1 Q£S\ Vol TT Mapping in Missouri 243 to complete the first part of the expedition's journey—the descent of the remainder of the Ohio River to its confluence with the Mississippi, and the ascent of the latter river to the vicinity of St. Louis. Apparently, neither captain attempted to produce sys­ tematic maps of the route of their expedition prior to its depar­ ture from Camp Dubois in the spring of 1804. In any case, Clark produced only three known sketches illustrating short segments of the Mississippi River. Map A. The first map depicted the junction of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers, which Lewis and Clark reached on No­ vember 14, 1803. The following morning Lewis made a number of astronomical observations in the locality, and Clark must have spent the better part of the day—if not longer—in making his survey for this detailed chart of the confluence of the two rivers (Fig. 2). On the 16th, Lewis and Clark visited an encampment of Shawnee and Delaware Indians on the shore opposite the mouth of the Ohio, and where Lewis refused an offer of three beaver pelts for his Newfoundland dog, Scannon. The captains later visited the nearby ruins of Fort Jefferson, a stronghold built in 1780 by William Clark's brother, George Rogers Clark, as part of his campaign against the British in the West. It had been aban­ doned a year later. Lewis and Clark resumed their journey, now up the Mississippi River, on the morning of November 20, having spent nearly a week in the general area shown on Clark's map.2 Map B. The second map, of which two versions exist, shows about two miles of the Mississippi River at a location about twenty- five miles upstream from the modern town of Cape Girardeau. The map illustrates the vicinity of Grand Tower, a formerly treacherous navigational hazard—a huge limestone outcrop—in the river channel opposite the modern town of Grand Tower, Illinois (Fig. 3). Lewis and Clark passed by Grand Tower a little before sunset on November 25, 1803, and camped that evening on the west bank of the river just upstream from the landmark. Clark marked their campsite by drawing a small boat near the rivers edge at that location.3

^ The map is illustrated in Ernest Staples Osgood, ed., The Field Notes of Captain William Clark, 1803-1805 (New Haven, Conn., 1964), Document 2, p. 195. A typographical error on the page illustrating this map in Osgood cites it as "Document 3." Clark's comments on the map appear on the reverse side oi the document. Ibid., pp. 5, 196. See also Milo M. Quaife, ed., The Journals of Captain Meriwether Lewis and Sergeant John Ordway (Madison, Wise., 1916) , 48-54, for Lewis's comments on this vicinity. 3 The map, published by Thwaites, Original Journals, Vol. VIII, Map 4, was erroneously identified as "The Neighborhood of Camp River Dubois, 244 Missouri Historical Review

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*&- Fig. 2. Map A: shows the junction of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers as drawn by Clark on November 15, 1803. It is reproduced through the courtesy of the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.

1803-04." John Francis McDermott, however, in "William Clark's Struggle with Place Names in Upper Louisiana," Missouri Historical Society Bulletin, XXXIV (April, 1978) , 142-143, correctly identified the locale, which is more than 100 river miles south of Camp Dubois. See also Quaife, Journals, 65-67, for Lewis's description of the area. Another as yet unpublished copy of this map, with explanatory notes, is in the E. G. Voorhis Memorial Collection at the Missouri Historical Society in St. Louis. Related to the author by Gary E. Moulton, in a personal interview on September 29, 1981. Mapping in Missouri 245

Lewis's journal noted that Grand Tower "seems among the watermen of the Mississippi to be what the tropics or Equanoxial line is with regard to the sailors; those who have never passed it before are always compelled to pay or furnish some sperits to drink or be ducked."4 The fact that Lewis says nothing of the conduct of the party that evening suggests that they did not feel compelled to follow the rivermen's tradition, however much it may have appealed to them. Many later travelers on the Mississippi River noted this im­ posing landmark. A fine contemporary engraving of it, based on a sketch made in 1833 by Charles Bodmer, was published in the atlas volume of the travels of Prince Maximilian.5 MISSOURI RIVER MAPS Apparently, William Clark made a continuous map of the course of the Missouri River from its mouth to the point where

4 Quaife, Journals, 65. 5 Reuben Gold Thwaites, ed., Early Western Travels, 1748-1846 (Cleve­ land, 1906), Vol. XXV, Plate 9, provides the most readily available version of Bodmer's view.

Fig. 3. Map B: the vicinity of Grand Tower, on the Mississippi River north of Cape Girardeau, Missouri, was drawn by Clark on November 25, 1803. It is reproduced through the courtesy of the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.

»*4. a* &.#&,&y jL*~ 246 Missouri Historical Review the expedition left one of its tributaries, the Jefferson River, in present-day southwestern Montana. The originals for these route maps, however, have been lost for that part of the river between St. Louis and Fort Mandan, the site of their 1804-1805 wintering post in present-day west central North Dakota. Fortunately a clerk in Major Benjamin OTallon's office in St. Louis copied some of these now-missing maps for the use of Alexander Philip Maximilian, Prince of Wied-Neuwied, on his journey up the Mis­ souri River in 1833. However, Prince Maximilian's copies com­ mence at a point on the Missouri River in the south part of modern Omaha, Nebraska. Since the first map in Maximilian's set is marked "No 13," it is reasonable to infer that twelve uncopied maps preceded it. These maps, in all probability, charted the Missouri River from its mouth to this point in present east central Nebraska.6 Today, however, all that remains of Clark's mapping for this part of the Lower Missouri River are the five rough field sketches described below. These were only guides for the production of the more finished maps, most of which are now lost. The five maps are drawn to different scales, and they differ considerably in the area they depict. Map C. The first map begins at the mouth of the Missouri River and its confluence with the Mississippi. It shows the loca­ tion of Camp Dubois, the expedition's wintering place for 1803- 1804, with an unmarked triangle on the south side of River Dubois; details of the Mississippi River for about thirty-five river miles above the mouth of the Illinois River; and rudimentary details of the Lower Missouri River as far upstream as the town of St. Charles (Fig. 4).7 This map (together with miscellaneous undated field notes) appears on the back of a document bearing Clark's notes for December 31, 1803 to January 3, 1804. Since Clark had arrived in the St. Louis area on December 7, 1803, the map ap­ parently was made about three weeks later. Its very preliminary nature is emphasized by Clark's labeling Fort Don Carlos (a fort built in 1768 on the west bank of the Missouri River opposite the site of Camp Dubois) as Fort Orleans. The latter, in fact,

6 W. Raymond Wood and Gary E. Moulton, "Prince Maximilian and New Maps of the Missouri and Yellowstone Rivers by William Clark," Western His­ torical Quarterly, XII (October, 1981), 372-386. Maximilian's thirty-four copies of Clark's maps are scheduled to be published in the atlas of the new definitive edition of the journals of Lewis and Clark now being edited by Moulton for the Center for Great Plains Studies at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. 7 This map was published in Osgood, Field Notes, Document 4, p. 198. It Mapping in Missouri 247 M W^1*^, *<* \

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Fig. 4. Map C: shows the Lower Missouri River and its environs, drawn by Clark in the winter of 1803-1804. It is reproduced through the courtesy of the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University. had been built some 250 miles up the Missouri River in 1723.8 He did not perpetuate this error on later maps. Map D. The second map of the Missouri shows the course of the river from a point about ten miles upstream from St. Charles to a location on the river about five miles upstream from the modern town of Defiance (Fig. 5). Lewis and Clark passed along this stretch of the river between May 22 and May 24, 1804, and the map records the location of their camps for the nights of May 22 and May 23.9 The campsites for two additional days also appear to be shown on the sketch, although they are not labeled as such. Both locations are consistent with journal and field note descriptions by Clark. The camp for the night of May 21 may be the small circle on the south bank of the river on the extreme southeast part of the map; and the camp for May 24 is probably the twinned circle on the south bank of the river on

8 Ibid., p. 12, note 7. 9 Ibid., Document 15, p. 220. The map shows about fifteen miles of the river, drawn to a scale of about three miles to the inch. 248 Missouri Historical Review

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Fig. 5. Map D: at the top, appears a short segment of the Lower Missouri River, illustrating Lewis and Clark's route for May 22 to 24, 1804. At the bottom is a redrawn version of the map. This chart, like the remaining maps illustrated, has been redrawn for clarity, since the legends on the documents are often very difficult to read. The original map is reproduced through the courtesy of the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University. Mapping in Missouri 249 the westernmost edge of the map. The short distance between the camp for the 23rd and this location is explained by Clark's name for the bend of the river west of Tavern Cave: "Retregrade Bend." On that day the force of the current propelled the expedi­ tion back down the river for a full two miles. The most important natural feature shown on the map is Tavern Cave, near the town of St. Albans in present St. Louis County. Meriwether Lewis had fallen from a 300-foot cliff near this landmark, but succeeded in catching himself after only a twenty-foot fall—his first brush with death on the expedition.10 The mouth of Little Femme Osage River, shown downstream from the cave, is not labeled. The fact that Clark's May 29 field notes had been written over the sketch underscores the preliminary nature of this map (and the remain­ ing three maps described below). For this reason, Map D and the remaining maps have been redrafted for clarity. Map E. The next map commences at a point on the river about forty-five miles upstream from Map D, beginning a few miles downstream from the modern town of Chamois, and extend­ ing on upriver to the mouth of the Osage River (Fig. 6). It illustrates the expedition's route for most of May 30 to June 3, 1804, and appears beneath Clark's field notes for June 4.11 Al­ though well described in the journals, the campsites are marked on neither this map, nor the next one. The expedition camped May 30 at the mouth of Grindstone Creek, and remained at this camp the next day because of rain and high winds. During the day they met a French trader, accompanied by an Indian man and woman, in "a cajaux of Bear Skins and peltries," on their way from the Grand Osage to St. Louis. The next day Lewis and Clark camped at the mouth of the Osage River, where they made as­ tronomical observations for the next three days, leaving the area on the evening on June 3. Map F. The fourth map of the Missouri charts the area from the mouth of the Osage River to a point on the river near the modern town of Carrollton. This chart, prepared at a much smaller scale than the preceding ones, shows the expedition's route for an eleven-day period, from June 3 to June 13, 1804. Clark wrote field notes for June 5 over the map.12 On June 3 the expedition

io Ibid., 43-45; see also Thwaites, Original Journals, I, 25-28. 11 Osgood, Field Notes, Document 17, p. 224. The map shows about twenty- five miles of the river, at a scale of about 3.5 miles to the inch. 12 Ibid., Document 18, p. 226; it is drawn to a scale of about twenty miles to the inch. The expedition's activities, while in the area shown on the map, are detailed in ibid., 48-50, and in Thwaites, Original Journals, I, 36-38. 250 Missouri Historical Review

Fig. 6. Map E: the Missouri River east of the mouth of the Osage River illustrates Lewis and Clark's route for parts of May 31 to June 3, 1804. The original map is in the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.

Fig. 7. Map F: the Missouri River in central Missouri illu­ strates Lewis and Clark's route for June 3 to June 13, 1804. The original map is in the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University. Mapping in Missouri 251 camped in the vicinity of Missouri's state capital. The following day, near the mouth of Cedar Creek, the sergeant at the helm, John Ordway, ran the keelboat under a "bending Tree & broke the Mast." Hence, the small stream opposite the mouth of "Ceeder R" became Mast Creek.13 The damage was not repaired until June 6. Although no special landmarks are shown, the map names most of the principal streams between the Osage River and the two Charitons: Cedar Creek, Little Manitou, Perche Creek, Salt Creek, Bonne Femme River and the Lamine River. Clark recorded most of them in alternate or in French spellings (Fig. 7). Map G. The last of the Clark maps which shows the expedi­ tion's route through the present state of Missouri, to the author's knowledge, had never been detected by earlier scholars. How­ ever, it and the Clark field notes written over its face were pub­ lished in facsimile form in 1964 in E. S. Osgood's The Field Notes of Captain William Clark.1* In the published version, as well as on the original document, the map barely appears visible. Drawn lightly in pencil, parts of it and some notations on it are too faint

13 Thwaites, Original Journals, I, 38-41; Quaife, Journals, 82. 14 Osgood, Field Notes, Document 10, p. 209. The map is drawn to a scale of about six miles to the inch. The author is indebted to Gary E. Moulton for checking details on the original document while visiting the Beinecke Library, Yale University, New Haven.

Fig. 8. Map G: Clark apparently made this previously undetected sketch of the Missouri River and its tributaries in western Missouri while the expedition was still in Camp Dubois. Labels on the map have been inverted. The original map is in the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University. 252 Missouri Historical Review to read. Furthermore, like Maps D through F, Clark had written field notes over it (those for March 26 to April 7, 1804). Osgood's publication reduced by half the size of the document to fit the book's format, further diminishing its clarity. Finally^ in his own text, Osgood said nothing of this map. This "new" map exhibits much more sketch-like qualities than the others described in this article. Its boundaries are not as clear, although it commences at a point somewhere below the mouth of the Grand River, and extends to a location somewhat north of the mouth of the Kansas River (Fig. 8). Clark may have drawn the sketch prior to using the paper for field notes. In all probability, he made it before March 26, 1804, while the expedition remained at Camp Dubois. Unlike the other maps, therefore, this one probably represents a pre­ liminary draft for some preexpeditionary chart—perhaps the one identified by Donald Jackson as "almost certainly the first carto­ graphic product of the Lewis and Clark Expedition." Made in 1804, this map was dispatched to Washington by Lewis in May of the same year.15 The course of the Kansas River and certain other aspects of the sketch appear consistent with that map. This fact lends support to the speculation that Clark prepared Map G from information provided him at Camp Dubois by someone familiar with this part of the West. Although Clark's sketches of the Mississippi and Missouri rivers do not add significantly to pre-Lewis and Clark cartography, they do provide additional information on the progress of the expedition through the state of Missouri. Clark of course produced many more maps of the Missouri River within the state than are now available. The twelve maps thought to have been made by him of the Missouri River from its mouth to the vicinity of Omaha, Nebraska, may remain, unrecognized, in private hands or in some archive. Their disco very nearly would complete the roster of maps believed to have been produced during the Lewis and Clark expedition.

15 Jackson, "A New Lewis and Clark Map,'' 117-132.

Sentence Sermons Aurora Pride of the West and Western Progress, April 15, 1905. Some people think they are dodging the devil when they are only playing peek-a-boo with him. Massie—Mo. Res. Div. Signing of the Treaty by Karl Bitter, Originally Designed for the Louisiana Pur­ chase Exposition, 1904, Cast in Bronze for the Present Capitol Site in Jefferson City During the 1920s

Missouri County Organization 1812-1876

BY MARIAN M. OHMAN*

Two foreign powers claimed present-day Missouri land before the United States took possession early in the nineteenth century. During the seventeenth-century exploration and discovery of the New World, France staked its claim to the land west of the Mis­ sissippi River and called it Louisiana. By the Treaty of Fontaine- bleau, France transferred this land to Spain in 1762, but Spain receded it to France by the secret 1800 Treaty of San Ildefonso.

* Marian M. Ohman is Program Coordinator-Humanities, University of Missouri-Columbia Extension Division. She has the B.A. degree in Sociology, and the M.A. and Ph.D. in Art History and Archaeology from the University of Missouri-Columbia 253 254 Missouri Historical Review

In 1803 President Thomas Jefferson sent American envoys to France to negotiate for small, but critical, land purchases. When France abruptly offered to sell the vast territory, the United States representatives hastily accepted. After both nations signed the Louisiana Purchase Treaty, the transfer of that part of the land which the Spanish had called Upper Louisiana, and which the United States renamed the District of Louisiana, took place in March 1804. Captain Amos Stoddard, United States Army, formally accepted possession in ceremonies at St. Louis, marking the end of Spanish and French claims upon the land. At the time, U.S. officials did not know the extent of the ceded area, but by law it ". . . included the adjacent islands belonging to Louisiana, all public lots and squares, vacant lands, and all public buildings. . . Z'1 (Fig. 1). When the United States government began dividing the land into states, it turned to its recent past for precedents estab­ lished in the Northwest Ordinance. After Virginia ceded western lands to the United States in 1784, the Continental Congress appointed Thomas Jefferson to

i Laics . . . of the District of Louisiana, of the Territory of Louisiana, the Territory of Missouri, and the State of Missouri up to the year 1824 (Jefferson City, 1842) , I, 2.

Fig. 1: Approximate Area of the Louisiana Purchase Map by Ronald A. Wencl Missouri County Organization 255 chair a committee to plan for government organization in the western territory. The committee made suggestions for partition­ ing the land into states, provisions for establishing a temporary government and recommendations for the creation of counties or townships to facilitate electing members of the legislature. After a territory reached a population of 20,000, it would then have the authority from Congress to call a convention, prepare a con­ stitution and form a permanent government prior to admission into the United States. In subsequent sessions politicians altered, amended and expanded these concepts into the Land Ordinance of 1785, and finally into the Northwest Ordinance of 1787.2 Jefferson and Hugh Williamson, a committee member from North Carolina, usually receive credit for conceiving the land survey system which aligned rectangular land divisions with the cardinal points. Before offering the land for sale or granting titles to public land, the Land Ordinance of 1785 required that surveys must be made establishing legal boundaries. It provided for sepa­ rating the land into townships, six statute-miles square with sec­ tions of 640 acres and 36 sections per township. In order to create rectangular divisions between converging meridians, it became necessary to survey north-south meridians and east-west base lines at intervals to establish reference points for all subsequent division. By 1789 a sufficient number of states had ratified the Con­ stitution of the United States empowering the federal government to initiate its legislative process. Although expansion appeared in­ evitable, Congress permitted the Land Ordinance of 1785 to expire. Not until 1796 did Congress pass a new land act reinstating many principles contained in the Land Ordinance of 1785. President George Washington appointed a surveyor general, Rufus Putnam, with deputy surveyors assigned to the field work in preparation for legal settlement.3 Early Missouri surveying began in the eighteenth century. After the Spanish government took command of Upper Louisiana, Pedro Piernas, the first lieutenant governor, appointed a French­ man, M. Martin Duralde, as surveyor. Early surveys by Duralde in St. Louis date from 1772. However, not until 1795 did systematic surveying begin, when Antoine Soulard became surveyor-general.

2 Hildegard Binder Johnson, Order Upon the Land (New York, 1976), 40-46. 3 William D. Pattison, American Rectangular Land Survey System (Chi­ cago, 1957), 200. 256 Missouri Historical Review

Soulard served until about 1804, when Silas Bent assumed the position, officially surveying the areas incorporated in present-day Missouri and Illinois. Just as all the original states had been marked by a system of metes and bounds, so were the French and Spanish claims to Missouri land. Early official surveys followed those erratic bound­ aries marked with piles of stones, mounds of dirt, trees or the confluence of rivers. This highly inaccurate system subsequently resulted in endless litigation. By this common practice, claimants had been staking and declaring their claims, some extremely large, with only vague descriptions of boundaries. The government hon­ ored those preceding individual claims awarded by the French and Spanish, even though some appeared legally questionable. The only sizable private settlements bordered the rivers, prin­ cipally the Mississippi. Recognition of these existing claims inter­ rupted the regularity of the grid and produced a patchwork pat­ tern still visible on some maps. (Fig. 2). Officials in the Territory of Missouri created the county sur­ veyor's office in 1814. The following year, William Rector, a federal deputy surveyor stationed in St. Louis, contracted with Joseph C. Brown to survey a base line from the mouth of the St. Francois River, due west. Rector authorized Prospect K. Robins to run the fifth principal meridian north from the mouth of the Arkansas River. This became a critical measurement. From that intersecting point, subsequent surveyors would establish rectangu­ lar subdivisions of the state within the boundaries of converging meridians. Robins surveyed about 300 miles. He marked each mile with an eight-inch wooden post bearing its number, blazed two nearby trees or made other reference points for future survey­ ing. Between miles, a four- to six-inch post marked a half-way point. Wooden posts marked all one-quarter section corners until 1834. For the 300 miles he marked, Robins received three dollars a mile from which he paid for all help, instruments, equipment, shelter and supplies. Missouri became the first future state west of the Mississippi to be surveyed under the rectangular system.4

4 For the history of Missouri surveying see: Arthur W7inslow, "The Mapping of Missouri," in The Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis (St. Louis, 1895), VI, 57-99; Allen Henry Rose, "The Extension of the United States Land System to Missouri, 1804-1817" (unpublished Master's thesis, Wash­ ington University, St. Louis, 1940) ; A. W. Jacobs, "History of Surveying in Missouri," a talk before the Missouri Association of Registered Land Surveyors, November 20, 1971, copy available at the State Historical Society; and Floyd Calvin Shoemaker, Missouri and Missourians (Chicago, 1943) , I, 194-202. Missouri County Organization 257

TOWNSHIP 45 NORTH RANGE 7 EAST. $/itwiuyl/i#me/mLfipaC fc/?u/&d'M# fvum of>VL'au*/r* we/ft cuedf/i /Maunder •s/wft of f/tf oowrfcfcrmmon /dcaet>6/t

"'/te- tt/ft* suet// e't '/' 00its/ aewtd/ersf<-f //•*//? /T&dtpowillihif -m/t/> //t /A/" ^T A'. Jut{''// vjf/rr. 'j/Srm

Fig. 2: St. Louis Vicinity About 1820 258 Missouri Historical Review

Courtesy Norman L. Brown, Mo. DNR, Geol. & Land Surv. Post Used for Marking One-Quarter Section Corners

Photo by Thomas Garrett Norman L. Brown, Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Portraying an Early Sur­ veyor with a Blattner Compass Commonly Used in Missouri in the 1850s

Only territorial land, cleared of Indian title, could be surveyed.5 Historians have disagreed about the amount of Missouri land originally held by Indians. In 1888, Lucien Carr estimated 27 mil­ lion acres, two-thirds of the present state's area; in 1918 Eugene Violette claimed Indian holdings amounted to 39 million acres; and in 1925 Roy Godsey placed the figure at 23 million acres.6 Even though the figures vary, such vast claims of Indian holdings produced inevitable resentment between the Indians, the settlers and the government.

5 Laws . . . to the year 1824, I, 11. 6 Lucien Carr, Missouri: A Bone of Contention (Boston, 1888), 100; Eugene M. Violette, A History of Missouri (Boston, 1918) , 72; and Roy Godsey, "The Osage War, 1837," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XX (October, 1925), 96. Missouri County Organization 259

In the late-eighteenth century, some surveyors encountered overt Indian resistance. In William Pattison's history of land sur­ veying, he described a Shawnee chief's protest to American em- missaries. The chief reportedly said, "We do not understand you measuring out the land—it is all ours. . . . Brothers, you seem to grow proud because you have thrown down the King of England."7 Carr reported that a delegation of thirty or forty Osage met with Missouri Territorial Governor Benjamin Howard to receive the first payment for the land. Indians used the occasion to protest the treaty signed by their ancestors. The Osage Nation had no right to sell its country, they explained; only a few chiefs took it upon themselves to do so. Their spokesman, Le Sonneur, told the governor: . . . our country belongs to our posterity as well as to ourselves; it is not absolutely ours; we receive it only for our lifetime, and then to transmit it to our descend- ents. . . . No, my father, keep your goods, and let us keep our lands.8 But English-American pioneers represented a different herit­ age. They moved west to build homes, clear the land and farm; their goal was an independent, self-sufficient life. They believed individuals possessed a right to own the land: Americans held no regard for the Indian's philosophy of land use. First settlements subsequently led to county development which depended upon two principal elements: people and trans­ portation. Missouri needed an influx of immigrants to quickly increase the population; immigrants in turn depended upon a network of transportation. During the eighteenth century, French immigrants made widely scattered settlements along the Missis­ sippi between St. Louis and Ste. Genevieve. Other French or Spanish trading posts or military forts existed briefly, usually close to rivers. Notable mining operations began in Washington and Madison counties, a bit further inland, where rich lead deposits, lying close to the surface, attracted venturesome entrepreneurs. This business necessitated construction of primitive roads from the mines to the Mississippi River. Early Americans and Germans

7 Pattison, Rectangular Land Survey, 115. 8 Carr, Bone of Contention, 102. Apparently by mid-century they accepted some surveyors in Missouri. A. W. McCoy reported that Indians came to watch him survey in northern Missouri in 1845 and called him Ni ach comah—straight line walker. See Donald Christisen, "A Vignette of Missouri's Native Prairie," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, LXI (January, 1967), 167. 260 Missouri Historical Review on the scene also tended to penetrate further inland, seeking fertile land. These segments of Missouri's early population constitute a part of what sociologist Henry Burt called Missouri's first historical wave of immigration.9 Although Burt's work dates from 1933, it remains an important reference, one of the few recounting his­ torical patterns of immigration in Missouri. In the work, Burt described five waves of immigration covering the period 1765 to about 1850. The second wave of immigration, Burt arbitrarily dated 1798, the year the Spanish government granted Daniel Boone 1,000 arpents10 of land in the St. Charles area and offered him 10,000 additional arpents in exchange for bringing 100 immigrant families. Boone's reputation and credibility encouraged vast migrations from the Upper South: Kentucky, Tennessee and Virginia.11 The Spanish government divided the land they controlled into five districts. Their census of 1799 counted a population of 6,028 in the districts. By 1800 numerous scattered settlements appeared in present-day Bollinger, Butler, Montgomery and War­ ren counties, as well as parts of Southeast Missouri. The Louisiana Purchase stimulated immigration and settlement. Historian Jonas Viles estimated that between 9,000 and 10,000 people resided in Upper Louisiana at the time of transfer in 1804.12 Amos Stod­ dard, appointed the first civil commandant, detected a general increase in immigration immediately thereafter.13 The District of Louisiana advanced to become the Territory of Louisiana in 1805. By 1810, some 20,845 people lived in Missouri. Settlers had established widely scattered outposts in Wayne, Franklin, Jackson, Iron, Pike, Ralls and Clay counties. Then, about 1810-1811, the third wave of immigration started, greatly increas­ ing population and opening developments along the Missouri River to the western boundary of the state. Four years after the

9 Henry J. Burt, The Population of Missouri, in Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Missouri, Research Bulletin 188 (Columbia, Mo., 1933) , 7-13. io An arpent was an imprecise French land measure varying according to the province. American surveyors established an arbitrary value with a common and unvarying standard. Their table indicated that 288 arpents equalled 245 acres. J. Thomas Scharf, History of Saint Louis City and County (Phila­ delphia, 1883), I, 135. 11 All general references to Virginia prior to 1863 automatically should include West Virginia, since it did not become a separate state until that time. 12 Jonas Viles, "Population and Settlement Before 1804," MISSOURI HIS­ TORICAL REVIEW, V (July, 1911), 212-213. 13 Burt, Population of Missouri, 20. Missouri County Organization 261

1811 New Madrid earthquake, the United States government of­ fered generous grants of replacement land to the earthquake vic­ tims. This act diverted many landowners from the southeast to more northern or central locations. Thereafter, the Southeast Mis­ souri reputation of being unhealthy and scarcely inhabitable grew. Water partially covered much of the wet spongy land. At places the St. Francois River reportedly measured three feet deep and twenty miles wide and was not navigable. The anticipated growth for Cape Girardeau and New Madrid did not occur.14 In 1812, when Missouri gained second-class territorial status, government officials changed the name from the Territory of Louisiana to the Territory of Missouri to avoid confusion with the recently created state of Louisiana. Being a second-class terri­ tory entitled citizens to control the lower house of the territorial legislature and gave them the right to elect a delegate to represent them in Congress. For the purpose of electing these representa­ tives, the territorial act of June 4, 1812, instructed the governor to ". . . lay off the parts of said territory to which the Indian title hath been extinguished, into convenient counties, on or before the first Monday in October next."15 Governor Benjamin A. Howard divided the territory into five counties, retaining the names used for the districts under Spanish rule: St. Charles, St. Louis, Ste. Genevieve, Cape Girardeau and New Madrid. In his 1812 proclamation, Howard described county boundaries.16 Achieving this higher level of territorial status brought a further impetus for immigration. The effects of the War of 1812 temporarily discouraged new movement, but it quick­ ly resumed after hostilities diminished. Large numbers of immi­ grants came to Howard County and the Boone's Lick country. Settlements existed in Clay, Chariton and Saline counties, and a few families located in Cole County. James R. Shortridge's recent study on settlement patterns, based upon post office foundings,

14 Ibid., 21-24. No matter what size the holding had been in New Madrid, the government offered a minimum replacement of 160 acres and a maximum of 640. Many deceptions and fraudulent claims resulted. Shoemaker, Missouri and Missourians, I, 202-204; David D. March, The History of Missouri (New York, 1967), I, 237-240. Claims in Howard County alone amounted to 42,360 acres, see Walter A. Schroeder, "Spread of Settlement in Howard County, Missouri, 1810-1859," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, LXIII (October, 1968), 11-13, 37; Leon Parker Ogilvie, "Government Efforts at Reclamation in the Southeast Missouri Lowlands," in ibid., LXIV (January, 1970), 156. 15 Laws . . . to the year 1824, I, 11. 16 Benjamin A. Howard, "A Proclamation," American State Papers—Mis• cellaneous (Washington, 1834), II, 202. 262 Missouri Historical Review documents a diffuse and complex process, contingent upon many ecological, political and historical factors.17 Early Missouri counties relied on river boundaries far more than later counties. For instance, Ste. Genevieve's official 1813 boundary description reads: All that portion of the territory bounded northwardly by the south line of the county of St. Louis, east by the main channel of the river Mississippi; south by a line to commence on the Mississippi River immediately opposite the mouth of Apple Creek; thence up Apple Creek to its main source; thence due west to the dividing ridge be­ tween Castor and St. Francis rivers; thence in a direct line to the head of twelve mile Creek, down said creek to its junction with the river St. Francis; thence due west to Black river; thence northwardly to the most southern source of Flat river; thence down Flat river to its junction with Grand river; thence down Grand river to the south line of the county of St. Louis. . . .18 When the United States began western development in the late-eighteenth century, government officials carefully weighed both positive and negative aspects of using rivers as boundaries. Those in favor considered them natural and appropriate; opponents regarded them as barriers, anticipating negative consequences as­ sociated with physical separation. This, the antagonists sensed, would produce division and possible isolation, circumstances they regarded as contrary to the American philosophy of unity. Today the Mississippi and Missouri rivers form significant boundaries for Missouri. (Fig. 3). Missourians accepted major rivers as natural and appropriate boundaries, but seldom continued using lesser streams or rivers to designate permanent county lines. Forty-one of Missouri's coun­ ties border either the Mississippi or Missouri rivers. The Missis­ sippi forms Missouri's eastern boundary. Sixteen Missouri counties are situated along the bank. The Missouri River forms boundaries for twenty-five counties. Entering the state in the northwest corner, it turns abruptly at Kansas City and continues across the middle of the state until it meets the Mississippi. During its course, it bisects no counties. Missouri's initial development adjoining the rivers seems a

17 James R. Shortridge, "The Expansion of the Settlement Frontier in Mis­ souri," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, LXXV (October, 1980) , 64-90. 18 Acts Passed by the General Assembly, of the Territory of Missouri; in December and January, 1813 and 1814 (St. Louis, 1814), 8. Missouri County Organization 263 natural consequence of available transportation. Of all western rivers, however, the Missouri probably presented the greatest navi­ gational challenge. The water appeared turbulent and the strong current followed a channel of constantly changing depth. Fre­ quently, the river bed became too shallow, permitting sandbars to rise as islands. Dense forest belts on both banks and high bluffs, rising directly from the shore, restricted landing areas. Upstream navigation for large river craft could sometimes be accomplished only by cordelling, with men on shore pulling the craft by ropes tied to the mast. Sometimes crewmen found it necessary to push rafts upstream by using "setting poles." Smaller boats fared better going upstream, but downstream maneuvering often proved haz­ ardous for them.

Fig. 3: Rivers of Missouri Walter A. Schroeder, Biblio. of Mo. Geog. 264 Missouri Historical Review

View of Hermann, About 1859

The Missouri contained few navigable tributaries. Short streams sometimes filled the valleys of the main stream and prohibited docking. Winter navigators struggled with the added burden of ice; with spring thaws and summer came the floods. Although numerous counties first established county seats at river's edge, in time most retreated to a safer site, usually favoring a central location. Only those county seats situated on high bluffs, such as Boonville, Jefferson City or Hermann retained their river sites. From the beginning of settlement, primitive roads supple­ mented early river travel. They ran alongside and led back from the banks to safer or more advantageous positions. First roads followed Indian trails, which conformed to amenable topography, cutting along the general line of a watershed or stream valley. The early eighteenth-century Three-Notch Road, so identified be­ cause of three notches marking the trees, provided transportation from a lead mine to a river distribution point a few miles north­ east of Ste. Genevieve. By the turn of the century, the miners cut probably the first wagon road west of the Mississippi, from present-day Potosi to Ste. Genevieve.19 Construction on other new roads followed. In 1808 Territorial Governor Meriwether Lewis signed a law providing for a road

19 Martha May Wood, "Early Roads in Missouri" (unpublished Master's thesis, University of Missouri, Columbia, 1936) , 35-38; Missouri Highways, The First 200 Years, in Missouri State Highway Commission, Annual Report, 1966 (Jefferson City, Mo., n.d.) Missouri County Organization 265 to be laid out from St. Louis to Ste. Genevieve, then south to Cape Girardeau and New Madrid, following Shawnee Indian trails. This road became known as King's Highway, called La Rue Royale in St. Louis and Ste. Genevieve, but El Camino Real in New Madrid. The road itself, scarcely more than a wide pathway, could not compare with its grand name. (Fig. 4). As Missouri moved toward statehood, the General Assembly of the Territory of Missouri established the first five counties, made provisions for organizing the first county governments, locat­ ing the county seats and arranging for public buildings. Cape Girardeau's 1813 experience demonstrates the procedure. County officers conducted business in the most convenient place until the committee of five, appointed by the legislature, chose the most suitable and convenient site for the county seat. The act

Fig. 4: Early Roads Map by Ronald A. Wend 266 Missouri Historical Review authorized the committee to purchase, or obtain, not less than fifty, or more than two hundred acres of land to be laid off into lots or squares with space reserved for county buildings. The commissioners could sell the remaining lots and use the revenue to benefit the county. Often this income became the means for financing jails and courthouses. The same committee acted as commissioners for the Cape Girardeau courthouse.20 Washington County, named for the president of the United States,21 became the first county created after the five original Spanish districts received county designation. Some dissatisfied Ste. Genevieve residents initiated the action. Because of their remote western location, far from the county seat, they protested the inconvenience they encountered when conducting county busi­ ness. Petitioning the general assembly, they requested creation of a new county. The general assembly granted their request in 1813, but stipulated that they could spend no more than $10 per acre for purchase of the county seat.22 Land values in Missouri increased after 1804. In some cases, land prices climbed to $8 an acre prior to 1812. The War of 1812 depressed prices somewhat, in part because immigration declined. By 1815-1818, prices once again reached more than $10 per acre, and improved land in St. Louis went for $20 per acre.23 Increased land sales and immigration led to additional county organization. After Washington County's admission in 1813, How­ ard County, a vast northwest Missouri area, came into existence in 1816. (Fig. 5). The year 1818 saw the addition of Cooper, Franklin, Jefferson, Lincoln, Madison, Montgomery and Pike coun­ ties and an earlier Wayne County. Areas north of the Missouri River in the eastern part of the territory and south along the Mississippi assumed discrete shapes by 1819. (Fig. 6).24 The south­ ern border of the Territory of Missouri extended through Arkansas. Rapid expansion continued with clustered development north of the Missouri River in the eastern portion of the state, in part encouraged by Daniel Boone's reports on the area and facilitated by the Boone's Lick Road.

20 Laws . . . to the year 1824, I, 225-226, 259-262. 21 According to Joseph N. Kane, more counties in the United States are named for Washington than any other president, see The American Counties (New York, 1960), 9. 22 Laws . . . to the year 1824, I, 286. 23 Shoemaker, Missouri and Missourians, I, 204-214; March, History, I, 247-250. 24 For dates of county organization, see State of Missouri, Official Manual, 1951-1952 (Kansas City, Mo., n.d.) , 704, 746, 776, 842, 1018, 1036. Missouri County Organization 267 268 Missouri Historical Review

Boone's Lick was Missouri's first road not based on an Indian precedent. It began in St. Charles and ended at Franklin, follow­ ing the trail made by Daniel Boone's sons as they traveled to the Howard County salt licks. (Fig. 4).25 In 1816 the general assembly enacted legislation to build a public road from the south­ east part of the state to connect with Boone's Lick. The act began with the introduction: "Whereas it appears to this general assem­ bly that the opening of a public wagon road . . . [from Potosi to Boone's Lick] would greatly promote the interest and prosperity of the upper [settlements], and other parts of this territory. . . ."26 The state placed responsibility for road construction and maintenance with the counties. According to state road specifica­ tions no stumps should be left above twelve inches. In 1822 legis­ lators considered an adequate roadway to be twenty feet wide, no wider than fifty feet, cleared of trees and brush. The law required all able-bodied men between ages sixteen and forty-five to work on road construction and maintenance. These laborious and frustrating experiences led to widespread dissatisfaction.27 Overland transportation must have seemed painfully slow to people anxious to begin new lives. In 1819 a writer from St. Charles described caravans of immigrants from Tennessee and Kentucky: . . . flowing through St. Charles with men servants and maid servants, their flocks and their herds, remind the citizens of the patriarchal ages. . . . Some turn to Boon's Lick, some to Salt River—lands of promise. The tinkling bells, the cloud of dust, the throng of hogs and cattle, the white headed children, the curly headed Afri­ cans, smiling infancy, blooming virgins, athletic manhood, and decrepit age. . . ,28 Timothy Flint, a Presbyterian minister visiting Missouri, wrote of his impression after seeing hundreds of persons passing through St. Charles. The caravan might include as many as nine wagons harnessed with four to six horses, accompanied by possibly a hundred cattle, plus hogs, horses and sheep. Flint wrote: The whole appearance of the train, the cattle with their hundred bells; the negroes with delight in their countenances, for their labours are suspended and their

25 Wood, "Early Roads in Missouri," 49-56, 75-76, 105-106; Missouri High­ ways, First 200 Years, 18-19. 26 Laws . . . to the year 1824, I, 479. 27 ibid., 548-550, 954-955. Missouri County Organization 269

imaginations excited; the wagons, often carrying two or three tons, so loaded that the mistress and children are strolling carelessly along, in a gait which enables them to keep up the slow traveling carriage;—the whole group occupies three quarters of a mile.29 Witnesses saw similar sights in other sections of the state. Large numbers of Anglo-American immigrants coming from Virginia, present-day West Virginia, North Carolina, Kentucky and Tennessee populated central Missouri. Boone, Callaway, Cooper, Cole and Saline counties organized in 1818-1820. The census estimated the 1820 state population at 66,586.30 Missouri's 1820 Enabling Act contained eight sections pre­ scribing additional steps toward statehood. The act authorized the territory to write a constitution, form a state government and choose a name. Section two of the eight-part document defined the boundary of the state, reducing the area from that suggested by the territorial legislature in 1818.31 In 1820 legislation established Missouri's western boundary as a north-south vertical marked at the confluence of the Kansas and Missouri rivers. That line continued north until it intersected the parallel of latitude which crossed the "rapids of the river Des Moines," a vague descriptive reference which later caused a prob­ lem. The parallel of 36° 30' formed the southern boundary with the exception of a small southeastern portion known as the Boot- heel. The Missouri Compromise used this important parallel to designate the prohibition of slavery north of the line in the Louisi­ ana Purchase with the exception of Missouri. Inclusion of the southeastern strip reportedly came about because of John Hardeman Walker's political influence. A natural boundary in the rectangular grid survey would have proceeded along the 36° 30' course. However, Walker held landholdings in that area and wished to be affiliated with Missouri's political structure. Apparently he exerted sufficient pressure to influence the final decision, which permitted him to keep the land between the St. Francois and Mississippi rivers south to the 36th parallel within Missouri's boundaries.32

29 Timothy Flint, Recollections of the Last Ten Years (New York, 1968, reprint of the 1st edition published in 1826) , 201. 30 U.S. Seventh Census, Report of the Superintendent of the Census [Ab­ stract] (Washington, 1853), 151. Hereafter cited as Abstract, 1850 Census. 31 Laws . . . to the year 1824, I, 628-630; Louis Houck, History of Missouri (Chicago, 1908), I, 2-7. 32 "Missouri History Not Found in Textbooks," MISSOURI HISTORICAL RE­ VIEW, XXVIII (April, 1934), 246-248; Houck, History of Missouri, I, 6-8. 270 Missouri Historical Review

At the time delegates wrote the state constitution in 1820, fifteen counties existed. The constitution contained only four pro­ visions concerning counties, three of which related to courts and personnel. The fourth established county size.33 According to the journal of the convention, delegates discussed whether existing counties should ever be reduced to less than 20 or 25 miles square. They considered minimum sizes of either 400 or 625 square miles. Their decision, contained in Article III, Section 34 of the 1820 constitution, provided that no existing county should be reduced to less than 20 miles square by the establishment of new counties; new counties should have a minimum of 400 square miles.34 His­ torian Floyd Shoemaker speculated about the possible size con­ siderations, pointing to precedents. Only Ohio had an identical provision, although similar clauses appeared in other states. In­ diana had a 400-square-mile minimum, and Tennessee, 625. Today the significance of their phrases "20 miles square" and "400 square miles" for equivalent measurements appear unclear, but apparently intentional. The precise terminology occurs in subsequent docu­ ments. If the purpose of this 20-mile-square stipulation kept a squarish shape for existing counties, why not also apply it to new counties as well? The constitution did not restrict the number of counties, but it did limit the number of state representatives to 100. Regardless of population, each county was entitled to at least one, the re­ mainder to be determined by apportionment. Until the first enu­ meration had been completed, a provision in the constitution as­ signed additional representatives.35 At the time of statehood in 1821, Missouri contained twenty- five counties clustered along the major rivers. (Fig. 7). Following statehood, Henry Burt's fourth wave of historical patterns brought foreign immigration, due in part to Gottfried Duden. In 1829 he wrote glowing accounts of his earlier visit to Missouri, encouraging his fellow citizens in southeast Germany and the Upper Rhine to

33 Mo. Const. (1820) , Art. Ill, sec. 34, Art. IV, sec. 23-25, and Art. V, sec. 12 and sec. 17; William L. Bradshaw, "The Missouri County Court," in The University of Missouri Studies, VI (April, 1931), 10-11; Floyd C. Shoemaker, Missouri's Struggle for Statehood 1804-1821 (Jefferson City, Mo., 1916), 246. 34 Floyd C. Shoemaker, "The First Constitution of Missouri" (unpublished Master's thesis, University of Missouri, Columbia, 1911), 56-57. John D. Cook introduced the measure for the 400-square-mile minimum and John Ray sug­ gested the 20-mile-square minimum figure. Both men were natives of Virginia who subsequently resided in Kentucky before moving to Missouri. Shoemaker, Missouri County Organization 271

STATE of MISSOURI

Y>

Fig. 7 migrate to Warren County. Some Polish immigrants came to Mis­ souri after the Polish revolution in 1831, and the Irish also con­ tributed to this period of Missouri's immigration.36 Missouri's population more than doubled by 1830. Census fig­ ures reported over 140,000 inhabitants. Primitive road construction opened additional access to the interior. The general assembly authorized admission of thirty counties during the 1830s, many coming from those tiers of counties north and south of previously organized counties adjacent to the Missouri River.37 (Fig. 8). In an 1830 treaty at Prairie du Chien, several Indian tribes ceded land northwest of Missouri to the federal government with the understanding that the president would allot and reassign

36 Shoemaker, Missouri and Missourians, I, 37-41. 37 "Missouri's Growth in Population, 1810-1860," MISSOURI HISTORICAL RE­ VIEW, XXXV (January, 1941), 239; Mo. Off. Manual, 1951-1952, 704, 746, 776, 842, 1018, 1036. 272 Missouri Historical Review the land to the various tribes. Missourians expressed concern that it would become an Indian reservation. If this happened, they not only would be inconvenienced, but fearful of crossing through Indian occupied land to reach the Missouri River. Then, too, they coveted the rich soil with agricultural potential. After several years of persistent activity on the part of Missouri politicians, Congress authorized the area between the original western bound­ ary and the Missouri River to be included in Missouri's boundary, once officials had cleared all Indian titles. This came about in 1837, when Missouri acquired about 2,000,000 acres now known as the Platte Purchase, extending the northwestern state boundary to the Missouri River and bringing enough land for six additional counties.38 Two of these organized in the 1830s, and four in the 1840s. 38 Dorothy Newhoff, "The Platte Purchase," in Washington University Studies, Humanities Series, XI (1924), 307-346; Howard I. McKee, "The Platte Purchase," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XXXII (January, 1938) , 129-147.

Fig. 8 Map by Ronald A. Wend

County Organization

[ | Bafor* 1830 Missouri County Organization 273

In preparation for further settlement of the southwest, a land office opened in Springfield in 1835. Two years later the general assembly authorized legislation for a state road. Generally, the new road followed the Trail of the Osage, a well-defined diagonal crossing beginning in the southwest and continuing to St. Louis, providing some access to the rugged central Ozark region. (Fig. 4). However, Indians occupying parts of the southwestern area of the state delayed settlement. Not until the end of 1837 and the close of the Osage War were the last of the Osage Indians driven into Arkansas.39 From 1830 to 1840 Missouri's population increased from 140,455 to 383,702. When the fifth wave of immigration began in 1837-1840, the frontier advanced, spreading to states further west. Undeveloped sections of Missouri started filling while settled areas increased in population. Inaccessible parts of the Ozarks and the northern band of counties near the Iowa border remained sparsely populated. The state still contained many large counties, but Missourians methodically continued dividing their land into counties of what they apparently regarded as acceptable size. Thirty-seven more counties organized in the 1840s, almost one- third of the present total number. Primarily, these new counties came from the tiers along the northern border, the southwest, and the central Ozarks. (Fig. 8). By 1841 Missouri had reached its constitutional limit of 100 state representatives. Unless rewritten, this constitutional allotment would, in fact, come to limit the num­ ber of counties. Legislation restricted all but two of the nineteen counties admitted in 1844-1845 to only one representative. The problem became a significant item on the agenda of the 1845 Constitutional Convention.40 Delegates to the Constitutional Convention of 1845 placed no limitations on the total number of representatives in their pro­ posed constitution. They recommended that county representation to the state legislature be determined by a complicated formula based upon a ratio of county population to state population. They increased the minimum size for organizing counties to 500 square miles and retained the area for existing counties of not less than

39 Godsey, "The Osage War," 100. 40 Priscilla Bradford, "The Missouri Constitutional Controversy of 1845" (unpublished Master's thesis, University of Missouri, Columbia, 1936), 4-5; "Missouri's Growth in Population, 1810-1860," 239; Burt, Population of Mis­ souri, 28-29. 274 Missouri Historical Review twenty miles square.41 Voters rejected the constitution. However, an 1849 amendment retained the recommended sizes for both existing and organizing counties. The amendment also required subsequent counties to have a minimum population of free white inhabitants equal to three-fourths of the ratio of representation.42 As Missouri's population movement pushed northward, the state commissioned Joseph C. Brown to make the first official northern boundary survey in 1836-1838. In 1838, as Iowa ap­ proached statehood, Congress also ordered a survey; the historical development showed four boundary lines contending for official recognition. A controversy arose because of uncertainty about the specific point in the Des Moines River rapids from which Mis­ souri's northern boundary had been established in the enabling legislation. Tension mounted over the disputed strip, and both states alerted their militia. In the midst of the turmoil, the cutting of three bee trees added yet another dimension to the controversy. The dispute, now known as the "Honey War," derives its name from a satirical poem of the same name published at the time, describing the incident. The argument dragged on from 1838 until an 1849 United States Supreme Court decision established the legal line and ordered the erection of stone markers every ten miles.43 This cut back Missouri's northern boundary somewhere between 9 and 13 miles, reducing Schuyler County to 306 square miles and Worth to 267, violating the 500-square-mile minimum. Their admission required special constitutional consideration. Missouri's population swelled to 682,044 at mid-nineteenth century. In the 1850s officials recognized fourteen new counties, all but one in the southern one-third of the state. (Fig. 8). Geo­ graphical circumstances and limited transportation deterred set-

41 Ibid., 56-83; Bradshaw believes the reduction figure of the amendment, "no county . . . shall be reduced to less than twenty miles square, nor to less than 500 square miles. . . ." was in error since it presents contradictory in­ structions, see "Missouri County Court," 11. 42 Shoemaker, Missouri and Missourians, I, 228-231. In 1845 the proposed constitution called for an apportionment figure based upon a scale calculated by dividing the total number of eligible voters (permanent, white, free in­ habitants) by 100. Although Missouri voters rejected the constitution in 1846, an amendment to the constitution in 1849 dealt with the issue, but the divisor was 140. The constitution of 1865 raised the figure to 200. In 1875 the popula­ tion figure was ordered to come from the decennial U.S. Census. If a county had two and one-half times the ratio it was entitled to two representatives, if it had four times, it was entitled to three representatives. Also see Isidor Loeb, Civil Government (Carrollton, Mo., 1907), 38-39. 43 Claude S. Larzelere, "The Iowa-Missouri Disputed Boundary," Mississippi Valley Historical Review, III (June, 1916) , 77-84; Leland L. Sage, A History of Iowa (Ames, Iowa, 1974), 64-67; "A New Sidelight on the Missouri-Iowa Boundary Dispute," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XXX (October, 1935), 57-63. Missouri County Organization 275 tlement in some areas. Until the 1850s a natural prejudice may have delayed settlement on the prairies. Although Shortridge cautions against oversimplification, immigrants from the East believed prairies to be inhospitable, windy, bleak in winter and containing few springs. Finding the firm sod hard to plow, they suspected the unwooded land might be infertile. Open spaces afforded no hid­ ing places from Indians, and pioneers needed trees for building and fuel. Significant growth on prairie land did not begin until railroads crossed the northern glacial prairie and brought con­ venient transportation.44 (Fig. 9). The first effort to establish railroads in Missouri occurred in 1836 at a promotional meeting in St. Louis. Delegates urged

44 Shortridge, "Expansion of the Settlement," 79-81; Fred V. Emerson, "A Geographical Interpretation of Missouri," Geographical Journal, XLI (Febru­ ary, 1913), 131; Christisen, "Vignette," 168-170.

Fig. 9: Missouri Prairie, Drawn From Data Compiled by Walter A. Schroeder Map by Ronald A. Wencl 276 Missouri Historical Review

construction of two lines from St. Louis, one to the central part of the state, the other to the mining region in Washington and Phelps counties. The legislature issued many charters for rail­ roads, but several construction attempts failed and early enthusi­ asm waned.45 Railroad development in the 1850s never matched the earlier hopes of promotors. Only five miles of track existed in 1852. An 1855 committee investigating charges of waste and corruption found less than 150 miles of railroad in operation, in spite of state aid. The Pacific Railroad inaugurated construction in 1851, but the Hannibal-St. Joseph line, completed in 1859, became the first to span the state. All counties along that line had been organized in the 1830s or before. Planned in association with river trans­ portation, Missouri's railroad system did not greatly influence

45 Shoemaker, Missouri and Missourians, I, 744. Fig. 10: Missouri Railroads, About 1874, Drawn From Data in Campbell's New Atlas of Missouri (1873), and Campbell's 1874 Railway Map of Missouri Map by Ronald A. Wencl

/Hannibal - St \ - ,_ jfv 1 Jo$«phr$k. ^>- ^""^ MaconT ^A^\H«nnibai

^v ^—^s^T TA*®b*r,y /^~^^^\ 1 Kansas City

) St. Louis

±Y J -((

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i > / 1 Missouri County Organization 277

Swampland bofforo )rainag*

Map by Ronald A. Wencl Fig. 11: Drainage of the Southeast Missouri Lowlands early county organization. By the third quarter of the century, however, railroads began opening up isolated areas for settlement and encouraged rapid growth, especially in the northern half of the state where the greatest railroad construction and traffic oc­ curred. At the conclusion of the 1860s, almost 1,600 miles of track had been laid. During the 1870s, routes opened the southern part of the state. (Fig. 10).46 Swampland and frequent flooding con­ tinued to hinder development in the Southeast Missouri lowlands. Not until reclamation in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries did the area advance significantly in population. (Fig. 11). Missouri's county boundaries continued dividing and realign­ ing until 1861, the year Worth organized. Specifications in the

46 Paul W. Gates, "The Railroads of Missouri," MISSOURI HISTORICAL RE­ VIEW, XXVI (January, 1932), 126-141. 278 Missouri Historical Review

1865 constitution continued the minimum county size of 500 square miles, but the 1875 constitution reduced it to the present minimum size of 410 square miles for any entering county. The 1875 con­ stitution also introduced the option of home rule. Cities over 100,000 population could write their own charter and gain a stronger voice in state government. With this legal justification, St. Louis voters adopted separate governments for the county and city of St. Louis in 1876. For representation in the general assembly, collection of state revenue and all other purposes, the city of St. Louis began functioning as a county.47 Throughout the United States, naming the counties offered opportunities to bestow special honor or recognition. Specific choices sometimes indicated the ideals or cultural heritage of the people, but in Missouri, personal names account for 99 of 114 counties. David W. Eaton claimed this deliberate choice reflected the wishes of state legislators who honored distinguished states­ men as well as prominent local leaders. Petitioners proposing new counties frequently suggested names, but the ultimate decision rested with the legislators. Nine Missouri counties derived their names from geographical features such as rivers: Saline, Chariton, Osage, Mississippi, for example. Indian names include: Moniteau, Osage, Nodaway, Pemiscot and Oregon. The latter is one of two counties named after states, the other being Texas; one bears the name of a foreign country, Scotland. Of 3,072 counties in the United States, only 45 are named for women. Four such honorees were saints. Missouri has Ste. Genevieve. Naming counties after contemporary figures in moments of exhilaration could be perilous. For example, Rives County, named after William Cabell Rives of Virginia, became unacceptable to county residents after Rives turned Whig in 1835. They changed the county name to Henry, honoring Patrick Henry, also a Virginian but more suited to their political philosophy.48 Lillard, once a vast county in the west central district, derived its name from James Lillard. This Tennessee immigrant, a member of the first state legislature, introduced the bill authorizing forma­ tion of the county. (Fig, 7). Later Lillard offended his fellow Missourians. He became disenchanted with the state, returned to

47 Shoemaker, Missouri and Missourians, I, 232-233. 48 David W. Eaton, How Missouri Counties, Towns and Streams Were Named (Columbia, Mo., 1916) ; Robert L. Ramsey, Our Storehouse of Missouri Missouri County Organization 279 his former home in Tennessee and wrote an abusive public letter maligning Missouri. In 1825 the angered legislators changed the county's name to Lafayette, honoring the Frenchman's recent visit to America and Missouri.49 Other county names existed for brief periods and were dis­ carded for a variety of reasons, some plausible. Now virtually forgotten are Ashley, Decatur, Dodge and Roberts. Kinderhook, named after the home of Martin Van Buren, became Camden County in 1843, and Snake County gave way to the more acceptable McDonald in 1849.50 Missourians needed less than fifty years to divide 69,686 square miles into 114 counties. Only three states have more: Texas, 254, Georgia, 159 and Kentucky, 120. Why would Missourians have methodically divided their state into so many counties? Tradition says that every person should be within a day's horseback ride of his county seat and no Missourian is ever further than 38.47 miles. Most are considerably closer. This suggests the priority of local control and numerous political opportunities. One could speculate about the transmission of familiar cus­ toms brought by the immigrants. According to the 1850 census, the first to record place of birth, almost 70,000 Missouri residents listed Kentucky as their place of birth, followed by Tennessee with about 45,000. Virginia and West Virginia together totaled over 40,000. North Carolina added about 17,000; Indiana and Ohio each near 13,000. Illinois contributed more than 10,000. An early, but less significant flow, also came from Pennsylvania with about 8,000 and New York numbering about 5,000.51 The sizes of these states range from 24,181 square miles in West Virginia to 56,400 square miles in Illinois. Missouri, with 69,686 square miles, contained more land than any of those states from which the major portion of her immigrants came. Average county size may offer a more meaningful comparison. Missouri's average county size is 611 square miles. The average county size in the other states varies from 425 square miles in Virginia to 799 square miles in New York. Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia and Ohio all fall within 400-500 square miles. Pennsylvania came closest to Missouri with a county average of 676 square miles. Missouri, on the other hand, included 27 or 28 counties in each

49 Franklin Missouri Intelligencer, July 29, 1825. 50 Ramsey, Storehouse of Mo. Place Names, 6. 51 Abstract, 1850 Census, 16-17. 280 Missouri Historical Review of three categories measuring between 400-500, 500-600 and 600-700 square miles. Historian Floyd Shoemaker suggested prototypes Missourians might have used for county size, but only Ohio's constitution contained an identical provision to Missouri's for governing county size. Constitutions of Indiana and Tennessee included similar provisions. Shoemaker concluded that Missouri's constitution, as a whole, most closely resembled either the southern types or the most recently drawn constitutions. He detected great similarity with those of Kentucky and Alabama. However, he deduced that the framers also turned to several other state constitutions for appropriate sections. He detected great influence from Illinois and cited other apparent sources: Maine, Delaware, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Ohio and Indiana.52 No group of immigrants dominated or controlled leadership at Missouri's constitutional convention. Representatives were young (an average age of thirty-eight), cosmopolitan men from all parts of the nation.53 Pennsylvanians, for example, made notable con­ tributions to Missouri's political leadership and certain facets of the emerging county and state governments. Missouri's first gov­ ernor, Alexander McNair, came from Pennsylvania as did John B. C. Lucas, an important political figure who lived in St. Louis. Lucas served in the Pennsylvania legislature before emigrating. In Missouri he served as judge of the territorial court and later as mayor of St. Louis. Architects of the notable St. Louis court-

52 Shoemaker, "First Constitution," 133-141. 53 Shoemaker, Missouri's Struggle, 135-165.

Fig. 12: Comparison of Missouri County Sizes

County Area in Square Miles Number of Counties 200-300 1 300-400 3 400-500 28 500-600 27 600-700 28 700-800 14 800-900 9 900-1,000 3 over 1,000 1 Missouri County Organization 281 house of 1826, George Morton and Joseph Laveille, both came from Pennsylvania. In the following decade this same influence continued. An unknown Missourian requested English architect A. Stephen Hills to model Missouri's capitol after his earlier design for the Pennsylvania statehouse at Harrisburg.54 Political scientist William L. Bradshaw also detected Pennsyl­ vania influence on Missouri county-township form of government.55 He noted the similarity of Missouri's territorial court of the quarter session to that originally transplanted to Virginia from England. Subsequently, migrants carried the form westward to Kentucky and then to Missouri. In 1806 Missouri introduced certain features of Pennsylvania's county-township government which Bradshaw believed to be carried to Missouri through Ohio and Indiana. This seems logical because Missouri, as the District of Louisiana in 1804-1805, was placed under the government of the Indiana Territory. From 1812 until the 1830s Missouri county courts went through a series of administrative and judicial changes until the prototype of the existing system evolved. Apparently in spite of the preponderance of Upper South immigrants,, early nineteenth-century Missourians were not tradi­ tion bound. Quite naturally they continued habitual behavior, particularly as it related to their personal lives, but they also represented a generation throwing off the shackles of a recent past as they created a new Republic. These were, after all, the forefathers of a nation, that during the course of only a few gen­ erations, would gain the reputation of a mobile society. Willingly these pioneers had left one way of life and moved toward another, seeking new experiences. And they were young men. In 1850, according to the seventh census, the largest group of white males were between twenty and thirty years of age. In matters of state and county government, they did not seem intent upon replicating any specific political or governmental model. Rather, openly and freely they drew from various practices of other states and looked to the recent, rather than the far, past for guidance. From these sources they selected and adapted concepts, added a few unique features, and then embodied them in the framework for Missouri's state and county organization.

54 Marian M. Ohman, Encyclopedia of Missouri Courthouses (Columbia, Mo., 1981), "St. Louis County"; MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XXIII (Oc­ tober, 1928), 120-121; John Albury Bryan, ed., Missouri's Contribution to American Architecture (St. Louis, Mo., 1928), 9, 10, 11, 29. 55 Bradshaw, "Missouri County Court," 25. ^^^^fiii^^^^K^W8^

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Mo. St. Bd. of Agric. Nathaniel Leonard As He Appeared in Later Years A Search for the Rising Tide: The Letters of Nathaniel Leonard 1820-1824

BY JEFFREY L. GALL*

Born in Vermont in 1799, Nathaniel Leonard died in Missouri in 1876. Leonard made no indelible marks on the pages of United States or Missouri history, but Missourians in Cooper County re­ member him as a successful farmer and livestock breeder. Ravens- wood Mansion, today located on his family farm, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Although built by his son, Charles E. Leonard, the structure partially resulted from the seeds of financial success Nathaniel had planted there.

*Jeffrey L. Gall presently is a teaching assistant and a graduate student in History at the University of Missouri-Columbia. He has the B.A. degree from Cornell College, Mount Vernon, Iowa, and the M.A.T. degree from Drake University, Des Moines, Iowa. Letters of Nathaniel Leonard 283

Making a fortune appeared to be the driving force in Nathaniel Leonard's character during his early manhood, as revealed in the twenty letters he wrote to his brother, Abiel Leonard, in 1820- 1824.x Nathaniel Leonard spent those years as a farmer near Lewis- ton, New York, and as a clerk for the American Fur Company in the Upper Great Lakes. He left New York in 1822 to escape depressive economic conditions and to improve his lot in the West. After initial high hopes of a good career in the fur trade, he became disillusioned, and in 1824 traveled to Missouri where his brother Abiel had settled. There Nathaniel made his fortune. The letters of Nathaniel Leonard provide a framework for understanding the inner-workings of the Great Lakes fur business. In addition, his writings illustrate an attitude that French observer Alexis de Tocqueville found so prevalent among Americans when he toured the nation in the early 1830s. Alexis de Tocqueville described Americans of the early nine­ teenth century as an extremely restless people. Never satisfied with their station in life, they possessed an impatience in waiting for wealth and good fortune to come their way. Tocqueville painted this picture of the typical American: He clutches everything, he holds nothing fast, but soon loosens his grasp to pursue fresh gratification. In the United States a man builds a house in which to spend his old age, and he sells it before the roof is on; he plants a garden and lets it just as the trees are coming into bear­ ing; he brings a field into tillage and leaves other men to gather the crops; he embraces a profession and gives it up; he settles in a place which he soon afterwards leaves to carry his changeable longings elsewhere. ... At first sight there is something surprising in this strange unrest of so many happy men, restless in the midst of abundance.2 Tocqueville noted that this restless American spirit, caused by the equality of opportunity in the United States, left all professions open to all men. This equality led to a scramble for material wealth. Nathaniel Leonard, on the move during the years 1820- 1824, fit precisely into Tocqueville's description. His letters reveal his drive to gain a fortune, and his willingness to cross half a con­ tinent to do so, He considered plan after plan trying to decide

i These letters are located in the Abiel Leonard Collection, 1786-1909, Joint Collection, University of Missouri Western Historical Manuscript Collec­ tion and State Historical Society of Missouri Manuscripts, Columbia. 2 Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (New York, 1945), II, 144- 145. 284 Missouri Historical Review which offered the best opportunity. In the middle of his search for wealth, he realized that he had ignored the needs of his father in depression-ridden New York. His desire for fortune, therefore, took on the new and more passionate purpose of raising enough money to help his parents. In early 1820, the twenty-year-old Leonard lived with his parents on a farm near Lewiston, New York. The family had moved from Vermont earlier in his life. On the Canadian border, Lewis- ton is situated on the banks of the Niagara River, which connects Lake Ontario and Lake Erie. By 1820, two of his brothers already had headed west. Benjamin Leonard farmed and practiced law in Ohio, and Abiel Leonard had become a lawyer in the Missouri Territory.3 Nathaniel's brother-in-law, J. N. Bailey, around this time made arrangements to travel to the western Great Lakes area to take part in the growing fur trade.4 Nathaniel, himself, rapidly grew disenchanted with farming. He found it nearly impossible to realize a profit from the land after the Panic of 1819. His father had borrowed money from the Bank of Niagara to buy the family farm during the land boom that fol­ lowed the War of 1812. The United States Bank, attempting to control rampant speculation and tighten up the money supply in 1819, gathered up state bank notes and presented them for specie payment. Many state banks failed, and the boom came to a halt. The Bank of Niagara closed its doors and transferred the debt of Nathaniel Leonard, Sr., to the State of New York. He owed $5,500 to the state government and $1,000 to various other creditors. With the depression and the low prices for farm goods, he could barely pay the interest on these loans. Selling his land offered no alternative because the end of the speculation bubble had caused a dramatic drop in land values. Despite these troubles, the elder Leonard appeared determined to stay and weather the storm.5 Young Leonard summed up his own feelings on farming by stating: "If we are fortunate enough to have a tolerable good crop it is worth very little. ... on the whole I think farming is a slow way of paying old debts."6 The winter of 1820-1821 proved difficult for the Leonard fam­ ily. Nathaniel, consequently, devised the first of several plans to supplement the family's meager income. He determined that he

3 Nathaniel Leonard to Abiel Leonard, August 5, 1820, fol. 44. * Ibid., August 14, 1821, fol. 47. 5 Ibid., February 18, 1821, fol. 46. Letters of Nathaniel Leonard 285

Abiel Leonard As He Appeared in Later Years

would spend the cold months making barrel staves, which he de­ scribed as the "only thing that will command money in this coun­ try." By selling the staves in the spring, he expected to clear four to five hundred dollars. As he told Abiel about his new venture, he mentioned, "I hope fortune will smile on your exertions." While anxious to see his brother do well, Nathaniel saw little encourage­ ment for the family in New York: "For ourselves I think the fickle Goddess to be in character should laugh outright but she has frowned so long that I am affraid she has forgot how to laugh."7 In a letter dated February 18, 1821, Leonard again showed his disgust with the New York farm situation. He lamented, "I think we can't live here much longer and the sooner we are drove off I think the better." In the same letter, his father added a note attempting to make Abiel realize that wealth could not be accumu­ lated overnight. He advised that, to make a fortune, one must spend years of hard work at any particular occupation.8 Regardless of his father's belief, Nathaniel determined to make a fortune quickly. In the spring of 1821, he hoped to make a good

7 Ibid., December 24, 1820, fol. 45. SIbid., February 18, 1821, fol. 46. 286 Missouri Historical Review start by selling the 10,000 staves he had produced. He experienced severe disappointment. Instead of clearing four hundred dollars for a winter's work, he realized a profit of only fifty dollars. Leon­ ard blamed this predicament on the British government which recently had placed a duty of ten pounds sterling on every thou­ sand staves imported from the United States. He wrote sadly: "So my prospects of getting a little money to begin farming with are blown to the devil." Also, despite a good season for crops, prices remained incredibly low.9 Still, his ambition was not crushed. He began formulating a new plan whereby he somehow would buy a flock of sheep and sell their wool for fifty cents a pound. With a flock of one hundred sheep, he believed he could clear two hundred dollars.10 Like Tocqueville's American, he devised one new plan after another to increase his financial status. The sheep venture never materialized, but Leonard continued yearning for a better life. His letter of October 8, 1821, illustrated vividly his deep-seated feeling that his chance would come. Suf­ fering through a very difficult period, he still believed that he would make a fortune, if he were intelligent enough to recognize and seize the opportunity when it appeared. He wrote:

9 Ibid., August 14, 1821, fol. 47. io Ibid. Letters of Nathaniel Leonard 287

The truth is poverty is a curse and one of the greatest and we have had our share of it more than our share for the last six years. The old proverb says it is a long lane that has no turn in it. But we have been so long in this long dirty and narrow lane [of] poverty that I begin to think there is no turn in it that we can take advantage of this side of the grave where it will have an end. Shakespear in one of his plays says there is a tide in the affairs of men which taken at the rise leads to fortune. But neglected all the rest of their lives are bound in shallows and in miserys. I hope the tide in my affairs is not at the rise but that it very soon will be and that I shall have knowledge enough to take advantage of it before it ebbs and be driven with a violence out ot the long dirty and narrow lane [of] pov­ erty which we have lived in for this six years past without one furlough except in our sleep and not always then as the dreams of the embaressed are not always of the most pleasant kind. In concluding, he hoped that his brother, in a short time, would become "independent if not rich."11 That letter provided an elo­ quent example of the driving force within Nathaniel Leonard, the desire to break the bonds of poverty and make his fortune. During the winter of 1821-1822, Nathaniel hinted at his grow­ ing restlessness in New York and his anxiousness to seek oppor­ tunities elsewhere. On February 3, 1822, he wrote that he was tired of subsistence living and ready to leave the East. He stated: It is true that we have never suffered from hunger or cold. But then to be oblijed to labor constantly for just enough to eat and wear without bettering your station one grain, for six years is enough to tire the patience of a man more flegmatic than myself. You must not therefore be sur­ prised if you hear of my changing my employment for some other where there is a better prospect of success. . . . It is impossible to save this place by anything that can be done here as the debt now amounts to more than $8000. . . I have however made up my mind to do some­ thing for myself though I hardly know what.12 Determined to strike out on his own, Nathaniel had decided on another plan by the spring of 1822. His brother-in-law, J. N. Bailey, had traveled west and had become a merchant and sutler on Mackinac Island in the straits of Lake Michigan.13 Nathaniel saw this central point of the Great Lakes fur trade as a land of

a Ibid., October 8, 1821, fol. 48. 12 ibid., February 3, 1822, fol. 49. 13 Nathaniel Leonard. Senior, to Abiel Leonard, September 10, 1821, fol. 48. 288 Missouri Historical Review opportunity. Either he could assist Bailey or find a career of his own. On June 11, his sister Margaret and her children took a steamboat to Mackinac to be with Bailey, and Leonard accom­ panied them.14 He had given up the farm and the slow-paced life of his parents. With debts increasing, his father no longer could pay even the interest to the state. He gambled that the state would let the matter rest because of the widespread eco­ nomic misfortune. However, Nathaniel concluded, "To make enough money to clear the property is impossible." He went on to say, "I therefore think it is best for me to try to do something else. And as Bailey thinks I can do something at Mackinac and asked me to come up with his family as he could not come down this spring I shall go and if there is anything take advantage of it." He confidently predicted, "I will go with them and I think I shall not return as I am going to seek my fortune."15 Quite likely Leonard made the greatest decision of his life. The restless spirit observed by Tocqueville kept him dissatisfied with his existing surroundings. He found it impossible to resist the chance to catch his rising tide of good fortune. Therefore he prepared to break the bonds between himself and those around him, no matter how painful the result might be. In Tocqueville's words he readily took his "changeable longings elsewhere."16 When Leonard arrived at Mackinac Island in June of 1822, Bailey had little work for him. However, he suggested that Leon­ ard seek employment with the American Fur Company.17 By that year John J. Astor's American Fur Company largely controlled the fur trade around the Great Lakes. Mackinac Island had been the center of that trade since the early days of French explora­ tion, and its location continued preeminent until the fur trade passed from the scene.18 Here Indians and trappers came from far to the north, south and west of Lake Superior to barter their furs. Indians did most of the actual trapping of furs. They came to Mackinac each summer seeking to trade those furs for needed articles of merchandise. Agents of the American Fur Company anxiously met their desires.19

14 Nathaniel Leonard to Abiel Leonard, June 8, 1822, fol. 49. 15 Ibid. 16 Tocqueville, Democracy in America, II, 145. 17 Nathaniel Leonard to Abiel Leonard, August 30, 1822, fol. 49. is Paul Chrisler Phillips, The Fur Trade (Norman, Okla., 1961), II, 361. 19 George Wrilliam Bruce, History of Milwaukee City and County (Chicago, 1922), 69. Letters of Nathaniel Leonard 289

An Early View of Mackinac

Mackinac proved an ideal place to learn about the West. The Detroit Gazette reported in 1820 that, "When persons engaged in this trade are assembled at Michilmackinac, men can be found acquainted with every part of the country, and with every influ­ ential Indian on this side of the Mississippi."20 Young Leonard must have found Mackinac an exciting place in the summer of 1822. With only approximately five hundred permanent residents, the island became crowded with several thousand traders, voy- ageurs, and Indians in the summer trading season.21 The company acquired the furs during the summer and shipped them to New York or to Europe for sale to manufacturers of fine hats and other articles of clothing. Robert Stuart of the American Fur Company hired Leonard. As Astor's principal agent at Mackinac, Stuart had resided there since 1819.22 While Astor financed the company, furnished sup­ plies and equipment, and sold the pelts, Stuart managed the day- to-day activities. For this reason, he took a large share in the huge profits made at Mackinac.23 Assigned the job of clerk, Leonard hardly obtained a pres­ tigious position. Clerks accompanied traders and their brigades to widely scattered trading posts in the Great Lakes area.24 Leon­ ard described conditions of his employment:

20 Phillips, Fur Trade, II, 362. 21 Bruce, History of Milwaukee, 69. 22 David Lavender, The Fist in the Wilderness (Garden City, N.J., 1964) , 295. 23 Phillips, Fur Trade, II, 352-353. 24 Ibid., 365. 290 Missouri Historical Review

I am to have $185 a year for three years which Mr. Stuart agent for the Fur Company told me was the least time in which a man could get acquainted with the business and become a good Indian trader. At the expiration of three years, if I continue in the business that long, I can take the goods of the company and trade for myself or have $600 or $700 a year and trade for them.25 Traders procured the real money, but that position required a three-year apprenticeship. The tone of Leonard's letter reveals that he already ques­ tioned the long wait to begin his way on the road to wealth. His words, "if I continue in the business that long," illustrate his doubts. Still, he had hope. In his first letter from the West he stated: "A short time before I left home I wrote you I was going to seek my fortune, and you see from the date of my letter; where I have come in search of it."26 Leonard turned many ideas over in his mind as he wrote that first letter. Besides excitement with a new career and the prospect of making his fortune, he experienced feelings of guilt about his materialism. On the one hand he felt obligated to gain wealth in the world; but on the other hand he realized that he had left his father in a difficult position in New York. He wrote: "I never felt so undesided as on the morning I left home. I felt as if it was a duty I owed myself to try to do something in this world and then again I thought it not right to leave my Father and I am not satisfied in my own mind yet whether I acted right or wrong in leaving him."27 With this nagging guilt, he began his work for the fur com­ pany. Leonard was placed under the command of Jean Baptiste Beaubien.28 Since 1819, Beaubien had been the principal trader in charge of the area around present-day Chicago.29 Leonard left Mackinac with Beaubien on August 14, 1822, and arrived in Chi­ cago two weeks later.30 During the next two years Leonard traveled the circuit between Mackinac and the Chicago and present-day Milwaukee areas. He resided at Mackinac in the summer, Mil­ waukee in the winter, and Chicago in the spring and fall. Sailing ships, canoes and bateaux connected the outer posts with Mack-

25 Nathaniel Leonard to Abiel Leonard, August 30, 1822, fol. 49. 26 Ibid. 27 Ibid. 28 Ibid. 29 Bessie Louise Pierce, A History of Chicago (New York, 1937), I, 28. 30 Nathaniel Leonard to Abiel Leonard, August 30, 1822, fol. 49. Letters of Nathaniel Leonard 291 inac.31 Leonard wrote sparingly of the conditions in these areas or the activities that kept him busy. Combining his information with other descriptions, however, gives insight into the trade area and the type of work he performed. Since the trade revolved around Mackinac, Leonard spent each summer on the island keeping records for the company. Here the traders and Indians brought their pelts for sale to the American Fur Company. In return, they obtained supplies for the coming season. Traders either purchased or traded for tobacco, blankets, knives and other items used to acquire furs from the Indians. Leonard found this the busiest time of the year. In the fall, Leonard and Beaubien traveled to the Chicago post where the new season began. Loaded with supplies, they presumably carried on direct trading with the Indians at that loca­ tion. Each autumn the government paid the Indians around the post nearly $6,000 in annuities for five million acres of land in present-day Michigan, and for road right-of-ways to Chicago from Detroit and Ft. Wayne. As hundreds of Potawatomies, Ottawas and Chippewas gathered each fall to collect the payment, the area resembled an annual fair. The traders found ample oppor­ tunity for their business.32 After spending the winter at the Mil­ waukee post, Leonard returned to Chicago with other traders in the spring. Undoubtedly they were able to do some additional trading at that time. Chicago appeared a very small settlement in 1822, and Leon­ ard considered the setting beautiful. As he described it: "This is fine country and Chicago is a beautiful situation. The fort 3i Phillips, Fur Trade, II, 362. 32 Pierce, History of Chicago, I, 29-30.

Record Books of the American Fur Company

-•=-* 292 Missouri Historical Review

[Dearborn] is on the bank of the river and the country around is an extensive prairie."33 With nothing more than a garrison of troops and a few traders living in timber barracks and log cabins, the small trading post stood far in advance of the line of settle­ ment.34 By 1825, it included fourteen taxpayers, thirty-five voters and $8,000 worth of taxable property, most of which belonged to the American Fur Company.35 The company dominated the community, and the spring and autumn passage of traders en­ livened the village.36 Leonard spent long cold winters on the Milwaukee River at the small trading post kept there by the company. From the post, traders visited nearby tribes, conducting business with the Sauk, Fox, Chippewa, Menominee, Ottawa, Winnebago and Potawa- tomi.37 As a clerk, Leonard carefully recorded what goods the traders took for trading material, and what types of pelts they brought back to the post. His 1824 fur memorandum recorded the activities of several traders, including Beaubien. The traders obtained beads, ribbons, shirts, knives, leggins, shot, powder, to­ bacco and blankets from the company supplies. They exchanged these for the fur of the raccoon, deer, fox, bear, otter, lynx and beaver. According to the dates in the memorandum, traders usually were gone from the post four or five days. Upon returning they checked in their furs and leftover merchandise.38 Although not mentioned in the memorandum, alcohol became another item of trade with the Indians. Congress passed a law in 1822 prohibiting Indian traders from using liquor in their dealings. The ordinance largely was ignored and impossible to enforce. Traders believed they had to use liquor in order to compete with the Hudson Bay Company which lavishly distributed it.39 Leonard mentioned in an 1822 letter, "I was in Milliwaky buying corn of the Indians for our winter provisions during the time the Indians were receiving their annuity so that I was disappointed of seeing five or six hundred drunken Indians."40

33 Nathaniel Leonard to Abiel Leonard, August 30, 1822, fol. 49. 34 Pierce. History of Chicago, I, 30-31. 35 ibid. 36 Ibid. 37 Bayrd Still, Milwaukee (Madison, Wise, 1948) , 6. 38 1824 Fur Memorandum, Nathaniel Leonard Papers, 1800-1896, micro­ film roll #1, in Joint Collection, University of Missouri Western Historical Manuscript Collection and State Historical Society of Missouri Manuscripts, Columbia. Letters of Nathaniel Leonard 293

Winters in Milwaukee proved long and somewhat boring. A small outpost, Milwaukee had no more than fifty inhabitants as late as 1835.41 The trading that occurred there was not really of great significance to the company.42 In a letter from Milwaukee dated January 10, 1823, Leonard mentioned that he had plenty of leisure time to study mathematics and the Bible. He also spent time learning to speak French and the various tribal languages, which he considered the most difficult part of the job.43 Leonard had to adjust to living in close proximity with Indians. In one letter from Milwaukee he related his difficulty finding a place to write because his house was full of Indians.44 Whether the Indians actually lived in his house is unclear, but certainly daily contact occurred. Probably when spring arrived, he anxiously made the trip to Chicago and to the more lively Mackinac to deliver the season's pelts. Working for the fur company, Leonard thought about his future and the chances of "making his fortune." He quickly realized the fur trade did not assure instantaneous economic success. For one thing, he encountered the problem of excessive competition. He wrote in 1823: "I find the country to be full of traders and there is more invading in every year and you know where there

41 Still, Milwaukee, xvii. 42 Bruce, History of Milwaukee, 76. 43 Nathaniel Leonard to Abiel Leonard, January 10, 1823, fol. 50. 44 ibid., December 21, 1823, fol. 52. 294 Missouri Historical Review is much competition there is little profit."45 Tocqueville referred to such frustration when he wrote: When all professions are accessible to all, and a man's own energies may place him at the top of any one of them ... he will readily persuade himself that he is born to no vulgar destinies. But this is an erroneous notion, which is corrected by daily experience. The same equality which allows every citizen to conceive these lofty hopes, renders all citizens less able to realize them. . . . This con­ stant strife . . . harasses and wearies the mind.46 The three-year waiting period to be a trader also bothered him. He did not consider one hundred eighty-five dollars a year a promising salary. Of that amount he wanted to save one hun­ dred dollars, but something always came up that disposed of his savings. For instance, in the spring of 1823 a severe storm crushed his boat on the shore of Lake Michigan. He paid one hundred dollars to replace it. When Nathaniel told his brother of this misfortune, he begged him not to tell their father for fear the elder Leonard would think bad luck followed him.47 Pondering his future with the American Fur Company, Leon­ ard wondered if he would rather be an independent or a company trader when his opportunity came. Company traders worked for a fixed salary, regardless of the number of furs brought in each season. Independent traders obtained goods furnished by the com­ pany on credit with the agreement that all furs collected would be sold to the Mackinac concern.48 This appeared a gamble, but the opportunity of a profitable season provided an incentive. In January 1823, he wrote: Most of the men engaged in the fur trade prefer taking a salery of five or six hundred dollars to tradeing for themselves which I should not think they would do if they could make more by tradeing on their own account. This is a matter which I intend to become more acquainted with on my going to Mackinac next summer.49 Probably Leonard eventually realized that a company trader of­ fered the best prospects. Records show that independent traders rarely did very well.50

45 ibid., January 10, 1823, fol. 50. 46 Tocqueville, Democracy in America, II, 146. 47 Nathaniel Leonard to Abiel Leonard, July 17, 1823, fol. 51. 48 Phillips, Fur Trade, II, 365. 49 Nathaniel Leonard to Abiel Leonard, January 10, 1823, fol. 50. 50 Phillips, Fur Trade, II, 375. Letters of Nathaniel Leonard 295

As he became familiar with the business, Leonard some­ times appeared optimistic that the trade might bring a respectable fortune. After his first trip to Milwaukee in 1822, he wrote: "If I would have had $1000 worth of goods I could with all the ease in the world have made $500 or $600 clear profit."51 He later mentioned that Beaubien would clear $1,000 in the 1822-1823 season.52 Money could be made trading for furs, but it required time. During the summer of 1823, he commented: "To make money in the fur trade a man should calculate to spend fifteen or twenty years in the business at the expiration of that time I think he might retire with a genteel fortune." Such a promising career, however, looked unappealing to the restless Leonard. He continued, "That is more time than I will consent to spend with the Indians."53 Thus, even though business periodically looked promising, Leonard became discouraged about his prospects in only a short time. Like the American described by Tocqueville, he found it difficult to stay in one place, even if long-term prospects seemed reasonably good. Tocqueville wrote: He who has set his heart exclusively upon the pursuit of worldly welfare is always in a hurry, for he has but a limited time at his disposal to reach, to grasp, and to enjoy it. . , . This thought fills him with anxiety, fear, and regret, and keeps his mind in ceaseless trepidation, which leads him perpetually to change his plans and his abode.54 Leonard followed this pattern. As early as September 1822, after only one or two months with the company, he wrote his brother asking about possibilities for making money in Missouri. "You must write and let me know if there is any chance in your country for me for I think it is doubtful if I can continue in my present employment more than a year as I am not pleased with it and I think I can make money faster at some other business." The same letter revealed that he already considered other plans for making his fortune. He told of his discussion with a gentleman concerning the money to be made raising livestock in Illinois and Missouri. Leonard related: "He says it is not necessary to own land but become a squatter he says with $150 to begin with he could in four years claim $2000 which I should think doing pretty

51 Nathaniel Leonard to Abiel Leonard, October 17, 1822, fol. 49. 52 ibid., June 23, 1823, fol. 51. 53 ibid., July 17, 1823, fol. 51. 54 Tocqueville, Democracy in America, II, 145. 296 Missouri Historical Review well."55 Interestingly, Leonard later found his greatest success in the livestock business. By January 1823, Leonard had real doubts about his future. He stated: "I do not know at present enough about the fur trade to say with confidence whether it is the way to make money or not at least in this part of the country." Apparently, he did not like the thought of being a company trader with a limited income. He seemed to favor the independent trader, but that career offered no guarantee of wealth. Of such a prospect he wrote, "If I find it is not the way to make money faster than by getting a salery of five or six hundred dollars a year and that too after I have been three years at $180 I shall quit it and try my fortune in some other way." Losing patience with the system that held him back, he again mentioned in that letter his desire to look at other possibilities. "I may go to Illinois or Missouri and take up Farm­ ing as I have the vanity to believe I am a pretty good Farmer."56 Besides seeking a fortune, Leonard wanted independence. He longed to work for himself, either in the fur trade or in some other occupation. During June 1823, he wrote: "All I can say is that I wish to be doing business for myself. I do not like to be working for another two years more for a bare subsistence." Of fur trade prospects he added, "If I was working for myself I could very soon make myself independent. . . . But this having to be a clerk two years more, if I continue in my present business,

55 Nathaniel Leonard to Abiel Leonard, September 17, 1822, fol. 49. 5QIbid., January 10, 1823, fol. 50. Letters of Nathaniel Leonard 297 before I can do anything for myself is what I do not like."57 Still considering various methods of becoming independent and wealthy, he told his brother a month later that "rearing mules looks good on paper." He continued: "Whatever we do must be in the western states as nothing can be done in New York without more capital than we can command."58 By the fall of 1823 Leonard had become discouraged about his chances with the American Fur Company. After a summer's business he concluded: My visit to Mackinac did not alter my opinion with respect to the fur trade. I still continue to think there is but little chance for a man to make money in the business. Clerks who have served the Company five years for about the same wages that I have and whoes time expired last spring managed $200 or $300 a year. He added that if prospects did not improve he would "quit it and try my fortune in some other way." He discovered that money was difficult to acquire in the West. In a post script he added: "Perseverance, Industry, and economy and the road to wealth may be sure but it is long and rough."59 Later in the autumn he summed up his thoughts: "I doubt much if the Indian trade is a business in which a man can get rich very fast."60 Besides being restless about making his fortune, another fac­ tor made Leonard impatient with the fur trade. He still felt guilty about leaving his father to cope with the economic crisis in New York. Letters from his father added to his remorse. In October 1822, Leonard had written: Every letter from him has made me feel sorry I left home for I can see plainly he feels as if I had deserted him in his misfortunes. And when I reflect I think I did wrong in leaving home. ... I should not have thought of my own advancement in the world But should have remained with him and done the best I could there and trusted God that I was doing my duty.61 His own materialistic passions brought intense feelings of guilt because they put a barrier between himself and those he loved. Because of his feelings, a new theme appeared in his letters. He found another reason for making his fortune. No longer content

57 ibid., June 23, 1823, fol. 51. 58 ibid., July 17, 1823, fol. 51. 59 ibid., September 19, 1823, fol. 52. to ibid., October 19, 1823, fol. 52. 61 Ibid., October 17, 1822, fol. 49. 298 Missouri Historical Review

An Early View of Chicago merely to raise himself in life, his new goal included helping his parents. In the winter of 1822-1823, Leonard wrote from Mil­ waukee: "I am sorry I left home as I then thought and still con­ tinue to think it was my duty to remain with my Father. How­ ever I did not and I shall therefore make use of every exertion in my power to acquire property that I may be able to render him that assistance."62 As his new resolve burned more and more in his mind, he became impatient with the fur business. He could not wait fifteen or twenty years to help his father; by that time it would be too late. Like Tocqueville's American, he appeared ready to give up the occupation he had embraced and move on. Throughout 1823 and 1824, Nathaniel and Abiel discussed methods to aid their parents. Nathaniel mentioned that the state of New York had applied little pressure concerning their father's debt because land values had stayed low. He feared, however, that if prices rose, as they likely would, the land would be taken and sold by the state.63 They formulated a plan to move their parents to Missouri where the elders could find "asylum" from their troubles. Nathaniel wondered if the climate would be healthy in their old age, and he asked for Abiel's advice on the matter. Evidently, Abiel then asked Nathaniel to consider traveling to New York to discuss the arrangements with the parents. Inter­ estingly, Nathaniel refused because he feared returning home with no Western wealth. He wrote: "Your plan for me to return to New York I cannot consent to. I must do something for myself

92 ibid., January 10, 1823, fol. 50. 63/fcid., March 27, 1823, fol. 50. Letters of Nathaniel Leonard 299 before I can think of returning to New York else all my friends would think that I could not climb the hills of life without being Boosted."64 He wanted to help, but his pride remained a priority. By late 1823 the brothers had formulated a plan. They would convince their parents that it was in their best interests to move to Missouri. Nathaniel would quit the fur business at the first opportunity, move to Missouri and start anew his search for wealth. He made it clear he could offer only his "single self."65 In other words, "My ade will be confined to my bodily exertions for as to money I have none."66 With the arrival of summer 1824, Leon­ ard believed the plans had fallen into place. The parents had consented to the move, and Nathaniel remarked: "I think we shall now be able to render the decline of their lives pleasant/'67 That summer at Mackinac, he spoke to Stuart about his future. Stuart understood his concerns and released him from his final year as a clerk. In fact, Stuart gave Leonard passage down the Illinois River in one of the company boats. Leonard told his brother of his proposed journey to within one hundred miles of St. Louis. From there he would travel across the countryside to Boonville.68 Anticipating a family reunion in Missouri, he even hoped Benjamin would leave Ohio to join the new venture.69 Leonard's dreams were not fulfilled completely. His parents decided to stay in New York in 1824. His mother died there, but his father eventually moved to Missouri in 1840. Benjamin, who remained in Ohio, traveled to New York that year and brought the elder Leonard as far west as his home in Chillicothe. On April 26, he wrote Nathaniel: Father and myself arrived here night before last. Father has totally lost his mind, and I am oppressed with anxiety, sickness, and fatigue. . . . You must come up here. Take the shortest route . . . Father scarcely knows where he is. He thinks he is within a few miles of Lewiston.70 Apparently Nathaniel traveled to Ohio and delivered his father to Missouri. Abiel mentioned his presence in a letter to Benjamin

64 Ibid. 65 ibid., October 19, 1823, fol. 52. GGIbid., December 21, 1823, fol. 52. 67 Ibid., July 4, 1824, fol. 53. 68 Ibid. 69/foU, December 21, 1823, fol. 52. 70 John Ashton, Historic Ravenswood: Its Founders and Its Cattle (Colum­ bia, Mo., 1926), 102-103. 300 Missouri Historical Review dated October 30, 1840.71 Benjamin remained in Ohio, although he visited his brothers in Missouri on several occasions.72 After his long wanderings, Missouri became Nathaniel Leon­ ard's last stop—the place where he found his long-sought fortune. The end of his restless movement does not mar the comparison between him and Tocqueville's American. His great success in Cooper County simply subdued his drive to move ever onward. He began to farm in 1825 with 160 acres purchased from the government.73 Even though he stayed in one place, he did not lose his innovative spirit. Looking for new ways to make a fortune, he imported a Shorthorn bull and heifer from Ohio in 1839 and became the first Shorthorn breeder west of the Mississippi. Ben­ jamin proved instrumental in helping him acquire those animals.74 By the 1850s Nathaniel owned 4,000 to 5,000 acres in Missouri, Kansas and Iowa.75 The 1850 census listed him as the owner of $17,000 worth of real estate and thirteen slaves.76 Nathaniel mar­ ried Margaret Hutchison from Kentucky, and they had eight children, six of them reaching maturity. He acquired enough wealth to send three of his children through Dartmouth Univer­ sity. Solid Whigs, Nathaniel and his brother Abiel later became

71 Abiel Leonard to Benjamin Leonard, October 30, 1840, Abiel Leonard Collection, fol. 157. 72 Ashton, Historic Ravenswood, 83-111. 73 Information sheet, Nathaniel Leonard Papers. 74 Ashton, Historic Ravenswood, 93-102. 75 Information sheet, Nathaniel Leonard Papers. 76 JJ.S. Census, 7th Report, 1850, "Cooper County, Missouri"; ibid., Slave Schedule, "Cooper County, Missouri."

A Present-Day View of Ravenswood Mansion, Located on the Leonard Farm in Cooper County Letters of Nathaniel Leonard 301

Democrats when the Whig party disintegrated. Abiel succeeded in his law practice, becoming a justice on the Missouri Supreme Court in the 1850s.77 Abiel died in 1863 and Nathaniel in 1876. Obviously, Nathaniel Leonard's life had no major impact on American history. Yet his story proves significant. His experi­ ences with the American Fur Company give an insight into the fur trade around the Great Lakes. The fur business appeared not as profitable as some young men, including Leonard, probably imagined. Instead it required years of commitment to acquire wealth. Most significantly, Nathaniel Leonard's correspondence shows the restlessness that Tocqueville discovered in many Ameri­ cans only a few years later. Whether Leonard's restlessness re­ sulted from his youth or because of a desire to regain a lost family fortune, he certainly exhibited the attitudes seen by Tocqueville as typically American. Those attitudes included a drive for wealth, an impatience with one's surroundings and a constant search for something better. Leonard's moves from New York to Mackinac and then to Missouri provide evidence of his drive for wealth. Disenchantment with the farm in New York and later with the fur trade reveals Leonard's impatience with his surroundings. His numerous ideas on how best to gain a fortune illustrate his con­ stant search for something better. Nathaniel Leonard's letters provide an excellent example of the impatient American spirit of the early nineteenth century.

77 Information sheet, Nathaniel Leonard Papers.

Lowering the Profession

Glasgow Weekly Times, August 17, 1854. A number of Editors, forgetting the dignity of their calling, were candi­ dates at the recent election. In the Senatorial District composed of Benton, St. Clair and other counties, Mayo, of the Osceola Independent, and Means, of the South-West Democrat, were candidates—Mayo, a true Whig, coming out ahead of the Benton competitor—Holly, of the Savannah Sentinel, a Benton Democrat, was also beaten for the Senate by Gen. Wilson, Whig. Bean, of the Paris Mercury, is elected from Monroe county. Davis, of the St. Joseph Cycle, was a candidate for School Superintendent. We can excuse him, but an Editor who has no more respect for his calling and the dignity of his vocation, than to go to the Legislature, ought to be black balled. It is well enough for them to send other people there, but to go themselves, is out of the question. The subject must be brought before the proposed Editors' and Publishers' Convention. Walker-Mo. Tourism Creating the Dream: Jefferson National Expansion Memorial 1933-1935

BY SHARON A. BROWN*

I am greatly interested in the suggestion for the Jef­ ferson National Expansion Memorial for the St. Louis Riverfront. . . . I can . . . tell you that I like the principle underlying the thought of a memorial to the vision of Thomas Jefferson and the pioneers in the opening up of the Great West.1 This was Franklin D. Roosevelt's reaction in February 1934, to an idea proposed by St. Louis's newly elected Democratic

*Sharon A. Brown is currently employed by the National Park Service at Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, St. Louis. She received the B.S. degree and the M.A. in History from Southern Illinois Universitv-Edwardsville and is a graduate student in American Studies at Saint Louis University. i Franklin D. Roosevelt to Bernard F. Dickmann, February 19, 1934, Jef­ ferson National Expansion Memorial Association Papers, located in Jefferson National Expansion Memorial National Historic Site Archives, St. Louis. Here­ after cited as INEMA. Creating the Dream 303 mayor, Bernard F. Dickmann. It had come about this way. Shortly after Thanksgiving 1933, Luther Ely Smith, a St. Louis lawyer, had been returning to St. Louis on a train after a visit to Vin- cennes, Indiana, where he had toured the new monument to George Rogers Clark. Smith had served as a member of the monument's federal commission after being appointed by his college classmate, Calvin Coolidge. As Smith and his friends gazed out the train windows at the decaying St. Louis riverfront passing slowly by, they realized that only drastic measures could restore the district; yet a wealth of history existed in those narrow streets. The idea of a historical monument began to form. When he heard Smith's idea of building a monument on the riverfront, Mayor Dickmann liked it and decided to test its sup­ port in the local community. On December 15, 1933, he called a group of civic and business leaders into his office to discuss Smith's plan. St. Louis historian McCune Gill previously had been ap­ proached by the two men and came to the meeting armed with a tentative memorial plan. The group of men liked the idea and formed a temporary committee to look further into the matter. They named Smith chairman and Dickmann vice chairman; other committee members included John G. Lonsdale, Carl F. G. Meyer, Jesse McDonald, Morton J. May, Sidney Maestre, Tom Gilmartin and McCune Gill. In the next few months this group planned to raise money and generate public interest.2 In April 1934, this committee obtained a state charter, gained a nonprofit organization designation and named themselves the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association.3 There was a strong effort from the beginning to keep the project bipartisan, especially by Smith, an independent Republican dealing with a

2 Paul Simpson McElroy, The Story of the Gateway Arch (St. Louis, n.d.) , 4-5. Few records of these early meetings have been found. One that does exist is that of the Historical Data Committee which met on January 31, 1934. McCune Gill headed the meeting and those present represented St. Louis's most prominent historical authorities. Among those attending were Nettie Beauregard, archivist and curator for the Missouri Historical Society, and various Washington University and St. Louis University history professors. At this early date McCune Gill states it was evident "that this memorial must be truly national in scope" and that help would be needed from representa­ tives, senators and even the president. "Meeting of the Historical Data Com­ mittee," Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association, January 31, 1934, JNEMA. 3 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, October 31, 1965; Dickson Terry, "The Story of the Arch-A Monument to Thirty Years of Patience, Perseverance, and Deter­ mination," in Cherry Diamond Magazine of the Missouri Athletic Club, LVII (September, 1964), 31; Other names on the charter: William O. Gibbons, Claude Ricketts, Frank Rand, Edna Gellhorn, Max O'Rell Truitt, Gale Johnston and Issac Orr. 304 Missouri Historical Review

Democratic city administration. This fortunate tradition would last throughout the memorial's history. After this good start, the group intended to arouse public interest, adopt suitable plans, solicit money and property, and improve a site for, a suitable and permanent public memorial to the men who made possible the western territorial expansion of the United States, particularly President Jefferson, his aides Livingston and Monroe, the great explorers, Lewis and Clark, and the hardy hunters, trappers, frontiersmen and pioneers who contributed to the territorial expansion and development of these United States; and thereby to bring before the public of this and future generations the his­ tory of our development and induce familiarity with the patriotic accomplishments of these great builders of our country.4 Rebuilding the riverfront area was not a new idea. For years St. Louisans had watched the slow disintegration of the area bounded by Fourth Street, Washington Avenue and Poplar Street. As early as 1887, James G. Blaine made a suggestion to build a statue of Jefferson, memorializing his Louisiana Purchase. Many other suggestions followed over the next fifty years. None of these plans gained enough public support to become reality, but sub­ stantial interest in riverfront development evolved during the Great Depression. This period of economic chaos meant lost jobs, idle workers, wasted skills. As a civic leader, currently a member of the Council of Civic Needs, Smith saw the memorial as a way to relieve two problems since monument construction would create jobs while clearing the decayed riverfront. Only the association headed by Smith progressed beyond the drawing stage. Their group split into smaller subcommittees to consider various phases of the project: Legislative, Publicity, Fi­ nance, Historical Data, Plan and Scope. Within months the associa­ tion members introduced their idea to their congressional repre­ sentatives, determined the necessary level of appropriation and drafted bills for consideration by Congress. Group members met with prominent visitors, wrote publicity brochures and booklets, conducted fund-raising campaigns, prepared budgets, employed St. Louis architect Louis La Beaume, gathered historical data, listed property holdings and reported their results to the associa­ tion's Executive Committee. The group designated the area to be

4 Pro Forma Decree of Incorporation of Jefferson National Expansion Creating the Dream 305

Luther Ely Smith

Bone-Moeller Photo Kajiwara Studio considered for the memorial as "approximately one-half mile in length . . . from Third Street east to the present elevated rail­ road."5 These reports compiled by association members and inter­ ested St. Louisans provided a foundation for almost all work conducted over the next thirty years. At this early stage the me­ morial already appeared as not merely a local project, but an enterprise with national character and importance. In January 1934, a resolution was introduced jointly into both congressional houses by Missouri Senator Bennett Champ Clark and Representative John Cochran appropriating thirty million dol­ lars for the memorial. Representative Cochran warned Mayor Dick­ mann that the resolution needed approval of the Bureau of the Budget to put it over.6 It quickly ran into trouble, asking for so large an appropriation in the midst of a depression. As the weeks passed, Smith and the association realized they would not

5 Louis La Beaume to Jesse McDonald, July 20, 1934; "Minute Meetings of Executive Committee, Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association," 1934-1935, both in JNEMA. 6 John Cochran to Dickmann, December 21, 1933, JNEMA. 306 Missouri Historical Review obtain their appropriation at that session of Congress. Cochran reported to Dickmann that he had spoken with various congres­ sional leaders, and warned him that he would not "get to first base" with a thirty-million-dollar appropriation. "I do not think the President would even dare to make such a recommendation to the Congress with the finances of the country in the condition they are at present."7 Smith and Dickmann shifted tactics by proposing a commis­ sion patterned after the George Rogers Clark Memorial Commis­ sion. After withdrawing their appropriations resolutions, they in­ troduced, in March 1934, joint resolutions (H.J. Res. 302, S.J. Res. 93) in the House and Senate "authorizing the creation of a Fed­ eral Memorial Commission" to construct a permanent memorial.8 Smith expected this commission to investigate the memorial's feasi­ bility and report favorably to Congress. He hoped for the passage of this bill which would enable Congress to appropriate the money in its next term, "unless in the meantime it should be started as a Public Works project."9 Nevertheless, problems still arose in Congress. Cochran ran into increased opposition and told Smith that some of the leaders felt the bills were just an excuse to come back later and ask for money. Cochran himself continued to assure Smith that he would do everything in his power to help.10 A major objection to the memorial arose—one that would haunt the association for years. Even though the first thrusts of the group were towards authorization only, critics accused the project's backers on every turn of wanting congressional appropria­ tions. Association members themselves committed a major error when they mailed information booklets which contained the original resolution requesting a thirty-million-dollar appropriation to con­ gressional members. The act reinforced fears that the association later would return to ask for that amount. Political sense dictated that only an authorization be sought and acquired before making mention of appropriations. Cochran tried to counteract that blunder by writing each House member an explanation that the new resolu­ tion would create a commission only.11 Despite opposition, Con­ gress passed the resolutions; and indeed, the House passed it by

7 Ibid., January 13, 1934, JNEMA. 8 U. S. 73rd Cong., 2nd Sess., House Jt. Resolution 302 (1934) ; ibid., Senate Jt. Res. 93 (1934) . 9 Luther Ely Smith to Mrs. Harry A. January, March 22, 1934, JNEMA. io Cochran to Smith, April 2, 1934, JNEMA. 11 Telegram, Cochran to Dickmann, April 16, 1934, JNEMA. Creating the Dream 307 an overwhelming majority. President Roosevelt signed the bill into law, June 15, 1934, establishing the United States Territorial Expansion Memorial Commission.12 The commission would have fifteen members: three chosen by the president, three by the House of Representatives, three by the Senate, and six by the Jefferson National Expansion Me­ morial Association. In June, the Senate and House chose their commissioners: Senators Alben W. Barkley (Kentucky), James J. Davis (Pennsylvania), Frederick Van Nuys (Indiana) and Rep­ resentatives John N. Sandlin (Louisiana), Lloyd Thurston (Iowa), and Kent Ellsworth Keller (Illinois). Cochran and association members Jesse McDonald and J. Lionberger Davis suggested poten­ tial commissioners to President Roosevelt, including Roosevelt's own uncle, Frederic A. Delano (who did not receive an appoint­ ment). In October 1934, the president chose William T. Kemper (Missouri), J. Lionberger Davis (Missouri), and General Jeffer­ son Randolph Kean (Washington, D.C.—great-great-grandson of Thomas Jefferson). For its choices the association primarily strove for a geographically diverse group, in order to emphasize the project's national significance. In November they chose (after considering, among others, John D. Rockefeller) their own Luther Ely Smith, Newton Baker (Ohio), William Allen White (Kansas), Matthew Woll (New York), Dr. Charles E. Merriam (Illinois) and Amon G. Carter (Texas). On December 19, 1934, the United States Territorial Expansion Memorial Commission held its first meeting in St. Louis.13 Roosevelt personally sent them a congratu­ latory telegram: "All good wishes for the success of your Com­ mission's efforts to recall and perpetuate the ideals the faith and courage of the pioneers who discovered and developed the great west."14 Despite the commission's creation, association members con­ tinued to develop detailed plans for the riverfront. By Decem­ ber, they talked of holding an architectural competition for the memorial. In January 1935, Louis La Beaume wrote his concept of a competition, and it contained the main elements of the actual competition twelve years later: national in scope, competition

12 U. S. Statutes at Large, XLVIII, Pt. 1 (1934) , 967-968. 13 J. Lionberger Davis to Roosevelt, June 21, 1934; U. S. Territorial Ex­ pansion Memorial Commission, Alben W. Barkley, chairman, Report of the Activities of the Commission (n.d.), 1-2; "Meeting of United States Territorial Expansion Memorial Commission," December 19, 1934, all in JNEMA. 14 Telegram, Roosevelt to United States Territorial Expansion Memorial Commission, December 18, 1934, JNEMA. 308 Missouri Historical Review in two stages, data included in the program and the acquisition of a professional advisor.15 The United States Territorial Expansion Memorial Commis­ sion did not waste time. At their first meeting in St. Louis, the commissioners received a briefing from the association, reviewed plans for the memorial, visited the historic site on the riverfront and elected an executive committee with Senator Barkley as chair­ man. Their second meeting, held in Washington, D.C., on February 1, 1935, attracted many influential observers: Missouri Senators Bennett Champ Clark and Harry Truman, Missouri Repre­ sentatives John Cochran, James R. Claiborne and Thomas C. Hen- nings, Jr., as well as Mayor Dickmann.16 Meanwhile Smith and Dickmann arranged through Senator Barkley to meet with Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes on January 31, 1935. Accompanied by William Allen White, editor of the Emporia, Kansas, Gazette, La Beaume and association mem­ ber William D'Arcy, the two answered Ickes's questions about the work force in terms of how many could be employed. When Ickes asked about the memorial's maintenance, association mem­ bers replied that it would be maintained "by the National Park Service." Mayor Dickmann asserted that the city of St. Louis would contribute its share to the project by either providing the site or assisting in some other way. Ickes became "very sympathetic toward the idea," and arranged a meeting for the group with the president.17 After the commission meeting the following day (February 1), the group met with Roosevelt at noon. Barkley, Keller, Dickmann, White, D'Arcy and La Beaume presented a general outline of development, answered questions about the architectural compe­ tition, noted the number of St. Louis unemployed, predicted a starting date and estimated the project's duration. Although Roose­ velt thought it impossible to obtain government funds for the memorial's entire cost of thirty million, he thought that some

15 Louis La Beaume to Smith, January 10, 1935, JNEMA. 16 "Meeting of United States Territorial Expansion Memorial Commis­ sion," December 19, 1934, and February 1, 1935, JNEMA. 17 A Sketch of the Progress of Thomas Jefferson Territorial Expansion Memorial at St. Louis (n.d.), JNEMA. This typed report probably was com­ piled by Luther Ely Smith and association members; Russell Murphy to William T. Kemper, February 7, 1935, JNEMA; Harold Ickes's first contact with the project came the summer before when he traveled through St. Louis. He was told of the proposed plans and shown the levee; this marked the beginning of his interest in the project. Smith to Max O'Rell Truitt, June 2, 1934, JNEMA. Creating the Dream 309

Bernard F. Dickmann, Mayor of St. Louis

Dickmann Coll. SHS available Works Relief Fund money could provide for a year's work on the memorial.18 During the next several weeks the association, under the supervision of the commission, further developed the memorial plans. One step already taken was the hiring of La Beaume as supervisory architect. Association members defined their rules of order, established functioning committee machinery, adopted fiscal procedures and recommended Bon Geaslin of Washington, D.C., as their legal representative with Washington officials. D'Arcy was very optimistic at this point; he recognized difficulties sur­ rounding the project, but felt ". . . we seem to be under favorable guidance from some unknowrn source that makes me believe that we are going to win in spite of everything."19 Events indeed seemed favorable. An enabling act authoriz­ ing the issuance of bonds to aid the federal project was introduced into the Missouri State Legislature in February. After both houses passed the act unanimously, Governor Guy B. Park signed it on

18 Murphy to Kemper, February 7, 1935; A Sketch of Progress, both in JNEMA. 19 "Minutes of the Executive Committee Meeting of the Jefferson Na­ tional Expansion Memorial Association," February 21, and April 10, 1935; William C. D'Arcy to Harrison Jones, March 18, 1935, all in JNEMA. 310 Missouri Historical Review

April 15. Almost simultaneously, on April 13 (by chance Thomas Jefferson's birthday), the commission's executive committee ap­ proved plans for the memorial. They agreed to the association's proposed boundaries of the memorial area, the memorial's his­ torical significance, the national architectural competition, the cost estimate of thirty million dollars for acquisition and development, and other planning matters.20 Smith and Dickmann turned their attention to financial ques­ tions. At the end of March, they considered the Public Works Administration (PWA) as a source of funds, but realized they would have to approach Ickes or other federal officials for the money. A new relief disbursement office, the Works Progress Ad­ ministration (WPA) had just been created, and Smith and Dick­ mann tried to discover how funds would be disbursed and by whom. Max O'Rell Truitt, an association member, told them to have their plans in shape to present to the proper authorities because "[a]ctivity will be necessary as soon as the Bill has been signed by the President." In April, Senator Truman informed Smith that organizational machinery for the WPA was not yet in motion as Roosevelt had not chosen a director.21 Commission members conferred on April 20, with Harry L. Hopkins, director of the Federal Emergency Relief Administra­ tion. He asked specific questions concerning amounts of work relief in the project, number of employable workers and other factors. He, too, showed interest. When Dickmann and association members left Washington, they felt optimistic toward both Hopkins and Ickes.22 Only later did they discover that everything was not settled in Washington. On May 1, at the third session of the full commission, the commissioners approved their executive commit­ tee's favorable report concerning the memorial project. The city of St. Louis, on July 1, passed an ordinance which

20 Mo. Revised Statutes (1939), Chap. 133, Art. 7, sec. 15373-15376; "Min­ utes and Proceedings of the Executive Committee of the U. S. Territorial Ex­ pansion Memorial Commission," April 13, 1935; Report of the Activities of the Commission, 5; all reports presented to this executive committee by associa­ tion members are in JNEMA papers. Topics covered by the reports: His­ torical Importance, Plan and Scope, Man Hours Involved, Time Schedule, Tentative Programme for National Architectural Competition, Statistical Zon­ ing Survey, Maps, Parking and Parking Problems, Municipal and State Co­ operation, Editorial Articles, Resolutions and Historical Background. See U. S. Territorial Expansion Memorial Commission, Reports Approved by the Execu­ tive Committee of the United States Commission at its Meeting in St. Louis on April 13, 1955, JNEMA. 21 Truitt to Murphy, March 30, 1935; Harry S. Truman to Smith, April 10, 1935, both in JNEMA. 22 Report of the Activities of the Commission, 5, JNEMA. Creating the Dream 311 permitted the holding of a special bond issue election. Further­ more, the board of aldermen authorized for this election, if ap­ proved by voters, to contribute $7,500,000 towards the memorial. On July 19, the St. Louis Board of Estimate and Apportionment appropriated $60,000 to meet the expenses of conducting regis­ tration required by law for special elections. The aldermen also approved spending $63,000 to hold the election itself. All of this was done on the understanding that federal authorities would approve the project while contributing a substantial allotment before the election date. The city would contribute funds on a 3-1 ratio with federal funds.23 Events moved quickly in St. Louis. In Washington, D.C., however, political wheels turned to a different tune due to the battle between Ickes, who headed the PWA, and Hopkins, who directed the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA), over the control of the newly created Works Progress Adminis­ tration. Authorized early in 1935, the Emergency Relief Appropri­ ation Act, worth five billion, represented the largest single appro­ priation in the history of the United States. Such a staggering sum fomented a battle over its control between Ickes and Hopkins. Secretary Ickes favored large public works while Hopkins stressed maximum employment. Hopkins finally won this contest when the WPA featured small projects providing relief work with negligi­ ble material costs. With relief money split between several agen­ cies, Hopkins had only $1,400,000,000 to spend. The WPA, never­ theless, hired some three million workers who left a legacy still found today in the form of schools, hospitals and playgrounds across the nation.24 Dickmann and Smith recognized these conflicts in Washing­ ton relief policy during the summer of 1935 when they tried to obtain work relief for their city. As early as May, Smith was warned of the Ickes-Hopkins rivalry. All through June, Smith kept the project alive by having association and commission members write to government officials. Ickes told William Allen White that he personally wanted to see the program adopted. National Park

23 City of St. Louis Ordinance 40592, approved July 1, 1935; telegram, Murphy to Barkley, July 19, 1935, both in JNEMA. Regarding the 3-1 ratio, for every $3 contributed by the federal government, the city contributed $1. 24 Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Age of Roosevelt—The Coming of the New Deal (Boston, 1958) , 294; see also ibid., Chapter 17, "The Fight For Public Works"; William E. Leuchtenburg, Franklin D. Roosevelt and The New Deal 1932-1940 (New York, 1963), 123-236; see also ibid., Chapter 6, "One Third of a Nation." 312 Missouri Historical Review

Alben W. Barkley

Courtesy Library of Congress, Diet, of Amer. Ports.

Service Director Arno Cammerer hinted that not only would the National Park Service consider taking care of the finished me­ morial but that it might also supervise its construction. Since Smith believed the memorial offered immediate expenditure for unskilled labor, he felt it fit "more into Mr. Hopkins' plan than any other project can possibly do." Smith consequently concen­ trated on winning Hopkins's support, followed by the president's.25 At the end of June, Senator Barkley spoke with Hopkins about the project and heard him express concern over the time required to finish the memorial. Barkley assured him the association wanted to start as soon as possible. In consideration of the city's promised contribution, Hopkins thought he could contribute eight million as a start. His division would handle the demolition. Barkley then saw Secretary Ickes, reported his conversation with Hopkins and heard Ickes state once again that he favored the project. Ickes then discussed the idea with Roosevelt, who hoped a satisfactory arrangement would develop.26

25 Burdette G. Lewis to Smith, May 22, 1935; Ickes to William Allen White, June 1, 1935; Smith to Murphy, June 19, 1935, all in JNEMA. 26 Murphy to Smith, June 31, 1935, JNEMA. Creating the Dream 313

Association members wanted a firm guarantee from the gov­ ernment as early as possible that it would support the bond issue campaign. On August 7, commission members along with Mayor Dickmann, Senator Clark and several association members met with Secretary Ickes and Hopkins. They sought immediate federal action so that city officials could go ahead with final plans for the bond issue. Again Ickes and Hopkins approved the project and promised to allot ten million for the first year's work. When Hopkins asked about memorial maintenance, Ickes replied that the National Park Service (a Department of the Interior agency) would assume this responsibility. The men from St. Louis asked for written confirmation of this agreement but Ickes refused, tell­ ing Senator Clark to make the agreement known in a statement to the press. Ickes further stated than an announcement could be made by the Allotment Board after the city voted the bonds.27 National Park Service officials began their preliminary in­ vestigations during August by sending Engineer John Nagle to St. Louis to inspect plans and the location. In his report on his three-day, fact-finding tour, he favored the project, stating that the memorial would commemorate the Louisiana Purchase and Thomas Jefferson. He believed the national significance of the events memorialized warranted federal aid for the project. "If administered by the National Park Service ... or by some other competent Federal agency, no reasons are apparent why the proj­ ect should not receive the support of the National Government."28 In St. Louis, attention turned to the approaching bond issue election, with association members leading the campaign for a favorable vote. Speakers visited local group and club meetings to deliver speeches and to enlighten St. Louisans. Flyers and letters advertised the project's employment of five thousand men for three years. The association pointed out that .60 of every $1.00 spent on the memorial would go for labor, and they publicized favorable resolutions from many historical societies. Legal au­ thorization, names of the commissioners, interest shown by Wash­ ington officials and the project's national importance were stressed in newspapers, flyers, handouts and movie threatres. Association

27 Smith to Truitt, August 12, 1935; A Sketch of Progress, both in JNEMA. 28 John L. Nagle, Report on United States Territorial Expansion Memorial at St. Louis (n.d.), 1, in National Park Service papers, located in Jefferson National Expansion Memorial National Historic Site Archives. 314 Missouri Historical Review They Can't All Be Wrong;

For more than thirty years St. Louis has been When you realize the proposal plan is the re­ trying to improve the River Front. Plans and sult of thirty years of groping for a solution to .schemes have been proposed, discussed at­ the River Front problem, you can "understand tempted and discarded. how it is that the memorial plan has met with Now, for the first time, a feasible, worthwhile such united agreement. These people believe plan is submitted to the voters of St. Louis for in "Forward St. Urnis," They believe that when * their approval, it calls for the erection of a the United States Qovermnent offers to provide ' memorial to Thomas Jefferson and the pioneers three dollars of every four dollars to be spent who made possible our national expansion. The for a permanent improvement, it is good busi­ cost will be S,'MMKKMMM). The t'nitcd States f.ov- ness to accept. Thev believe it is good business ernment will spend three dollars for every dol­ for St. Louis that the United States Government lar contributed by St. Louis that is, if you vote will perpetual!v maintain this memorial as a "VK.S" at next Tuesday's bond election*. national park. 'They believe the memorial will Listed below are organizations, well known-to be a credit not onlv to St. I Amis, but to the nation. the people of St. IJOUS, which have endorsed A*4 right M», aVywMti»*t$IMSLLM»m«t» the bond issue. They are from every section of w«rk—«iJ St. Unt r«6d rdb. the city outlving. residential, downtown. A*4 irw» iht tMrty-ttvm tttcict to t* «*4 far tk* ntmmal Please read the list. If you are familiar with It seems impossible that they could ALL be St. Louis you will know" there must be good wrong. reason for such unanimous approval. These Organizations Have Endorsed the Bond Issue:

Vote YES Scratch >*€T Special Election September 10th

Tvm0» n—t Mr. L*wi» I.. » P M S»»tw« *Sf>

This ad appeared in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, September 9, 1935.

members also claimed the memorial would enhance property values, promote new city growth and prevent the abandonment of riverfront property. The publicity also stressed costs. Since citizens paid taxes to support the unemployed of St. Louis, why not have federal funds spent here for St. Louis's benefit? Three cents per hundred dollar assessed valuation seemed a small price to pay for the project's rewards. "Here's your chance to vote for progress, to vote for your own interests and your city's future," proclaimed William C. D'Arcy, the association's publicist. Many St. Creating the Dream 315

Louis area unions endorsed the bond issue at their regular monthly meetings, and reported their action to the association.29 Opposition nevertheless arose, and many asked probing ques­ tions. "Watch your step! . . . Stop this spending. Do something!" proclaimed a flyer printed by the Taxpayers Defense Association. They asserted that the number-two Jefferson Memorial (after the one in Washington, D.C.) would be a "glorified parking lot for 10,000 cars." This association also claimed that the federal gov­ ernment had made no definite commitment of financial aid, and if it failed to provide the funds the district would become a "37-block mudhole."30 Six days before the election, the board of directors of the St. Louis Chamber of Commerce voted unanimously to endorse the bond issue. The group conducted a survey showing 290 busi­ nesses in the affected area, having a total floor space of 5,084,000 feet. Thirty-four of the concerns, comprising 6 percent of the floor space, told the Chamber of Commerce they would go out of busi­ ness if the bond issue passed. The other 256 concerns stated they would move elsewhere in the city. But the Taxpayers Defense Association characterized the action as an affront to the chambers members who opposed the memorial. The Chamber of Commerce gave several reasons for its endorsement, all based on the city's business interests; the blighted area would be cleared, downtown real estate values would end their decline and adjoining real estate would be enhanced. However, the Taxpayers Defense Associa­ tion countered by reemphasizing the fact that the federal gov­ ernment had not yet agreed to donate funds. It produced a tele­ gram from the assistant administrator of the WPA stating there was no official notification of any federal allotment for the pro­ posed memorial.31 Election day, September 10, finally arrived. With the words and arguments over, the outcome rested in the voter's hands. At 4 P.M. the St. Louis Post-Dispatch reported that "Mayor Dick- mann's City Hall machine" was receiving the support of the entire Democratic organization. Under Mayor Dickmann's holiday procla­ mation, all city offices had been closed and all city employees had been ordered to work in their home precincts to get out the

29 Pamphlets, flyers, endorsement letters and speeches, all located in JNEMA papers. 30 Flyer, Taxpayers Defense Association, September 4, 1935, JNEMA; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, September 5, 1935. 31 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, September 4, 6, 1935. 316 Missouri Historical Review favorable vote. Dickmann warned them that their jobs depended on the results. Putting aside divisional city hall politics, Democrats opposed to Dickmann came out in support of the riverfront bond issue. The Post-Dispatch reported that ". . . most of Dickmann's political enemies had hopped on the band wagon for the day at least." The vote totaled 174,012, which was 49.8 percent of regis­ tration, a heavy vote for a bond election. In nineteen wards, the bonds carried with a vote of two-thirds or more. In five wards, the majority voted against them, while four wards had a favorable majority vote but less than two-thirds. The bonds passed 123,299 to 50,713. (Ward Fourteen, Dickmann's own, failed to carry the proposal.)32 Mayor Dickmann's victory statement congratulated everyone for their work. "We have all worked together, regardless of politi­ cal or other differences for a common victory." A rejoicing D'Arcy wrote Dickmann that "It would have been a travesty on justice had the voter for any reason not given approval." Smith quickly notified association and commission members, state and federal officials, congressmen, PWA and WPA officials,—anyone and every­ one who might contribute to the memorial's completion. In an editorial supporting the vote, the Post-Dispatch declared, "A 30- year dream is now about to become a reality."33 Following passage of the bond issue, the United States Terri­ torial Expansion Memorial Commission forged ahead with plans to enter into an agreement with Washington. Since formal appli­ cations for funds already had been filed in June, Smith and Dick­ mann made arrangements to travel to the capital. Mayor Dick­ mann and members of the commission and the association met with Ickes, Hopkins and officials of the Department of Justice. Once again politicking between Hopkins and Ickes probably accounted for some delay. On September 12, both visited Hyde Park, consulting Roosevelt about their differences. Ickes com­ plained to Roosevelt that Hopkins was "wrecking" the PWA by rejecting projects already approved by Ickes. Hopkins responded that the rejected projects either cost too much in terms of men

^2 ibid., September 10, 11, 1935. 33 ibid., September 11, 1935; D'Arcy to Dickmann, September 11, 1935, JNEMA; Luther Ely Smith's letters to these officials are in JNEMA papers; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, September 11, 1935. The same editorial declared Luther Ely Smith's work like that of a "Hercules of the Homeric legend." Creating the Dream 317 employed, or were located in places where relief rolls could not supply enough workers.34 After the bond election, the Post-Dispatch revealed yet an­ other hitch. When the city Board of Estimate and Apportionment approved the ordinance for the bond issuance, it stated the bonds could be issued only in an amount corresponding to appropria­ tions obtained from the federal government at a ratio of $3 fed­ eral to $1 local. This opposed the plan announced by Dickmann during the bond campaign. Dickmann stated the bonds would be issued at once, rushed to Washington by plane and turned over to the PWA as collateral for a loan of the same amount to the city. This sum would be given to Ickes who would then turn over to the Justice Department a draft for $7,500,000, accompanied with a request for the site confiscation. City Counselor Charles M. Hay had disagreed with Dickmann, saying the city had no authority to pay the government more than one dollar for every three ex-

34 "Meeting Minutes of Executive Committee of U. S. Territorial Ex­ pansion Memorial Commission," September 19, 1935; A Sketch of Progress, both in JNEMA; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, September 12, 1935.

Charles Martin Hay Papers, Jt. Coll, Univ. of Mo. WHMC- Columbia & SHS of Mo. Mss.

Charles M. Hay 318 Missouri Historical Review pended by the government. Now, after the election, the Board of Estimate took Hay's position.35 Nevertheless Smith, Senator Barkley and others hoped to get an appointment with Ickes to earmark $22,500,000 (federal funds on 3-1 ratio) for completion of memorial within three years. If Ickes and Hopkins accepted this proposition, they would reverse their past statements that President Roosevelt opposed obligating funds for more than one year. Hopkins answered the request of Smith and Barkley by saying some funds could be allotted to the memorial. When asked if $22,500,000 would be earmarked to match the city's contribution, Hopkins replied that it was up to Ickes. The argument for the entire allotment of $22,500,000 was supported by the St. Louis City Board of Esti­ mate's order that city money could be given only if matched 3-1.36 On September 26, Ickes announced his decision: the proposed memorial would not qualify for Work Relief funds unless the legal problems were overcome. An allotment of $22,500,000 could not be made. In no instance would more money be allocated than could be used in one year.37 Memorial backers approached President Roosevelt, singly and in groups, attempting to keep the project alive. Commission mem­ ber Senator Alben Barkley talked with him about the memorial. In addition, Senator Clark warned association members not to pressure the president when they made arrangements to meet him. Traveling west by rail, Roosevelt scheduled a stop in East St. Louis, Illinois, to change railroad engines on September 27. He agreed to meet Mayor Dickmann, Senator Clark and others. At the meeting the president himself brought up the matter: "I suppose you gentlemen are here to talk about your riverfront memorial." Ickes and Hopkins, both present, indicated they wanted to begin the project as soon as possible, promising to furnish the necessary funds for the first year's work if the state enabling act, authorizing the bond issue and financing, would receive a favorable legal interpretation. The president told the delegation to get a construction of the law, with reference to the limitation on expenditures. Clark believed that a solution to the problem could be reached. Several days later a group of city officials,

35 Ibid., September 18, 1935. ZGIbid., September 18, 20, 1935. 37 Ibid., September 26, 1935. Creating the Dream 319

President Franklin D. Roosevelt

Courtesy Library of Congress, Diet, of Amer. Ports. including the mayor, met to scrutinize the act for a "proper inter­ pretation."38 City Counselor Hay tried to determine the city's options in advancing funds for the project. He wrote: "What we are now seeking to do is figure out a way through which the Federal Government may make a definite and authoritative allocation of its part of the funds without an Act of Congress."39 Hay believed the president possessed authority to allocate funds out of PWA or WPA without falling under the expenditure time limit, and that with such power, Roosevelt could solve the problem. Hay then touched on an issue which would affect the memorial several months later. If the President has this authority, then this becomes a question of policy, and in a real sense, of politics. I lay emphasis upon the last word, as I think of what we will be confronted with if for any reason we do not go forward with this project. It might mean the loss of Missouri in the next Presidential election, and the loss of Missouri might mean the loss of the Presidency.40

38 A Sketch of Progress; Murphy to Bon Geaslin, September 30, 1935; Geaslin to Smith, October 16, 1935, all in JNEMA. 39 Charles M. Hay to Geaslin, October 5, 1935, JNEMA. 40 Ibid. 320 Missouri Historical Review

Although Luther Ely Smith agreed with Hay's interpretation, association lawyer Bon Geaslin expressed concern over whether the United States intended to spend the appropriation on improve­ ments; the issue over the city's power to give Washington the full proceeds of the bond issue seemed secondary to him. Geaslin felt if the president allocated the funds with no time limitation, the city would be able to contribute all the allotted funds im­ mediately. But doubt remained over the ability of a presidential order to accomplish both aims. Can the president establish na­ tional parks and memorials by executive order where the site comes from private owners? Secondly, will the order be enough commitment to the city to warrant the city to put up its $7,500,000? If the president did have the power to approve the United States Territorial Expansion Memorial Commission's report and authorize the entire $30,000,000, then Congress would have to agree. If the Justice Department also approved, then the city would. Thus, the stage was set for drafting a presidential executive order au­ thorizing the creation of a national memorial in St. Louis. The order would be a commitment; but at the same time, it would mean to the federal government that no commitment had been made, except for the funds necessary for one year's work.41 Prepared by "Washington advisors" of the association, a draft of an executive order was finished by November 4. City Counselor Hay judged the document to be in ". . . compliance with the decision of the Missouri State Court setting forth the conditions upon the fulfillment of which the City is authorized to turn over the proceeds of the bonds of the proper Federal Authority."42 Mayor Dickmann headed for Washington, D.C., on Novem­ ber 6, with Hay, Edgar Wayman, Smith, Louis La Beaume and commission secretary Russell Murphy. They met with National Park Service officials, Ickes, Hopkins and Justice Department officials. While Hopkins told the group he could start the minute the site became public property, Ickes stressed that the funds must be spent in the fiscal year. After the PWA approved the executive order draft, President Roosevelt received it. He, in turn, sent it to United States Attorney General Homer Cummings for a ruling on its legality.43

41 Telegram, Smith to Geaslin, October 8, 1935; Geaslin to Hay, October 8, 1935; Geaslin to Smith, October 16, 1935, all in JNEMA. 42 "Minutes of Board of Estimate and Apportionment Meeting," Novem­ ber 4, 1935; Hay to Board of Estimate and Apportionment, City of St. Louis, November 5, 1935, both in JNEMA. 43 A Sketch of Progress, JNEMA. Creating the Dream 321

While Cummings labored over his task, the memorial backers waited in Washington. Although they seemed so close to their goal, having promoted and worked to obtain the interest and backing of city and national figures, they faced a tantalizing de­ lay. On November 18, the bomb fell. Cummings replied: "I am herewith transmitting without my approval a proposed executive order approving the establishment and authorizing the construc­ tion of the Thomas Jefferson Territorial Expansion Memorial."44 He believed the president's only authority to construct the project lay in the National Recovery Act and the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935. Funds for the project were available under the latter act, but unfortunately these funds could not be al­ located for future use. "The President has not authority to commit the Congress to future appropriations for the completion of this project," Cummings wrote. Any executive order operating on a legal basis would have to provide for the construction of the project out of funds then available and at the disposal of the president. In Cummings's opinion, the federal government had no right to accept the $7,500,000 from the city of St. Louis on any other basis. To counter the claim that the government had an agreement with the city to build the memorial, Cummings replied that acceptance of money implied only a moral commit­ ment to complete the project, but not a firm legal agreement. He offered an alternative way to obtain the money—ask Congress for it. Only then could the project receive relief funds.45 Cummings's opinion left the association members bewildered. After the August meeting, Secretary Ickes had sought approval of the general plans and an appropriation for the first year's con­ struction. Advisors in the PWA legal department had drafted the executive order. Consultation with the attorney general had never even been discussed. Evidently, Ickes believed the execu­ tive order sufficient since he personally took it to the White House for Roosevelt's signature. Roosevelt, himself, certainly did not expect such a ruling. Missouri Senator Truman had come to Wash­ ington to help, but he returned home after the president's favor­ able statements assured him of the project's approval. At two press conferences during the week, Roosevelt stated he would sign the executive order. Late on November 15, the day when the presi­ dent was expected to sign the order, word came about the delay.

44 Homer Cummings to the President (of the United States) , November 18, 1935, JNEMA. 45 Ibid. 322 Missouri Historical Review

Smith stated: "The Department of Justice had been so coopera­ tive in September that it seemed impossible that there could be any substantial objection coming from that office." Shortly there­ after, the stunned St. Louis delegation returned home empty- handed.46 For the next month Dickmann, Smith and their congressional representatives sought a way to obtain the authorization. Repre­ sentative John Cochran searched for unallocated money controlled by the president, but the director of the Bureau of the Budget reported that no such funds remained in fiscal year 1935. "Frankly, to me, it appears that the red tape is slowly winding itself around this project," Cochran told Dickmann, and he doubted that any appropriation resolution would get through Congress. Dickmann was angry. He telegraphed Senator Clark that Cummings's verdict, that only a moral binding held the government to the project, disappointed him in view of the money spent by St. Louis on the election. "I know I need not impress upon you fact that people

46 A Sketch of Progress; Smith to Kemper, November 27, 1935, both in JNEMA.

Secretary of Interior Harold L. Ickes and Mayor Bernard F. Dickmann in 1938 Dickmann Coll. SHS Creating the Dream 323

St. Louis have ideas too regarding what morally binds. They don't like this even a little bit. If this communication sounds like lessons from pulpit understand I am not responsible for this sudden em­ phasis on moral implications."47 Optimistic as ever, Smith believed this only a temporary set­ back. Regarding it as a challenge, he determined to go right ahead. Geaslin, poking around Washington in search of support, reported that the solicitor general's office would not even suggest any form of executive order which might be approved. These officials went on record as saying the project would proceed only if Congress furnished the money. Cochran discovered the same attitude in the legislature. In view of the attorney general's ruling, Ickes's hands were tied and so were the hands of other government offi­ cials. Russell Murphy summed up everyone's feelings: "We might as well face reality."48 Dickmann returned to Washington, D.C., on December 13, determined to hold the federal government to its agreement with St. Louis. Smith suggested that he "hold fire" with the president until Senators Clark and Truman could arrive, but Dickmann de­ cided to use a little political clout. Unable to gain an audience with Roosevelt, he called Cummings, suggesting that he think not as attorney general but of his role as Democratic National Committeeman. Dickmann reminded Cummings that Roosevelt would be running for reelection the coming year, 1936. If St. Louis was refused this request, Dickmann would not hesitate to lead the fight in Missouri against him. Cummings contacted Post­ master General James Farley (Roosevelt's campaign manager in 1932). They discussed the problem, and Cummings called Dick­ mann back to tell him that they would arrange something. Roose­ velt's secretary, Colonel Mclntyre, called Cummings and two of his assistants, Hopkins and Ickes, into conference to decide a course of action.49 Ickes diary recorded the meeting. Apparently the proj­ ect progressed well until Cummings rendered his adverse opinion.

47 Cochran to Dickmann, November 22, 1935; telegram, Dickmann to Clark, November 26, 1935, both in JNEMA. 48 Smith to Edgar M. Eagan, November 26, 1935; Geaslin to Smith, No­ vember 27, 1935; Cochran to Smith, November 29, 1935; Murphy to Truitt, December 5, 1935, all in JNEMA. 49 Smith to Truitt, December 13, 1935, JNEMA; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, June 9, 1968. Dickmann sat in Roosevelt's anteroom waiting for his 9:30 ap­ pointment when a man "wearing a big black hat" came in, headed straight for FDR's office. This was Homer Cummings, who came out of the office "after what seemed like hours" and told Dickmann that Roosevelt could not release the government money. Dickmann never did get in to see FDR. He returned to his hotel room and made the political phone call to Cummings. 324 Missouri Historical Review

Ickes wrote: "One thing for Homer, however, is that he is agile. He found against it on one ground and now he discovers that he can qualify it under the Historic Sites Act which was passed last session. I rather hooted at this, but since we are all committed up to our eyes on this project, I think we ought to go through with it under whatever guise." The group worked out a solution. Cum­ mings drafted a new executive order, a remarkable change since earlier the Justice Department had refused to have anything to do with drafting the presidential proclamation. Under this order, Hopkins would make a contribution to the Department of the Interior along with the city of St. Louis. Public Works would furnish the balance up to $9 million to be used on the project "until July 1, next" or, the end of the fiscal year.50 Four months previously, on August 21, 1935, President Roose­ velt had signed an act to provide for the preservation of historic sites, buildings, objects and antiquities of national significance. The Historic Sites Act gave the Secretary of the Interior broad powers to carry out this policy through the National Park Service. Among the secretary's powers were: to make a national survey of historic or archaeologic buildings, sites and objects which possess "exceptional value as commemorating or illustrating the history of the United States"; to contract or make agreements with states, mu­ nicipal departments, educational and scientific institutions, associa­ tions and individuals to preserve historic properties; and to acquire any real or personal property for purpose of the act.51 Cummings grabbed at this legality to justify creating a St. Louis memorial to Thomas Jefferson. Officials drafted a new executive order,

50 Harold L. Ickes, The Secret Diary of Harold Ickes—The First Thousand Days 1933-1936 (New York, 1953), 489. Dickmann credited Assistant Attorney General Blair with thinking of the Historic Sites Act as justification for the memorial. St. Louis Globe-Democrat, June 9, 1968. 51 U.S. Statutes at Large, XLIX, Pt. 1 (1936), 666-668. Prior to the His­ toric Sites Act's passage, the president could protect historic areas by another means. On June 8, 1906, President Theodore Roosevelt signed the Antiquities Act, authorizing the president to declare by public proclamation, historic landmarks, structures and other objects of interest to be National Monuments. This act made no provision for survey work, and the Department of the In­ terior often had to rely on other sources for National Monument recom­ mendations. In 1933 President Franklin Roosevelt recognized that there was no definite, broad policy for maintaining historic sites and sources. With his support, the Historic Sites Act was conceived, drafted, introduced in Con­ gress, heard in committee, amended, passed and signed into law in twenty- two months. Besides giving the secretary of the interior authority to designate National Historic Sites, the act resulted in establishing the National Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings for evaluating historic sites and buildings proposed for inclusion in the National Park Service. Robert F. Lee, Family Tree of the National Park System (Philadelphia, 1971), 13, 47-50. St. Louis Riverfront Reclamation

Ssf,

•sHB* *z Dickmann Coll. SHS

Dickmann Coll. SHS Mayor Dickmann assists at ground breaking ceremonies (above). Mayor Dickmann (below) autographs bricks from the riverfront, 1939. Piaget Studio, St. Louis NPS, Jeff. Nat. Exp. Mem. Hedrich-Blessing Studio, Chicago 326 Missouri Historical Review

allocating $3,300,000 WPA funds and $3,450,000 PWA funds (under the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935) for site acquisi­ tion. Combined with the city contribution of $2,250,000 (3-1 ratio), the order provided $9,000,000 for one year's work. On Decem­ ber 21, 1935, President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 7253 designating the Secretary of the Interior to acquire and develop the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial. This became the coun­ try's first national historic site designated under the Historic Sites Act.52 In addition to the historic significance of the area, Roosevelt cited another reason for the creation of the memorial. In 1935, at the height of the depression, Roosevelt stated the project would be a useful one, and would "provide relief, work relief and in­ creased employment."53 Thus the memorial existed for two rea­ sons: to memorialize westward expansion and to provide more employment within St. Louis. Mayor Dickmann returned home triumphant. He believed this order to be better than the original since the site was taken for its historical value and placed directly under the control of the Department of the Interior. Russell Murphy, considering the vic­ tory as St. Louis's "Christmas present," asked Senator Barkley how long Santa Claus had been living in Barkley's home state of Kentucky. "This makes a mighty fine ending of the old year," exclaimed Smith.54 Perhaps. Three days after Roosevelt signed the executive order, opposition again erupted. A taxpayer's suit attempted to stop the city of St. Louis from issuing and selling the bonds. Little did Smith realize that his memorial to Thomas Jefferson, which eventually took form as the Gateway Arch, faced thirty years more of delay before it would become reality.

52 U. S. Executive Order 7253, in Clifford L. Lord, ed., Presidential Execu­ tive Orders (New York, 1944) , 616. 53 Ibid. 54 Dickmann to D'Arcy, December 23, 1935; telegram, Murphy to Senator and Mrs. Alben Barkley, December 24, 1935; Smith to Cochran, December 31, 1935, all in JNEMA.

A Fool and His Money

St. Louis The Gridiron, October, 1903. HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS NEWS IN BRIEF

On October 4, some 300 persons at­ Dr. Lewis E. Atherton, president tended the dedication of a historical of the State Historical Society and marker in the McDowell community professor emeritus of American His­ in Barry County. State Senator Emory tory at the University of Missouri- Melton, who grew up in the com­ Columbia, received a Western His­ munity and prepared the inscription torical Association Award of Merit for the marker, was the guest speaker. during the Twenty-first Annual Con­ Miss Concha Marbut, of Springfield, ference on History of Western Amer­ and Mrs. Tracy Snodgrass, of Aurora, ica, held in San Antonio, Texas, Oc­ made the arrangements for the pro­ tober 14-17, 1981. Established in 1977, gram. Both natives of McDowell, they the Award of Merit recognizes mem­ also are descendants of early settlers bers of the Western Historical As­ in the community. The McDowell sociation who have "distinguished School Association sponsored the erec­ themselves in teaching or in research tion of the two-sided marker which and publication, or through participa­ relates the history of the community tion in organizations or activities and lists the donors. The community which promote interest in western had been named McDonald in 1840 history." Nineteen Awards of Merit when the Barry County seat moved have been given since 1977. there. In 1845 Cassville became the A member of the University of Mis­ county seat. The community was re­ souri-Columbia history faculty, 1936- named McDowell with the establish­ 1973, Dr. Atherton has written numer­ ment of a post office in 1858. Ralph ous articles for historical journals and and Rethal Williams donated the plot four books, The Pioneer Merchant in for the marker which is located at Mid-America (revised in 1971 as The the junction of county highways C Frontier Merchant in Mid-America), and W. The Southern Country Store 1800-1860, Main Street on the Middle Border and McDowell Marker The Cattle Kings. He has been a trustee of the State Historical Society since 1968 and a member of its Fi­ nance Committee since 1974. On March 27 a taped interview with Dr. Atherton will be presented at the Santa Fe Trail Center, Lamed, Kansas. His topic, "The Santa Fe Trader as Mercantile Capitalist," is one of six Santa Fe Trade topics to be addressed during the Center's "Ren­ dezvous 1982" symposium, March 25- 27. Dr. Atherton's book, The Pioneer Merchant in Mid-America, was used as a reference for developing the ex­ hibits' story-line at the Santa Fe Trail Center. 327 328 Missouri Historical Review

With gifts from Missouri authors the Lexington Library and Historical and educators, the State Historical So­ Association. ciety of Missouri has established the Alice Irene Fitzgerald Collection of Missouri's Literary Heritage for Chil­ On December 9, 10 and 13, South­ dren and Youth. Dr. A. Irene Fitzger­ west Missouri State University pre­ ald, professor emeritus of the Univer­ sented public premieres of two film sity of Missouri College of Education, portraits of the Ozarks in Craig Hall made the initial contribution of 132 Theater on the campus in Springfield. books in December 1981 and added Entitled, Shannon County: Home and 201 books in February 1982. Ida Chit- Shannon County: The Hearts Of The tum, Marian Potter, Cena Christopher Children, the films had been funded Draper, Rhoda Wooldridge and other by the National Endowment for the authors have donated copies of their Humanities. The Center for Ozarks books to the Society's holdings of Mis­ Studies, SMSU, and Veriation Films, souri-related works for young readers, Palo Alto, California, jointly produced which will occupy a special shelving the films. area in the Society's reference library. The collection takes its name from The Historic Preservation Program, Dr. Fitzgerald's bibliography, Mis­ Missouri Department of Natural Re­ souri's Literary Heritage for Children sources reported several sites that re­ and Youth, recently published by the cently have been entered on the Na­ University of Missouri Press. tional Register of Historic Places. They include: the Clay brook House, in Clay County; Kennett City Hall Recently the State Historical So­ and Masonic Lodge, Dunklin County; ciety received thirty-three volumes of the Confederate Chapel, Cemetery and business records to add to its pres­ Cottage, in Lafayette County; and tigious collection of Aull family rec­ Alley Spring Roller Mill and the Chil­ ords. These nineteenth-century ma­ ton-Williams Farm Complex, both in terials were the products of James, Shannon County. Robert and John Aull, prominent Lexington merchants and important members of the Santa Fe and South­ The Jefferson National Expansion west trades. Historical Association reported that The Lexington Library and His­ over 30 traveling exhibits are avail­ torical Association loaned to the So­ able through the Museum Education ciety eight volumes of Aull family Office. The program, funded by the business records, 1839-1869, for micro­ Missouri Arts Council, offers quality filming. Mrs. C. W. Cleverdon, of reproductions for display in museums, Lexington, provided for microfilming, galleries, schools, libraries and other twenty-five volumes of Aull family public facilities throughout the state. business records, 1830-1862. The two Exhibits can be booked for periods loans include letter books, account of approximately one month and are books, daybooks, storage books, cash offered free. The only cost is shipping books, inventories and journals which to the next exhibitor. To receive forms add significantly to the Aull materials or for information call (314) 425-4472, already in the Society's possession. The or write Jefferson National Expansion Society gratefully acknowledges the Memorial, Museum Education Office, XT A+U C*. coino Historical Notes and Comments 329

LOCAL HISTORICAL SOCIETIES

Affton Historical Society is part of the series, "A Personal Officers of the Society for 1982 are History of the United States," nar­ Jeannine Cook, president; Tony Dill, rated by Alistair Cooke. vice president; John Fotsch, treasurer; Ross Durbin presented a program Mildred Posek, recording secretary; on "Christmas in Baden" at the De­ and Connie Boehlau, corresponding cember 12 meeting. secretary. The program at the January 9 Members held their January 28 meeting featured the showing of Gate­ quarterly meeting at the Affton Pres­ way to the West, a movie about St. byterian Church. Representatives from Louis. The film presented the history the University City Historical Society of St. Louis with emphasis on the presented the program. city's role in the westward expansion of the United States. Audrain County Historical Society The Society's museum in Mexico Barton County Historical Society opened on January 5 for the new Twenty-four persons attended the season and featured exhibits on Mis­ January 10 meeting in Law Chapel souri's two governors from Audrain of the United Methodist Church, County, Charles H. Hardin and Chris­ Lamar. Dr. Thomas Carroll gave the topher S. Bond. Other exhibits include program on the history of 91 Barton the silver and household objects of County rural schools. Once thickly the Morris family and photographs of dotting the county, the rural schools old homes in the area. Museum hours met their demise in the mid-1960s. are 1 to 4 P.M., Tuesday through Sat­ Dr. Carroll illustrated his talk with urday. color slides and maps which pin­ On January 18, the Society's board pointed the school locations. of directors held an organizational Members have copied birth, funeral meeting at the museum and discussed and death records and prepared an goals for the year. Mrs. Janet B. alphabetical card file, ready for use. Nesheim, the newly elected president President Max Lucas is directing the of the Society, welcomed two new publication of the cemetery records. members to the board. Bates County Historical Society Aurora Missouri Historical Society Max Sproul presented the program The Society held its December 29 at the November 12 meeting in the meeting at the Aurora City Hall. Stagecoach Depot at the Bates County Maxine Armstrong displayed an 1891 Museum of Pioneer History, Butler. pen and ink drawing of Aurora, a He displayed and discussed a number photograph of a former engine on of antique clocks. the Greenfield and Northern Rail­ Members held their annual meet­ road and a quilt made in 1925 and ing, January 14. President C. A. Moore 1926. She also gave a short history of gave the 1981 annual report. The or­ each item. ganization is beginning its 21st year Baden Historical Society of activities. Art Evans presented the The Society held its November 14 program on early schools of Bates meeting in the Baden Library Audi­ County. He emphasized the Oak Grove torium in St. Louis. Members viewed rural school in Deepwater Township The More Abundant Life. This film near the community of Spruce. 330 Missouri Historical Review

Founded in 1869, the school closed Bethel German Communal Colony in 1952. A number of persons related On December 6, the Colony held their own experiences in a rural school the annual Christmas event in Bethel. of the county. Colony homes were decorated for the holiday. The event also included visits Bellevue Valley Historical Society from the Black Santa and Saint Nich­ Members held their December 9 olas, music by the German band, the meeting at the Caledonia Methodist children's choir and the German lan­ Church. Mildred Horton, president, guage chorus, and films for the chil­ displayed a collection of old Christmas dren. cards. Members discussed the early history of cards and other holiday cus­ Caldwell County Historical Society toms. Officers of the Society are Leonard The Society reported that all the Orr, president; David Reed, first vice material for the Bellevue Valley His­ president; Miss Frances Vermillion, tory has been sent to the publishing second vice president; Mrs. Mary Mc- company. The finished books are Narie, secretary; and Mrs. Lorene scheduled for distribution in April. Carroll, treasurer.

Belton Historical Society Camden County Historical Society At the October 18 meeting in the The Society received a donation of Belton Museum, the following officers $100 from the Rotary Club following were elected: Mrs. Ruth Graham, their special tour of the Society's president; Walt Killilae, first vice museum in Linn Creek. president; A. L. Dodson, second vice president; Nita Drury, recording sec­ Cape Girardeau County retary; Martha Klapmeyer, corre­ Historical Society sponding secretary; and Janelle Har­ William R. White gave the program ris, treasurer. at the September 26 meeting in the On December 11, a group of 540 Jackson City Library. An assistant visitors from 40 states, including Alas­ professor of History at Southeast Mis­ ka and Hawaii and 12 foreign coun­ souri State University, Cape Girar­ tries, visited the Belton Museum. Spon­ deau, Mr. White presented a lecture sors, associates, officers and guests of and showed slides. He recently re­ Dale Carnegie and Associates, Inc., turned from a six-week seminar in composed the group. Among the guests Israel at the Hebrew University of were Mrs. Dorothy Carnegie and Don­ Jerusalem and was one of 28 Ful- na Dale Carnegie, widow and daugh­ bright fellows selected by the U.S. ter of the famed author. They had Department of Education for the tour. not visited the city since 1955 at the Carondelet Historical Society time of Dale Carnegie's burial in Bel­ The Society held its Christmas party, ton. On behalf of Mrs. Carnegie, J. December 13, at the Southern Com­ Oliver Crom, president of Dale Car­ mercial Bank, Carondelet. Members negie and Associates, Inc., presented enjoyed refreshments, prizes and en­ the Historical Society with a check tertainment. for $2,500. Mrs. Ruth Graham, presi­ dent of the Society, accepted the check Cass County Historical Society along with a copy of the revised book, Society officers for 1982 are Ronald How to Win Friends and Influence Mawson, president; Mrs. Marjorie People. This book catapulted Dale Reid, first vice president; Mrs. Con- Historical Notes and Comments 331

Dolores Crockett, recording secretary; made by Fred Henke, Salisbury, and Mrs. Katherine Kenagy, corresponding entitled Wild Life in Chariton County. secretary; and Mrs. Irene H. Webster, treasurer. Civil War Round Table The Society met on January 24 at of Kansas City the Community Federal Building in William S. Wood presented the pro­ Harrisonville. Mrs. Dolores Crockett, gram at the January 26 meeting at of Belton, presented the program on Twin Oaks Restaurant, Kansas City. Carry Nation. He spoke on the topic, "A Limited Comparison of Civil War Tactics with Cedar County Historical Society Those Used During the Vietnam Con­ The Society held its October 26 flict." meeting in the Stockton Methodist Officers of the Round Table for Church. For the program, Mrs. Mar­ 1982 are Richard South all, president; garet Landreth read an article from Orvis Fitts, first vice president; Don­ the Cedar County Breeze, an old news­ ald Bates, second vice president; James paper formerly published in Filley. Davis, secretary; Gregory Herman, Lawrence Hembree gave a history of treasurer; Douglas Seneker, program his family. director; and Tom Day, newsletter editor. Mr. and Mrs. Bill Martin, of radio station KESM in El Dorado Springs, Civil War Round Table presented the program at the No­ of St. Louis vember 20 meeting in the Jerico Father William B. Faherty spoke Springs Community Hall. They gave at the December 2 meeting in Schneit- a talk on the workings of a radio horst's Restaurant. He addressed the station. Round Table on St. Louis and the On December 13, the Society spon­ Civil War. sored an open house at Hoff Manor, On January 27, the Round Table the oldest house in Stockton. A large met at the Heritage House. Dr. Steven group of visitors viewed the house Rowan presented the program on "St. which has been restored by its present Louis Germans and the Secession owners, Mr. and Mrs. J. B. Mitchell. Crisis." Research for the talk grew out of Dr. Rowan's work on the Ger­ Centralia Historical Society man-language newspapers of St. Louis Open house at the Centralia Mu­ for the period 1856-1862. seum, December 13, featured a huge Christmas tree surrounded with pack­ Civil War Round Table ages and toys. Entertainment for the of the Ozarks event included carol singing and book Members held their November 11 displays, and sweets could be pur­ meeting at the 89er Restaurant in chased from the food and baked sale. Springfield. Donald R. Holliday spoke Christmas decorations at the museum on "The Civil War in Ozark Folk remained up for viewing by the public Humor." Dr. Holliday is an associate from December 13 through January 1. professor of English at Southwest Mis­ souri State University, Springfield, and Chariton County Historical Society serves as editor of the publication, Members brought a sack lunch to MidAmerica Folklore. Officers elected the January 17 meeting in the mu­ for 1982 were George Matkov, presi­ seum building, Salisbury. The pro­ dent; John Arnold, first vice president; gram consisted of a narrative film Rick Hatcher, second vice president; 332 Missouri Historical Review

Steve Harmon, secretary; Bill Wood, January 9 meeting. In the planning treasurer; Jim Joplin, historian; and session, they discussed future program Vic Bovee, editor. ideas. The December 9 meeting and Christ­ Officers for 1982 are Immell Thur- mas dinner featured a talk entitled, man, president; Frances K. Orr, vice "Petticoat Patriots." Dr. Grace Gard­ president; Louise Scearce, secretary; ner discussed the role of women in and Wilbur Shoemaker, treasurer. the Civil War with an emphasis on nursing. Cole County Historical Society Capt. Darrell L. Combs, of the The Society has announced the re­ Springfield Marine Reserve unit, pre­ cipient of the annual Catharine and sented the program at the January 13 Alex Hope Award to be Tom E. meeting of the Round Table. He spoke Turpin. The award honors a Cole on "The Veteran Volunteer of the County resident for outstanding con­ Union Army." tributions in the dissemination, pres­ ervation, recording or instilling inter­ Clay County Historical Society est in the history of the county. A The January 14 meeting at the member of the Society, Mr. Turpin courthouse in Liberty featured a pro­ long has been active in the Mid-Mis­ gram on quilts. Mrs. Noni Guilfoil souri Genealogical Society. The award, gave a talk and displayed several presented by Society president Mary quilts. Many members of the Society Lee Epstein, recognized Mr. Turpin's brought old or unusual quilts for dis­ many accomplishments in chronicling play. records of Cole County. Work progresses on the historic Up- Clinton County Historical Society schulte House. The building commit­ The Society met November 14 at tee, chaired by Maurice Dallmeyer, the county courthouse in Plattsburg. has completed all except the interior Several persons from Missouri West­ paint work. Mrs. Joy Rose removed ern State College in St. Joseph pre­ the old paint and prepared the old sented the program on "Readers' woodwork for repainting. The So­ Theater: Women Writers Along the ciety's museum office will soon move Rivers." Jane Frick, assistant profes­ to the Upschulte House. sor of English, coordinated the project Officers for 1982-1983 are Dr. Jo­ which is based at Missouri Western seph S. Summers, Jr., president; Mrs. State College. Dr. Frances Flanagan, George A. Rozier, first vice president; professor emerita, coordinated the John McHenry, second vice president; slides for the writings and assisted Mrs. Ross Geary, secretary; and Irma with the reading. Isabel Sparks, as­ Canada, treasurer. sociate professor, and Martha Spiers, librarian at the DeKalb County Li­ Concordia Historical Institute brary, assisted with the reading. "Read­ The Institute sponsored its 16th ers' Theater" consists of readings and Conference on Archives and History slides which reflect the nature of wom­ at its headquarters on the campus of en's lifestyles and their writings in Concordia Seminary in St. Louis on the area during pioneer times (1850- November 11-13. Some 80 registrants 1880), spanning the centuries (1880- from all over the U.S. and Canada 1920) and only yesterday (1920-1950) . attended the conference relating to Sixteen members were present at the religious archival and historical work. Historical Notes and Comments 333

On November 11, the conference par­ Creve Coeur Chesterfield ticipated in the dedication of a me­ Historical Society morial to military and Veterans' Ad­ The Society recently received a grant ministration chaplains in the lobby from the Missouri Committee for the of the Institute building. General John Humanities to process the archives of C. Vessey, vice chief of staff for the the organization. army, spoke at the dedication. The Members presently are taping recol­ second day of the conference began lections of life-long residents. with the installation of the Rev. Kurt A. T. Bodling as reference and re­ Dade County Historical Society search assistant at the Institute. Pres­ The Society met in the recreation entations at the conference included: hall of Retirement Homes No. 2, "Conducting a Workshop on Church Greenfield, on January 5. The meet­ History," by Glenn Offermann; "Con­ ing began a series of programs on ducting an Oral History Interview," the histories of the churches of the by Gottfried Naumann; "Restoring county. Mrs. Katharine Courtney pre­ and Rehabilitating Church Proper­ sented the history of the Ebenezer ties," by Institute President Gerhardt Presbyterian Church, Greenfield, or­ Kramer; and "Transcribing Fraktur ganized in 1842. A display featured Script," by Hans Mueller. Participants church records, items from the cen­ observed "Esther Stahlke Day" on the tennial celebration and photographs third day of the conference. Mrs. of early ministers and the church Stahlke was the first historian of the building. International Lutheran Women's Mis­ Dallas County Historical Society sionary League. The Society met in the courthouse, On November 11, the Institute held Buffalo, on November 6. Mrs. Lucile its 21st regular convention in Koburg Scott gave a program relating to old- Dining Hall of Concordia Seminary, time cooking and other household The featured speakers, Dr. Frederik chores of the 1800s. A. Schiotz and Dr. Conrad Bergendoff, At the December 4 meeting, in the both received awards for outstanding O'Bannon Community Building, Buf­ contributions to the field of Lutheran falo, the following officers were elected history and archives. The Institute also for 1982: Lucille Jackson, president; presented thirteen other awards of Lawrence Holt, first vice president; commendation to individuals or or­ Mary McKown, second vice president; ganizations in the field during 1980. Patricia McDowell, recording secretary; The Distinguished Service Award was Leni Howe, corresponding secretary; presented posthumously to the Rev. and Anna Marie Hawkins, treasurer. Dr. Roy A. Suelflow, late professor The Society expressed appreciation for at Concordia Seminary, St. Louis, and gifts of $1,000 each, from Vest and former missionary to China, Japan Mary Frances Davis and the Rev. Earl and Taiwan. T. Sechler and family. Members also discussed plans to mark historic build­ Cook Settlement Restoration ings in 1982. Society Officers of the Society are Charles DeKalb County Historical Society Chapman, president; Sterling Kiepe, The program for the October 18 vice president; Mrs. William Ragsdale, meeting in the county courthouse, secretary; and C. Kenneth Wade, treas­ Maysville, featured "Women Writers urer. Along the Rivers." These women lived 334 Missouri Historical Review and wrote in the northwestern Mis­ ican Legion Hall in Ste. Genevieve. souri counties of Andrew, Atchison, Members of the Childgrove Coun­ Buchanan, Clinton, DeKalb, Holt and try Dancers of St. Louis in period Nodaway, and the northeastern Kan­ costumes demonstrated eighteenth-cen­ sas counties of Atchison, Brown and tury American dances. The dancing Doniphan, between 1850 and 1950. master explained the history of fron­ Some authors were famous and others tier dances with stories from the were not known beyond their own diaries of early travelers. communities. All spoke from the past and opened a rich heritage revealing Franklin County Historical Society the images of women and their times. Forty members and guests attended DeKalb County writers included poet the December 6 meeting at the Pru­ Florence Amelia Bloom of Maysville, dential Building in Union. They dis­ poet Ethel Mae Duke of Amity and cussed plans for the museum fund Hallie Barrow of near Clarksdale wTho drive. Charles O'Brien, of Gerald, pre­ broadcasts from her living room farm sented the program with a "Chalk columns over radio station KFEQ. Talk" on the holiday theme. He was Those assisting with the program were accompanied by background music and Mrs. Jane Frick, coordinator, Joyce poems written and quoted by LeRoy Humel and Dr. Frances Flanagan from Danz. Mrs. Madelyn Warnhoff played Missouri Western College in St. Jo­ Christmas carols on the piano for seph, and Martha Spiers of Maysville. group singing. On November 15, the Society met Friends of Missouri Town-1855 at the Presbyterian-Christian Church Missouri Town invited the public in Stewartsville. Mrs. Leslie Keesa- to join in celebrating a pioneer Christ­ man gave the history of the Presby­ mas at the historic village at Lake terian and Christian churches whose Jacomo, December 12-13. Highlights congregations have combined. of the event included decorations and festivities of early Missouri, a ride in Dent County Historical Society horsedrawn vehicles and singing of The Society held a covered-dish din­ carols. Hosts and hostesses in period ner and meeting on December 11 at costumes greeted visitors at the re­ the Community Center in Salem. Dane stored houses. Home-baked cookies and Nichols, conservation agent for Dent hot spiced tea were served at the vil- County, gave the program. He showed age tavern. A number of 1850 period the film, Our Wild Inheritance, which craft items could be purchased to raise featured wildlife found in Missouri funds for future village activities. and its habitat. Friends of Missouri Town-1855 and Florissant Valley Historical Society the Jackson County Park Department President Harold Lisak gave his an­ sponsored the event. nual report at the Society's annual meeting, January 31, in Taille de Gasconade County Historical Society Noyer. Members also discussed plans The Society reported that the Brush for the coming year. & Palette Club, Inc., of Hermann, has funded restoration of one room in Foundation For Restoration the Society's museum building in Of Ste. Genevieve Owensville. Members continue work On December 11, the Foundation on the survey of county cemeteries held an early American Christmas and plan for publication of the com­ celebration and feast at the Amer­ pleted survey. Historical Notes and Comments 335

Grand River Historical Society William S. Harney The Society held its annual carry- Historical Society in dinner and membership meeting, Vice president Wally Anderson ar­ February 9, at the Community Room ranged the Christmas dinner and of the Coburn Building, Chillicothe. served as master of ceremonies at the The program featured a showing of December 11 meeting in the Holiday a motion picture of Chillicothe in Inn, Sullivan. Twenty-nine members the 1930s. The Society had copied and and guests attended. Shirley Hutchins rejuvenated the original film, owned and George Feltz, president and cura­ by Bill Hawkins. It had been improved tor respectively of the St. Charles by the addition of a tape narration County Historical Society, presented a by Ruth Seiberling and Jack McCall. slide program featuring historic res­ Following the meeting and program, toration. the Society's board elected the follow­ Officers for 1982 are Jack Schoon- ing officers: Willa Jane Smith, presi­ over, president; Wally Anderson, vice dent; Dr. Frank Stark and Robert president; Charolette Schnieder, sec­ Skinner, vice presidents; Elizabeth retary; Stanley Schaffer, treasurer; and Ewen, secretary; Leo Hopper, treas­ Bernard M. Brown, historian and urer; and Dr. John Neal, acting newsletter editor. curator. Phoebe. Apperson Hearst Grandview Historical Society Historical Society Some 60 persons attended the ham- The Society held its annual his­ turkey potluck supper, December 7, torical tour on October 4. Members in the community building, Grand- visited the Polish and German settle­ view. ments in the Krakow and Clover Bot­ tom communities. After viewing the Mrs. Ethel Strode spoke on the "His­ largest green ash tree in the United tory of Opaque Glass," at the Feb­ ruary 1 meeting. States, the tour ended at the old home of Herman Kiel, the first historian At the March 1 meeting, Sterling of Franklin County. Goddard presented the program on Members met on December 6 for a "Tracing Your Ancestors." carry-in dinner and the annual meet­ ing at the I.O.O.F. Hall in St. Clair. Greene County Historical Society Officers elected were Ralph Gregory, On December 3, the Society held president; Elizabeth Bruns, vice presi­ a covered-dish dinner and meeting at dent; Mabel Reed, secretary-treasurer; the Christ Episcopal Church in Spring­ and Helen Ely, historian. field. Mrs. B. J. Turner, of the Spring­ field Sites Board, presented a certifi­ Historical Association cate to the church concerning its listing of Greater Cape Girardeau on the Register of Historic Sites. Mary The Association's November 9 meet­ Williams gave a talk on the church ing featured a tour of Old St. Vincent's and members of the Society toured Church in Cape Girardeau. The pro­ the building. The following officers gram also included the history of the were installed for 1982: Dr. Wayne church, one of the city's most im­ Bartee, president; Hayward Barnett, portant historical buildings, built in vice president; Mrs. Louise Hull, sec­ 1851-1853. retary; and Mrs. Mary Howard, trea­ On November 14, some 400 persons surer. attended "A Gourmet's Extravaganza," 336 Missouri Historical Review the 13th annual Heritage Ball, at the Bolivar United Methodist Church, Arena in Cape Girardeau. The event members of the Bolivar High School featured an opening cocktail party, a choir provided the musical program. French, German and Spanish buffet, The choir has been invited to attend the Waterloo German Band and Cruise the International Youth Music Fes­ Control. Andy Dirnberger, head chef tival to be held in Vienna, Austria, for the buffet, was crowned with a this summer. A free-will offering was chef's hat as the year's most honored taken at the meeting to help the man of the ball. The evening also choir's fund-raising drive. included the heritage auction. Iron County Historical Society The Association held the first show­ The Society met at the First Baptist ing of the Glenn House Christmas, Church in Ironton on January 18. 1981, on November 21, and over 1,000 Members brought items for display people viewed the house before Jan­ and participated in a "show and tell" uary 1. Special exhibits included dolls program. addressing Christmas cards and a dis­ play of early cards, paper decorations Jackson County Historical Society and seals, three generations of toys The Society held its annual dinner from the Col. G. C. Thilenius family meeting on November 17 at the Uni­ and a 1918 dollhouse. versity Club in downtown Kansas City. The January 11 meeting at Chateau Mrs. Coleman Branton, Society presi­ Girardeau featured a program on dent, presented certificates of apprecia­ "Views of the Garfield Assassination." tion to two Independence civic organi­ The 100th anniversary of the death of zations for their help in restorations. President James A. Garfield was Sep­ Mrs. Hugh Stewart, president of the tember 19, 1981. Tom H. Gerhardt Young Matrons, received its award for presented the program and showed support of work done on the school- glass slides from the 1880s depicting house at the old Jail Museum. Mrs. the life and death of Garfield. George Kapke, Junior Service League president, accepted the League's award Historical Association for its assistance with the Bingham- of Greater St. Louis Waggoner restoration project. A talk On March 21, Jules Zanger, pro­ and slide presentation by Day and fessor of English at Southern Illinois Whitney Kerr highlighted the evening. LTniversity, Edwardsville, spoke on They told about their year-long proj­ "Showboats," at the Missouri Histori­ ect of restoring a pre-Civil War farm­ cal Society in St. Louis. The address house at Arrow Rock. Some 185 mem­ was part of the Association's Ralph P. bers and friends viewed the slides Bieber Memorial Lecture Series. which featured before and after views of the house. Members authorized an Historical Society of Polk County increase in individual membership The Thanksgiving meeting, Novem­ dues from $10 to $15 and a change ber 19, in the Joe Davis Family Res­ in other membership categories. taurant, near Bolivar, featured a buffet On January 10, members held their dinner. Dr. Don Baker presented the annual meeting at the Harry S. program on life in the back country Truman Presidential Library in In­ of Old Mexico. Dr. Baker spent time dependence. The program featured a the past summer living among the presentation on historic preservation. neighbors to the south. Standing committees presented reports A* «-U,o. Tonnonr 9.1 moptinnr in thf» fnr the vear. Historical Notes and Comments 337

Jasper County Historical Society Dr. Frederick Spletstoser, professor Officers of the Society for 1982 are of American History at the University Walter H. Krummel, president; Jack of Missouri-Kansas City, presented the Janney, Polly White, Nell Peterson program at the Posse's February 9 and Dan Crutcher, vice presidents; meeting. He spoke on the topic, "Im­ Mrs. Pat West, recording secretary; ages of the Frontier in American Lit­ C. G. Belk, corresponding secretary; erature." Nadine Crockett and Don Adamson, treasurers; and Marvin Van Gilder, Kingdom of Callaway historian. Historical Society Mrs. Thelma Denton presented the Joplin Historical Society program at the November 16 meeting The Society sponsored an annual in the Fulton Presbyterian Church. Christmas Homes Tour on Decem­ She spoke on "The History of Glass ber 6. Dwellings, opened to the public, In America" and displayed several spanned almost eight decades of archi­ pieces for inspection and discussion tecture and design from a modern after the program. Spanish baronial home to a 75-year- On December 6-9, the Society, in old, oak-laden apartment building. conjunction with William Woods Col­ Also on display at Schifferdecker Park lege Student Chapter of the American was a playhouse built by James Leon­ Association of Interior Designers, held ard for his two children, about 1898. "An Early American Christmas" open In 1981, 9,599 people visited the house at the museum in Fulton. Dorothea B. Hoover Historical Mu­ seum. This was an increase of more Laclede County Historical Society than 1,000 from the previous year. The Society met November 24 at Wyota Restaurant in Lebanon. Esther Kansas City Westerners Griffin, who writes articles on folk­ The Posse held its November 10 lore for the Lebanon Daily Record, meeting at the Homestead Country presented the program. She spoke on Club in Prairie Village, Kansas. Dr. "Earth foods, plants and medicinal Richard McKinzie, a nationally known herbs used by the Indians and taught oral history expert and professor of to our pioneer forefathers." Samples History at the University of Missouri- of earth foods were served to the Kansas City, presented the program. group. Dr. McKinzie, who has interviewed At the January 25 meeting a group over 300 individuals involved with the from Lebanon High School presented Truman Administration, spoke on the a musical program on "Songs of the uses of oral history and the skills and Good Old Days." The Society an­ techniques used by the oral historian. nounced completion of its project to The December 8 meeting featured document all the cemeteries of the the annual Christmas party and gift county. exchange. Poet Daniel Jaffe was the guest speaker and recited his narrative Lawrence County Historical Society poem on "Daniel Freeman." Freeman, The November 8 meeting in Jones the first Nebraskan to meet the Home­ Memorial Chapel, Mt. Vernon, fea­ stead Act's requirements, is credited tured a patriotic program. Veterans with being the nation's first home­ from World W7ar II, the Korean Con­ steader. Professor Jaffe also read his flict and the Vietnam War and two other works relating to the pioneer widows representing World War I vet­ era. erans were honored guests. 338 Missouri Historical Review

Professor Don Seneker of Missouri Missouri Historical Society Southern State College, Joplin, pre­ At their October 21 meeting in the sented the program at the January 17 Jefferson Memorial Building, Forest meeting. He told about Civil War Park, St. Louis, Society trustees elected activities in Southwest Missouri. the following officers: James H. Members voted to establish an en­ Howe III, president; Harold M. Stuhl, dowment fund to benefit the historical George S. Rosborough, Jr., and Rob­ museum in Jones Memorial Chapel. ert O. Palmer, vice presidents; Taylor Primarily memorials will honor de­ S. Desloge, treasurer; B. Franklin Ras- ceased family members. sieur, Jr., assistant treasurer; White- Officers for 1982 are Fred Mies- law T. Terry, Jr., secretary; and Mrs. winkel, president; Mrs. Wes Ruckert, William Maffitt Bates, Jr., assistant first vice president; Bill Mayhew, sec­ secretary. ond vice president; Mrs. Charles R. The Society has issued a new publi­ Stark, secretary-treasurer; and Mrs. cation, entitled "Prevue," a calendar Miriam Brown, corresponding secre­ of upcoming Society events, lectures, tary. workshops and short courses. Miller County Historical Society A potluck dinner preceded the Jan­ Moniteau County Historical Society uary 10 meeting in the courthouse The Society met January 18 at the annex, Tuscumbia. The Reverend Earl Fellowship Hall in the California Brown presented a slide program on Christian Church. Ginnie Wallace, a his recent visit to the Holy Land. botanist for the Missouri Department of Conservation, presented the pro­ Mine Au Breton Historical Society gram on "Missouri's Natural History." The Society held its October 20 The Society's recently published His­ meeting at the Washington County tory of Moniteau County currently is Courthouse in Potosi. The program sold out, but a limited number will featured a slide-tape presentation, be available in May. "Missouri Origins: The Landscape of Officers for 1982 are Gary Schmidt, Home." president; Grace Clay, vice president; Members viewed "Digging Up Amer­ Norman Moser, treasurer; and Becky ica's Past" at the November 17 meet­ Bloch, secretary. ing. On December 7, the Society com­ John G. Neihardt pleted its first year of reorganization Corral of Westerners with a reception. The event initiated On October 10-11, the Corral held sales of the Society's first publication a weekend rendezvous at historic Bon- project, a reprint edition of the rare nots Mill, east of Jefferson City. Corral Capt. Frederick Will 1885 map of Deputy Sheriff and Mrs. Robert E. Washington County. Bregant hosted members as overnight At the January 19 meeting, mem­ guests in the restored Dauphine Hotel. bers discussed plans for a historical The Bregants own the hotel which museum for Potosi and elected offi­ is on the National Register of Historic cers. The following officers were Places. Activities consisted of a barge elected: George Showaiter, president; float on the Missouri River, a dinner Mrs. Catherine Polete, vice president; and regular meeting with a program Mrs. Marie Edgar, secretary; and How­ on the history of Bonnots Mill and ard Higginbotham, treasurer. tours of the area including old ceme- Historical Notes and Comments 339

teries. Corral members voted to make Pemiscot County Historical Society the rendezvous an annual fall event The Society held its October 23 at Bonnots Mill. meeting in the Colonial Federal Build­ Dr. Raymond Wood, professor of ing, Caruthersville. Sara Ruth Petersen Anthropology at the University of Mis­ gave the program, "The Land of the souri-Columbia, presented the program Levees." She explained the topography at the November 12 meeting at the and related the way of life for the Flaming Pit in Columbia. He gave a early and later residents of the Pemi­ travelogue, "After Maximilian and scot area. Bodmer on the Upper Missouri River." Alberta Klemp spoke on "The New Madrid Earthquake" at the Novem­ Nodaway County Historical Society ber 21 meeting. She presented various An open house, December 5-6, at accounts and descriptions of the area the Society's museum in Maryville, from the writings of earlier days. featured a Victorian Christmas cele­ Members also shared their knowledge bration. Handmade ornaments deco­ of the disaster. rated the tree, and old dolls, books, On January 22, James R. Murphy, games, an electric train, wooden creche the recorder of deeds, presented the and lighted village were on display. program. He related that the "Re­ Posters explained how traditions had corder's office is a history book which grown and diminished through the reflects the story of the people since years. A country store, bake sale and 1883, their property transactions, their donations helped defray the expenses marriages, their lives." for the home. Perry County Lutheran Old Trails Historical Society Historical Society Members held their regular meet­ On October 18, in the Mini-Central ing, January 20, at Sardi's in Ballwin Park, Altenburg, the Society dedicated Plaza. A dinner preceded the business a log house, one of the last remaining meeting. Many brought their favorite structures to be built by Saxon hands family recipes to be included in a shortly after 1839. It is believed to Society cookbook. have been the home of Johanne Chris-

A Saxon Log House, Perry County 340 Missouri Historical Review tiane Magdalena Loeber, sister of the isiana, Members heard reports, and Reverend Gotthold Heinrich Loeber, Otto Wills discussed plans for the the pastor who founded the Trinity coming year. Four Pike County artists Lutheran Church in Altenburg. He had submitted designs for a logo con­ also named the town after his favorite test. The designs were displayed on the Stadt Altenburg in Germany. Follow­ wall. Rita Renner received first place ing the death of Miss Loeber on along with $50. Charles Lawrence, the April 7, 1840, the family gave the second place winner, received $35. house to Trinity Lutheran Church Third place and $20 were awarded to for school purposes. Mr. and Mrs. Joe Ganz. Each of the three winners Charles Moeslein donated the cabin also received life memberships in the to the Society, and members moved Society. The first-place logo will be it to the new location on Main Street, used on stationery and membership on ground given by Vernon R. Meyr. cards. Leonard A. Kuehnert, president of Mr. and Mrs. William McKenzie of the Society, and the Reverend Dr. Clarksville presented the program on T. A. Weinhold participated in the historic homes of the Calumet Town­ dedication, along with Vice President ship area. They gave descriptive in­ Susan Fiehler and Secretary Mrs. Jean- formation about the homes, including nette Boehme. Artist Jake K. Wells the original and present owners, and and potter Dr. Fred M. Burnett pre­ illustrated each home with slides. sented "Art in the Park." Both are on the faculty at Southeast Missouri Pony Express Historical Association State University, Cape Girardeau. The Association held its Novem­ They displayed and demonstrated ber 8 meeting at Patee House Mu­ their works. seum in St. Joseph. Rev. Russell Jones spoke on "My Father's Poetry." Pettis County Historical Society Neva Wilkerson presented the pro­ The Society met at the courthouse gram, "Christmas at Colonial Wil­ in Sedalia on January 25. The Hon­ liamsburg," at the December 6 meet­ orable Donald Barnes, judge of the ing. Officers elected were Lloyd Evans, Eighteenth Judicial Circuit, was the president; Betty Bristow, first vice speaker. Judge Barnes presented the president; Melvin Golden, second vice history of the circuit court in Pettis president; Dorothy Oehrle, treasurer; County. Dee Habig, recording secretary; Karen Phelps County Historical Society Young, corresponding secretary; Ethel The Society held its November 15 Blomfield, parliamentarian; and Jose­ meeting at the Rolla Towers. Dr. phine Wood, historian. Gerald Cohen, of the Humanities De­ Members viewed a videotape of In partment, University of Missouri-Rolla, Search of Jesse James at the January 10 gave a talk on Missouri place names. meeting. The 30-minute television Officers elected for 1982 were Leo A. presentation had been filmed at the Bruer, president; Vera Glenn, vice museum and Jesse James Home and president; Betty Eyberg, secretary; and featured local actors. Inez Bryant, treasurer. Randolph County Historical Society Pike County Historical Society The Society has opened a new office Some 49 persons attended the So­ in the old Woodland Hospital in ciety's dinner meeting, January 21, Moberly. The group continues to de­ in the Olde Hotel Restaurant in Lou­ velop plans for the office and library, Historical Notes and Comments 341 a museum building and ways of in­ at the January 28 quarterly meeting creasing membership. at Golf View Inn, St. Charles. Archivist of the Society and dean emerita of Ray County Historical Society The Lindenwood Colleges, St. Charles, On December 11, members held a she spoke oh "People of St. Charles carry-in dinner and meeting at the County." Eagleton Civic Center in Richmond. Roger Driskill, city attorney, presented St. Francois County the program. He discussed estates and Historical Society wills. Officers of the Society for 1982 are Fred P. Womack, president; George Raytown Historical Society Bohs, vice president; June Jones, sec­ The Society held its annual oyster retary; Thelma Bohs, treasurer; and stew and steak soup meeting and Ruth Womack, corresponding secre­ installation of officers on January 27 tary. at St. Matthew's Episcopal Church, The Society held its regular meet­ Raytown. Ralph Ford, a charter mem­ ing on January 27 in the Civic Room ber, installed the following officers of Ozarks Federal Savings and Loan, for 1982: Joan Cesar, president; Farmington. The program featured a Pauline Clifton, first vice president; discussion of "The Location of Early George Crews, second vice president; Farmington Businesses." Katherine Whitehouse, corresponding The February 24 meeting included secretary; Carol Pitts, recording secre­ a continuation of the previous pro­ tary; and Earl Jones, treasurer. gram on early Farmington businesses. After several years of searching for a suitable site for a museum, the So­ St. Joseph Historical Society ciety announced that it became the Members held their annual meeting, successful bidder for the building November 15, in Robidoux Row. Rob­ known as the old fire station on 63rd ert T. Bray, manager of the University Street in Raytown. Following com­ of Missouri-Columbia Lyman Archaeo­ pletion of the purchase, the Society logical Research Center, Miami, was will begin renovation of the building. the guest speaker. He told about res­ toration projects in the state. St. Charles County The following officers were elected: Historical Society Mrs. Manning Grimes, president; Dr. On December 6, in conjunction with George Richmond and George Heckel, the Christmas open house at the Jr., vice presidents; Mrs. W. H. Society's Newbill-McElhiney House, Guenther and Mrs. August Resterer, Jean Baggerman, president of the St. secretaries; and Miss Radiance Zol­ Charles Landmark Board, presented linger, treasurer. the official designation plaque pro­ claiming the house a local landmark. St. Louis Westerners On behalf of the members, the So­ The January 15 meeting at the ciety's board of directors gave Mrs. Salad Bowl in St. Louis featured "Vig­ Baggerman a framed picture of the nettes Along the Santa Fe Trail." house as a token of appreciation. A James S. Pope, a retired cartographer past president of the Society, she has and secretary of the Westerners, been a dedicated supporter of the or­ showed slides and spoke on the effects ganization for a number of years. of time and man on noted places Doris Crozier presented the program along the trail. 342 Missouri Historical Review

Scotland County Historical Society business meeting members also dis­ At the October 26 meeting in the cussed projects of the past and future. Downing House Museum, Memphis, Mrs. Madeline Hicks presented the Sullivan County Historical Society program. She read old letters of the On January 10, in conjunction with 1895 period, written by her great aunt. Northeast Missouri State University, They related the vivid and interesting Kirksville, the Society presented a pro­ life style of that area around the turn gram, "The Migration," at the Com­ of the century. munity Federal Savings and Loan Officers elected for 1982 were Ken­ Building, Milan. Dr. Leon Karel neth Bradley, president; Robert Briggs, showed slides that he had taken in vice president; Anna Mathes, record­ the British Isles. Dr. Stuart Vorkink ing secretary; June Kice, treasurer; and assisted with the program which fo­ Geneva Harvey, corresponding secre­ cused on our European cultural her­ tary. itage and the reasons for the great Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth Bradley pre­ migrations from Europe in the 1800s. sented the program at the Novem­ Tri-County Historical ber 23 meeting. They displayed pic­ and Museum Society tures, showed slides and talked about The Society reported that over 500 their recent trip to the Scandinavian visitors toured the museum on week­ countries. ends from May through September. Smoky Hill Railway Housed in a former depot building, and Historical Society the museum is located just off High­ Over 55 persons attended the No­ way 169 in King City. A recent So­ vember 13 meeting and chili/steak ciety project has been the addition of soup dinner fund-raising event at the a building to house agricultural ex­ VFW Hall in Raytown. Tom and Mary hibits. Harter and Harold and Mary Yost Ralph Wolf of Weatherby presented served as hosts for the evening. The the program at the November 2 meet­ program featured the showing of ing in the Senior Citizens Center, King videotapes of Society activities on a City. He discussed the history of agri­ big-screen television. cultural implements and methods for Members held their January 8 meet­ displaying them. ing at Capitol Federal Savings and Officers of the Society are Carroll Loan, 75th and State Line in Kansas Simmons, president; Jerry Weaver, vice City. Joseph R. Wally, publisher of president; Laura Simmons, secretary; Clay County SUN Newspapers and and Madelyn Gregory, treasurer. former passenger service representa­ tive for the Rock Island Lines, pre­ Vernon County Historical Society sented the program. He shared stories Members met on November 22 for of his experiences with the Rocket the annual meeting in the City-County fleet of passenger trains. Community Center, Nevada. Robert Schweitzer, historic sites administrator Stone County Historical Society at the Truman Birthplace in Lamar, The Society held its quarterly meet­ showed slides and described the his­ ing, December 6, in the Reeds Spring tory and operation of the state-owned High School library. To show appreci­ site. He also related the history of the ation for use of the library as a meet­ Truman family while in Lamar. James ing place, members voted to give $50 Gulliford reported that over 2,500 for new book purchases. During the visitors registered at the Bushwhacker Historical Notes and Comments 343

Museum during the 1981 season. The munity response. Members shared attendance set a new record for the "show and tell" items from the period. museum. Officers elected for 1982 were Tal­ Westport Historical Society bot Wight, president; Dr. Miriam The Society held its November 20 Gray, vice president; Alice Hill, re­ quarterly dinner meeting at the West- cording secretary; Pat Brophy, corre­ port United Presbyterian Church. Sally sponding secretary; Wilma Hamblin, Schwenk, director of the Jackson Coun­ treasurer; and Betty Sterett, historian. ty Historical Society's 1859 Marshal's House and Jail Museum in Independ­ Webster County Historical Society ence, spoke on "The Economic Reali­ The Society obtained a federal grant ties of Historical Preservation." Slides of $4,000 for the study of the preserva­ of Ft. Osage, Missouri Town-1855, the tion of books and records in the county Bingham-Waggoner estate, the Truman courthouse. Funds from the Society, home and the Truman Historic Dis­ the Webster County Court and other trict in Independence illustrated his­ local sources supplemented the grant. toric preservation in Jackson County. The program at the October 12 Members and friends of the Society meeting at the Older Americans build­ attended a Victorian Christmas party ing in Marshfield featured the playing at the Harris-Kearney House, 4000 of old phonograph records. Members Baltimore, Kansas City, on Decem­ also listened to some cylinder records ber 6. which contained portions of presi­ White River Valley dential speeches. Historical Society On December 14, Gilbert Smith Over 45 persons attended the Sep­ presented a report from the State His­ tember 13 meeting at the Good Me­ torical Society annual meeting. morial College Center, The School of Webster Groves Historical Society the Ozarks, Point Lookout. Paul Johns, The Society held its annual pre- program chairman, introduced Robert Christmas event, December 8, in the Esworthy, director of the Ralph Foster home of Mr. and Mrs. Robert Rust. Museum, as the speaker. Mr. Esworthy Awards were presented to Hawken told about the museum's operations and plans for future exhibits and House guides who had completed one expansion. Members approved a rec­ and five years service to the Society, ommendation that the Society sponsor Entertainment and refreshments also a history essay contest for high school highlighted the evening. students in the seven-county White Wentzville Mo. Community River Valley area. Paul Johns was ap­ Historical Society pointed to draft contest rules. At the fall quarterly meeting, Sep­ Society tvice president, Paul Johns, tember 21, at Ginny's Place, Society presented a program on "Riverdale members reminisced with a panel of & The Finley River Patriarch" at the former teachers as they recalled the December 13 meeting. The program one-room school era. Panel members featured a slide show on the history included Erna Brakensiek, Ruby Men- of the old milling town in Christian scher, Nora Harrelson, Marie Duello, County and Ben Turner and some of Ruth Pitman and Marian Strunk. his personal remembrances. A display They presented the teacher's contract, included photographs of the four the building, curriculum, transporta­ different mills which stood on the tion, games, entertainment and com­ banks of the Finley River. 344 Missouri Historical Review GIFTS

Jane McMurtry Allen, West Palm Beach, Florida, donor: "Some Prices of Colonial Virginia, Kentucky, and Missouri," compiled by donor. R* Mrs. Marion B. Arpee, Harlingen, Texas, donor: The Hardey Family of Charles County and Piscataway, Maryland (and Their Missouri Descendants), compiled by donor. R Audrain County Historical Society, donor, through Gene Gallagher, Mexico: "Book One, Elmwood Cemetery, Mexico, Missouri—Audrain County." R Hazel Holt Barton, San Diego, California, donor: Information on the Holt family. R Mrs. Dorsey Bass, Columbia, donor: The Petersburg Hintons of Missouri: A Family History, by John Hinton, Jr. R Mrs. Virginia Botts, Columbia, donor: Miscellaneous genealogical papers. R Nancy Dudley Brown, League City, Texas, donor: Material on the Henry, Brock, Tucker and related families of Boone and Callaway counties. R Ethyl Mae Campbell, Fullerton, California, donor: "The Church Bell Is Ringing," by donor. R Rodney S. Cantwell, Topeka, Kansas, donor: Records of Cantwell Aircraft Company, Bucklin, Mo., 1921-1924. M Overton H. Crawford, Austin, Texas, donor: Crawford genealogy, compiled by donor. R Mrs. Geneva Crowley, Phoenix, Arizona, donor: Materials on "The Line of Richard T. Bradley." R Jim Ellinger, Columbia, donor: Created Inside: The Journal of Missouri Prisoner Literature and Art, edited by donor. R Mrs. Esther Elwyn, Half Way, donor: "A History of the Enyart and Smiley Families," by donor. R Richard Frazer Ferguson, Carthage, donor: Forget Pearl Harbor? No Way! by donor. R Mr. and Mrs. Shelby Fowler, Jamestown, donors: Photograph of John William ("Blind") Boone at railroad depot, Clarks­ burg, Mo., ca. 1900, loaned for copying. E Mrs. Shela S. Fretwell, Waterloo, Iowa, donor: The Papers of Margaret Ham Fretwell, compiled by donor. R

*These letters indicate where the gift materials are filed at Society head­ quarters: R refers to Reference Library; E, Editorial Office; M, Manu­ scripts Collection; N, Newspaper Library; A, Art Room; and B, Bay Historical Notes and Comments 345

Mrs. Wright W. Frost, Knoxville, Tennessee, donor: The Descendants of Josiah and Keziah Nichols Wooldridge and Their An­ cestors, by Wright W. Frost. R Gorden Gatewood, Tulia, Texas, donor: Atwell Bowcock Gatewood: His Ancestry and Descendants, by donor. R Victor A. Gierke, Louisiana, donor: The History of Louisiana, Missourif Newspapers Through 1980, by donor. R Mrs. Roberta Hagood, Hannibal, donor: Original and typescript of Laura Effa Roland diary, M; "The Diary of Laura Effa Roland," annotated and edited by donor. R Kenneth O. Hale, Independence, donor: Fiftieth Anniversary of the Founding of the German Evangelical Church, California, Missouri, 1866-1916. R Mr. and Mrs. William Shores Harris, Liberty, donors: The Samuel Givens Family and Kin, by Jane Tyler Craig Reichlein. R Mrs. Lawrence H. Hoenig, Columbia, donor: Material on the Burton family. R Mrs. Albert G. Hogan, Columbia, donor: Military records of Mr. and Mrs. John W. Kennedy. R Minerva Howard, Columbia, donor: Yearbooks, Hickman High School, Columbia, 1976-1981. R Joplin Historical Society, donor, through Bruce Quisenberry, Joplin: Photograph and information regarding Reding's Mill in Newton County. E Rev. L. C. Lemons, Liberty, donor: The Loving Family in America 1705-1981, by Carl and May Read. R Marvin D. Linder, Kirksville, donor: The Linders of Adair County, Missouri 1838-1981, by donor. R Arthur Paul Moser, Springfield, donor: Directories of Towns, Villages, and Hamlets Past and Present of Audrain, Callaway, Marion, Monroe, Pike and Shelby counties, Mo., compiled by donor. R Mrs. William G. Murdick, Farmington, donor: Cemetery Records, Doe Run, St. Francois County, Missouri 1891-1981, copied by donor. R Nebraska State Historical Society, Lincoln, Nebraska, donor: Postcards of buildings in Jefferson City, Kansas City, St. Joseph and St. Louis. E Mrs. Virginia B. Nichols, Columbia, donor: The Descendants of Tyre Martin and Wife Mourning Jones and Nathan Martin and Wife Nancy Elizabeth Hill, compiled by donor. R Dr. Marian Ohman, Columbia, donor: Expressions of Missouri: Selected Topics on Missouri Art and Architecture, compiled by donor. R Don Patterson, Columbia, donor: St. Louis Daily Missouri Republican, December 3, 1862. N 346 Missouri Historical Review

Mrs. Gaye Phipps Pencin, Woodland, California, donor: Material on the Phipps family. R Charles J. Peterson, Columbia, donor: An Informal History of Astronomy at the University of Missouri-Columbia, by donor. R John L. Pfeiffer, Milton, Vermont, donor: Photographs of Trimble, Fyfer & Co., and other business buildings, Co­ lumbia, 1870-1875, loaned for copying. E Ray County Historical Society and Museum, Inc., Richmond, donor: James H. Graham letters, 1866-1868. M Lillian Ridgeway and Roberta Schnell, Hallsville, donors: Membership records of Mt. Zion Methodist Church, Boone County, 1908- 1918, 1921-1962, 1968. M Mrs. Norman Sanders, Cape Girardeau, donor: The Dry-Drye Lineage: A History and Genealogy of Jacob Drye 1764-1854 and Descendants, compiled by donor. R Elizabeth Gentry Sayad, St. Louis, donor: Gentry Family Papers. M J. W. Schiermeier, New Melle, donor: Germany in 21 Days, by donor. R Walter A. Schroeder, Columbia, donor: Presettlement Prairie of Missouri, by donor and accompanying map. R Darcey Slaughter, Columbia, donor: "Lloyd Genealogy," compiled by Harriet Wright Smith. R Joseph Tonnar, Carrollton, donor: Three Christmas cards from woodcuts by Fred Geary. A Joanna Benecke Townsend, Prairie Village, Kansas, donor: Two views of St. Louis Amateur Athletic Association, E; misc. corre­ spondence of Louis Benecke and program, Appolo Club, St. Louis, 1906, M; The Veteran's Dream, by the Grant Cabin Association and Directory, St. Louis Intercollegiate Co-operative Association, 1904-1905. R Tom Turpin, Jefferson City, donor: The Joseph Routh Family, 1747-1979, compiled by Earl and Ann Roberts and donor. R Harold Vogel, Sedaiia, donor: Our Climax Springs Heritage: A Vogel-Arnhold, Gardner-Wright Narrative Family History, by donor. R Roy Wahlers, Columbia, donor: Gilbert Knipmeyer Papers relating to Civil War research. M Nancie T. Weber, Fountain Valley, California, donor: Copy of an 1857 Ozark County map. R Tennyson Clay Wright, Colorado Springs, Colorado, donor: "The Wrights of Cole and Miller Counties, Missouri: Genealogy." R William A. York, Pittsburg, Kansas, donor: Alexander of Delaware and North Carolina and Allied Families, compiled Historical Notes and Comments 347

MISSOURI HISTORY IN NEWSPAPERS Advance News November 11, 1981—"Centennial: Railroad came to Advance a century ago." November 11—"Local writer tells of town's background," by Thomza Zim­ merman, reprinted.

Boonville Daily News November 4, 11, 18, 25, December 2, 9, 16, 1981, January 13, 20, 1982—"Re­ membrances from the Friends of Historic Boonville," a series, featured historic sites, events and personalities of the area.

Butler Bates County News-Headliner November 5, 1981—"Homesteaders [Bartley family] braved many adversi­ ties." This and the articles below by Reva Stubblefield. November 19—"Lots of bad news in [Butler Weekly Times] olden days, too!" November 26—"Puzzle of early [1856] map [of Territory of the Indian Tribes] finally solved." December 3—"Pioneer merchants [of Butler and Bates County] carved their niche." December 10, 17, January 14, 1982—Excerpts from old Strain family letters. January 21— "Another Bates pioneer [Annie (Sanford) Pahlman] in our midst." California Democrat November 25, 1981—"Plans to restore [Maclay] mansion [in Tipton] an­ nounced." Columbia Missourian January 3, 1982—"Missouri's forgotten humorist [Homer Croy]," by Jane Henderson.

De Soto Press November 23, 1981—Old area photograph.

Gainesville Ozark County Times November 5, 1981-January 14, 1982—"Ozark Reader Fireside Stories of the Early Days in the Ozarks," a series by Silas C. Turnbo. Independence Examiner January 19, 1982—"Historic house [Maple Hotel, at 522 Maple St.] re- roofed," photo by Morris Sealy.

Jefferson City News and Tribune November 15, 1981—"The restoration of Jefferson City [building]," by Lauren Schepker.

Kansas City Times November 13, 20, December 4, 11, 18, 1981, January 1, 22, 29, 1982-"Post Card From Old Kansas City," by Mrs. Sam Ray, featured respectively: Kansas City Livestock Exchange building, early 1900s; Grand Opera House, between 7th and 8th on Walnut; Elks Club No. 26, at 7th and Grand; Harzfeld's Parisian clothing store, at Main and Petticoat Lane; Union Station in 1916; University 348 Missouri Historical Review

Club, 918 Baltimore; Odd Fellows Temple, at 13th and Troost, all in Kansas City; and Missouri Street, known as "Jockey Row," in Liberty.

Lebanon Daily Record January 20, 1982—"Old [Samuel] Berger Home [near Oakland in Laclede County] Dates Back 100 Years," by Kirk Pearce.

Liberty Tribune November 18, 1981—"One of oldest buildings Effort to save historic [Meth­ odist] church, school [Clay Seminary] is seen," by Angie Borgedalen.

Linn Vnterrified Democrat January 6, 1982—"Koeltztown Brick Made from the earth," by Joe Welsch- meyer. Mound City News-Independent November 19, 1981— "Pool of Siloam," by Mrs. Erma Hinkle.

Owensville Gasconade County Republican November 18, 1981— "Starting public schools was top priority of Gasconade County's early pioneers," by Bob McKee.

Richmond Daily News November 4, 30, December 21, 1981—"Ray [County]'s Historic Sites," a series. Springfield Daily News November 23, 1981—"Stone County seeks to preserve courthouse," by Jenell Wallace. Springfield News & Leader December 12, 1981—"Mitchells of Stockton preserve Hoff Manor—a house of history," by Mike Penprase. Unionville Republican November 4, 1981—"Monroe Drug Company: A Century of Chemical Enter­ prise 1876-1976," by Robert G. Schultz, reprinted.

Warrensburg Daily Star-Journal December 11, 1981— "145 Years Ago, Warrensburg Became Johnson County Seat," by Becky Barrett.

Warsaw Benton County Enterprise December 24, 1981—"Benton County Enterprise Marking Its 100th Year Of Publication." December 31—Old area photograph.

Washington Missourian November 25, 1981—Final article in a 36-part series, "Early Settlers of Frank­ lin County," compiled and edited by Ralph Gregory.

Webster-Kirkwood Times December 1, 1981—"Education Comes To Kirkwood [in 1860s at Kirkwood Seminary]," by Ann Morris. T}t>rt>Ynhe»r 1—"I4r»lm*>c-TV/f itrh*»11 Hnncp Tat £QS XT T^vlnrl " Historical Notes and Comments 349

MISSOURI HISTORY IN MAGAZINES

American Heritage, December, 1981: "The True Story of Bernarr Macfadden," by Ben Yagoda.

Bittersweet, Winter, 1981: "This Used To Be A Busy Place In Eldridge, Mis­ souri," by Melinda Stewart; "Happy Holidays Christmas, New Year's Day and Valentine's Day [celebrations in the Ozarks]," by Vickie Hooper.

Camden County Historian, 1981: "Niangua Neighbors [Bunch, Laughlin, Hanks, Yadon and Capps families]," by Fern Moreland; "Forest Grove or Laughlin Church," by Ruby Chandler; "Picnic at High Bluff Spring-1885," by George W. Osborn; "[Log] Homes along the Two Nianguas in the 1870's," by George W. Osborn; "Oscar Jones," by Elizabeth Huddleson; "The Im­ pact of the 'Great Osage Project' Upon the Environment and the People [of Old Bagnell]," by Thelma Parrish.

Chariton County Historical Society Newsletter, January, 1982: "A Short Sketch of My Life [1852-1923] By E. D. Dodge," submitted by Mildred Hamilton.

DeKalb County Heritage, January, 1982: "Presbyterian-Christian Church of Stewartsville"; "Osborn Area Pioneer, Amhurst Lee Morgan," by Mrs. Ralph Moore; "My Grandpa's House—Absalom H. Riggs."

Farm & Home Go-Getter, November, 1981, January, 1982: "Legends of Farm & Home [Savings Association]," a series.

Florissant Valley Historical Society Quarterly, January, 1982: "Historic Home [at] 305 Rue St. Louis [in Florissant]."

Freemason, Winter, 1981: "Centennial Lodges of Missouri 1881-1981," by John Black Vrooman; "The World's First Masonic College [at Lexington, Mo.]," by Dr. James J. Gibbons.

Historic Kansas City Foundation Gazette, October/November, 1981: "1908 Main Street: A Synonym for Power [of Thomas J. Pendergast]," by Elaine B. Ryder; "A Kansas City Architect: A. Wallace Love," by Sherry Piland.

Interim, November, 1981: "Calvary [Episcopal] Church, Louisiana, part of River Area group," by the Rev. Maurice Kaser.

_, December, 1981: "St. Andrew's [Episcopal Church], Northwoods, is diverse, caring 'family'," by the Rev. Charles Morris.

Jackson County Historical Society Journal, Fall, 1981: "Quality Hill First Quar­ ters of the University Club [in Kansas City]"; "Hicks City Once a Town with Real Dreams," by Lyda Burns Chamness.

, Winter, 1981: "What Was 1863 Christmas Like on West Frontier?" by Janet Bruce; "Century-old '81 Club Reveres Its Founder [Sarah W. Coates]"; "1847 Circular on Services in Independence for Trail Trekkers Turns up in Oregon Archives," by Nancy Ehrlich. 350 Missouri Historical Review

Kirkwood Historical Review, June, 1981: "Kirkwood and the Civil War Part Two-The Battle of Kirkwood That Almost Was [in 1864]," by Francis M. Barnes, III.

, October, 1981: "Only Fifty Years Ago—Kirkwood in 1931," by Francis M. Barnes, III. Lawrence County Historical Society Bulletin, January, 1982: "Memories Of Olinger," by Mrs. Clara (Bowles) Carl, reprinted.

Little Balkans Review, Fall, 1981: "Harold Bell Wright: The Man Who Went Away," by Joyce Kinkead Moyers.

Midwest Motorist, January-February, 1982: "The Lewis and Clark expedition The intrepid adventurers who opened the West," by Ned Kirkham.

Missouri Life, November, 1981: "Missouri Homes The First Capitol's Refined Frontier Charm [in St. Charles]," by Mary Still, photos by Nick Decker; "Across our wide Missouri The Ill-Fated [Pacific Railroad] Train [Gas­ conade bridge disaster, 1855] On the First Capital City Run," by Bob Priddy; "Undercurrent of a River Town: The Hannibal Beneath the [Mark] Twain Name," by Stephen Freeman, photos by David Marcou; "A Writer [Theodore Dreiser] Comes of Age in St. Louis," by James K. Morris.

, December, 1981: "[Elizabeth Seifert] She Lives a Doctor's Life in Her Books," by Charles Lloyd Mallory; "The Pioneer Priest [John Joseph Hogan]," by Mary Ellen Woods; "Across our wide Missouri A Classic Success Story [of E. L. Cord]," by Bob Priddy; "[J. C. Nichols] A Guiding Light for Kansas City," by John Moriarty.

, , January-February, 1982: "Missouri Homes 'Jacob [Blickensderfer]'s Folly'—A Mansion Restored [near Oakland in Laclede County]," by Vicki Cox, photos by John Stewart; "Across our wide Mis­ souri A Vote of Principle; A Ruined Career [for Senator John Brooks Henderson]," by Bob Priddy; "Ribbon of Rust [the Rock Island Railroad line between Kansas City and St. Louis]," by Mary Ann Gwinn, photos by Tom Reese; "[Thomas Hart] Benton Goes to WAR [the "Year of Peril" series of paintings]," by Barbara Carr; "Give 'Em Hell, Harry [Truman]!" by William Tammeus.

Missouri Medicine, October, 1981: "Requiem for a Frontier Physician James W. Parker, M.D., Doctor to the Wagon Trains and Mountaineers of Old West- port," by W. A. Strickland, Jr.

Missouri Ruralist, November 14, 1981: "The year was 1904, and the world sang, 'Meet me in St. Louis' [at the World's Fair]," by Jim Patrico.

Nevada Historical Society Quarterly, Winter, 1981: "The 'Descendants of Ham' in Zion: Discrimination Against Blacks Along the Shifting Mormon Fron­ tier, 1830-1920," by Newell G. Bringhurst.

Ozarks Mountaineer, November-December, 1981: "Civil War Scrip in the Ozarks," by C. Toney Aid; "The Great Monett Train Robbery [in 1894]," by Otis Historical Notes and Comments 351

Pioneer Times, January, 1982: "'. . . the most damnable and hellish crusade . . .' Governor Claiborne F. Jackson speaks out on Slavery, Mr. Lincoln, & the South"; "The Gardner & Bailey Families of Barren County Kentucky & Miller County Missouri," by Peggy Smith Warman; "Claiborne Fox Jack­ son," by Lew Larkin, reprinted; "The Genealogy of Sterling Price," by Bettye Gilbert; "Proctor, Missouri [in Morgan County]," by Ilene Sims Yarnell. Platte County Historical & Genealogical Society Bulletin, Fall, 1981: "Auto­ biography of Daisy Hoy Bell 20th Century in Platte County." Ray County Mirror, December, 1981: "[Martin] Mayes A Thoroughly Educated American," by Mary Ann Lowary; "Unique Talents Help Fulfill Unique Attainments [of David Rice Atchison]," by Henry N. Ferguson; "Ray's [County] Historic Sites." Reporter, Quarterly of Genealogical Society of Central Missouri, Summer, 1981: "Audrain County—Beginnings and Old Settlers," reprinted; "Boone County- Beginnings," reprinted; "Biographical Sketch of Dr. David Doyle by F. G. Sitton," as copied from New Salem Baptist Church Minutes 1828-1878, by Mrs. Ethelda Henry; "Callaway County—Beginnings"; "A Journal From Cal[l]away County, Missouri, to Shasta County, California, Kept by Caro­ line Boyes," submitted by Mrs. Betty Barry Deal. Rural Missouri, January, 1982: "Missouri's 'Swamp Fox'—Phantom general [M. Jeff Thompson] of the Confederacy," by Shannon Graham. St. Louis, November, 1981: "Patience and Perseverance [of Mother Philippine Duchesne]," by John Lindenbusch. , December, 1981: "A Rare and Spectacular Dis­ appointment Anthropology Days was by far the sorriest event of the 1904 [St. Louis] World's Fair," by John Lindenbusch. _, January, 1982: "Restoring a Pioneer Village [in St. Charles County]," by Mary Proctor. Saint Louis Commerce, November, 1981: "Best of the Red Birds [1931 St. Louis Cardinals baseball team]?" by George Walden; "St. Louis' early auto makers the Big Three [Dorris, Moon and Gardner] of yesterday," by John Linden­ busch; "Another of the city's distinctive neighborhoods . . . Central West End," by Norbury Wayman; "art-filled [Mercantile] library." , December, 1981: "the saving of a shrine [St. Jo­ seph's Catholic Church, 11th and Biddle, St. Louis]," by Rev. William Barnaby Faherty, S.J., photos by Robert Arteaga. January, 1982: "Two more of city's distinctive neighborhoods . . . Oakland and Clifton," by Norbury Wayman. St. Louis Genealogical Society Quarterly, Winter, 1981: "Founding Dates Of Presbyterian Churches in Metropolitan St. Louis," submitted by Kevin T. Kelly; "Early Records of Bethel Baptist Church, Cape Girardeau County," reprinted; "Woman's Lib in Old St. Louis: 'La Verdon' [Marianne Victoire Richelet Soye' Verdon]," by Maryhelen Wilson. School and Community, November, 1981: "Those Were The Days [in 1945]," by Marge Cunningham. 352 Missouri Historical Review

, January, 1982: "Bus Stops Destination: [Robert] Campbell House [in St. Louis]," by Marge Scherer; "Those Were The Days [in 1969]," by Marge Cunningham.

Springfield! Magazine, November, 1981: "To Radio with Love: The Beginnings of Broadcast News, Part I [at KWTO-KGBX in Springfield]," by Lane Davis.

, December, 1981: "Your Neighbor's Faith [early Methodist circuit rider, James Harvey Slavens]," by Robert C. Glazier; "To Radio with Love: The Beginnings of Broadcast News, Part II," by Lane Davis.

, January, 1982: "Your Neighbor's Faith Slavery Issue Sparks 95-Year Division in Methodist Church," by Robert C. Glazier; "To Radio with Love: The Beginnings of Broadcast News, Part III," by Lane Davis. Thornleigh Review, November, 1981: "James Brown: Pettis County Freighter," by William B. Clay comb. Today's Farmer, November, 1981: "Young people impact [Center Point Chris­ tian] church congregation [in Jasper County]," by Carol Brost. , December, 1981: "Oakland Christian Church [in Carroll County] follows holiday tradition," by Carol Brost. Waterways Journal, November 14, 1981: "From Chesapeake Bay to the Wild Missouri River These Vessels Ended Up as the Towboat Advance," by James V. Swift. , December 12, 1981: "Robt. E. Lee/Natchez 1870 Race Overwhelming," by Jack E. Custer. , December 19, 1981: "Silver [presented to Capt. Henry W. Smith] Exhibit Leads to Old Boat [Falls City] Story," by James V. Swift. Webster County Historical Society Journal, December, 1981: "The Saga of Jabez and Alf. D. Smith, 1870-1920," by Gilbert Smith; "Days-Latimers Early Settlers of Webster County," by Mrs. Louis Gelsheimer. West Plains Gazette, November-December, 1981: "The Glory That Was Brands- ville," by Allene Chapin; "Gazette Gallery [old area photographs]"; "Alton's Lewis A. W. Simpson 'Preserving the Past for the Future'," by Clara Wil­ liams; "Pioneers: The Barnetts 'They Fought the Good Fight'," by Hayward Barnett. Western Historical Quarterly, October, 1981: "Outlaw Gangs of the Middle Border: American Social Bandits," by Richard White. Westward, October, 1981: "American Railroading in the Victorian Era The North Missouri Railroad," by Donald H. Bergmann. White River Valley Historical Quarterly, Fall, 1981: "An Ozarks Landmark: The Curtis Fletcher Marbut House [in Barry County]," by Lynn Morrow; "Ex­ periences of a Country Preacher By Rev. Allen Ledbetter, Ava, Missouri." Historical Notes and Comments 353

IN MEMORIAM

HOWARD WRAY LEECH COOPER, J. H. G., Delray Beach, Howard Wray Leech, well-known Florida: March 2, 1899-January 26, educator and president of the Grand 1981. River Historical Society, of Chillicothe, CROW, WAYMAN D., Farmington: died September 2, 1981, at a hospital November 21, 1916-July 4, 1981. in Columbia. Mr. Leech was born in Pickering on May 24, 1894. After at­ DUNCAN, MRS. ALICE, Columbia: tending school in Pickering, he was April 6, 1906-January 31, 1982. graduated from Northwest Missouri State Teachers College, Maryville, in EVERSOLE, JUDGE E. T., St. Louis: 1923, and from the University of July 30, 1902-January 30, 1980.

Missouri in 1930. Mr. Leech taught in FRANKLIN, A. FAYE, Independence: Lab Schools at Rutgers University, April 18, 1892-August 11, 1981. Harvard University and the Univer­ sity of Missouri. He also taught at FREEMAN, ARTHUR L., JR., Farming- Waukan and Anamosa, Iowa, and was ton: January 31, 1920-November 25, superintendent of schools at Rock 1981. Port, Perry and Odessa. In 1941, Mr. GILL, MRS. ETHEL G., Winnie, Tex­ Leech moved to Chillicothe as an as: October 5, 1888-May 31, 1981. instructor in Diversified Occupations. He was county superintendent of Liv­ GILLESPIE, WALTER W., Indepen­ ingston County schools for 14 years dence: June 3, 1903-April 3, 1980. until the office closed in 1966. While in Chillicothe, Mr. Leech also or­ GRIMES, MRS. ROBERT B., Pleasant ganized the Head Start Program. Hill: July 14, 1907-August 30, 1980. After retirement from the county GUITAR, MRS. E. H., Chicago: Oc­ superintendent's office, he continued tober 26, 1882-November 26, 1981. to farm near Chillicothe. An active HAERLE, MRS. F. R., Lexington: member of the Grand River Historical July 28, 1901-April 7, 1981. Society, the State Historical Society of Missouri, the United Methodist HOMBS, MRS. MARTHA, Troy: Au­ Church of Chillicothe, the Kiwanis gust 19, 1895-October 11, 1981. Club, American Legion and the Men's HORD, MARIE, Independence: Jan­ Prayer Group, he also served in the uary 14, 1907-November 24, 1981. U.S. Navy. JONES, JOSEPH L., Hershey, Pennsyl­ In 1923, Mr. Leech married Emelie vania: June 18, 1897-December 7, 1980. Zppf of Marengo, Iowa. She survives along with three children, Dr. Robert KIRKPATRICK, A. R., Bethany, West W. Leech, Jefferson City; David Leech, Virginia: February 26, 1919-October 10, Kirkwood; and Mrs. Nancy Harding, 1980. Fulton. LAMAR, DR. ROBERT F., Kansas City: March 26, 1914-October 3, 1980.

AGEE, MRS. FRANK, Liberty: Au- LANDIS, MRS. CLYDE H., St. Louis: gust 7, 1904-April 18, 1981. January 7, 1900-November 29, 1980. 354 Missouri Historical Review

MCCOY, MRS. BRUCE R., Baton PAUSCH, ADAM G., St. Louis: Feb­ Rouge, Louisiana: July 20, 1895-Feb- ruary 18, 1895-July 18, 1981. ruary 4, 1981. REYNOLDS, S. CREWS, Caruthersville: NAPIER, ROBERT RAY, Columbia: April 25, 1892-February 26, 1981. September 15, 1928-November 11, 1981. NIEDERLANDER, DON, St. Louis: De­ STEWART, MRS. J. A., St. Louis: Died cember 8, 1903-October 27, 1981. January 6, 1981. Historical Notes and Comments 355

BOOK REVIEW

George Washington Carver: Scientist and Symbol. By Linda O. McMurry (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981). 367 pp. Illustrated. Endnotes. Indexed. $25.00. Since George Washington Carver's death on January 5, 1943, accounts of his life have ranged from the romantic adulation of Rackham Holt's George Washington Carver: An American Bi­ ography (1943) to the caustic criticism of Barry Mackintosh's "George Washington Carver: The Making of a Myth," Journal of Southern History, XLII (November, 1976). Linda McMurry's study of Carver attempts to steer a middle ground between these two extremes: avoiding the unquestioning admiration of her sub­ ject on the one hand, while documenting and explaining, without condemnation, his shortcomings on the other. For the most part, she succeeds quite well. The Carver who emerges from McMurry's pen is a complex man of extremely humble origins. Born a slave on a farm near Diamond, Missouri, in 1865, he left home at age twelve to attend a segregated school in nearby Neosho. Recognized as a botanical prodigy even as a pre-schooler, Carver was filled with a wander­ lust that carried him from Neosho to ten midwestern communities before finally settling in 1896 at Tuskegee Institute in Alabama. Enroute to Tuskegee, Carver availed himself of every opportunity for formal education. The capstone of his training came at the all-white Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, where he received an M. A. degree in 1896. While at Iowa State, he specialized in mycology (the study of fungi and plant diseases) 356 Missouri Historical Review and plant breeding under the careful tutelage of Professor L. H. Pammel, a noted mycologist. As a black graduate student in his early thirties, Carver at­ tracted considerable attention. Booker T. Washington, the black leader who established Tuskegee Institute in 1881, was one of the people who noticed Carver. Washington sought a black man to head an agricultural school at Tuskegee and lured Carver south. Although neither man could have anticipated it, there followed nearly a twenty-year period in which each provided countless trials and tribulations for the other until Washington's death in 1915. McMurry is at her best in dealing with the Carver-Washing­ ton tension. Washington recognized Carver as an excellent teacher and creative researcher, but he lacked "a talent for administra­ tion." Washington was a pragmatist, Carver a dreamer. Carver had a remarkable facility for attracting attention to his work and, by extension, to Tuskegee Institute. Much of Mc- Murry's book evaluates that work. Her conclusions? Carver was not a great scientist (a 1962 report done for the National Park Service came to the same conclusion, but the report was sup­ pressed), nor did his discoveries add much to the sum total of human knowledge. Moreover, his efforts to translate his "dis­ coveries" into commercial successes always ended in failure. Carver did, however, provide a much-needed collecting link between the world of science and poor Southern farmers whose condition he sought to improve by teaching them how to escape the bondage of one-crop farming and how to utilize all of the natural resources at their disposal. Carver might have been a brilliant scientist, McMurry argues, had he remained a mycologist and not allowed his energies to be dissipated by would-be entrepreneurs and organizations seeking to turn his "discoveries" into overnight fortunes. McMurry uncovers the central paradox of Carver's life: although this deeply religious man became convinced quite early in life that God specifically had chosen him for very special work, and blessed him with qualities to carry it out, he thirsted all his life for public recognition and was extremely sensitive to criticism. Carver's desire for recognition helped to establish and then perpetuate the myth of him as a great scientist who was almost singlehandedly remaking the South. Often he allowed blatantly false information about himself and his "discoveries" to be dis­ seminated. Why was Carver revered by so many, both black and Historical Notes and Comments 357

white, if he was not the scientific wizard we once thought him to be? First of all, whites revered him because he was an "ac­ ceptable" black. Blacks, on the other hand, admired him because he provided a tangible role model for black success in a white world. McMurry, an associate professor of History at North Carolina State University, has done a good job consolidating information from a variety of public and private collections. There are, how­ ever, some weaknesses. Missouri history buffs, for example, will be disappointed to find that McMurry sheds little light on Carver's early years in Newton County. She does, however, synthesize information here­ tofore available only in scholarly journals and National Park Serv­ ice monographs. Likewise, McMurry's analysis of Civil War and Reconstruction Missouri is weak, largely because she relies almost entirely on dated studies. Apparently, McMurry selectively ignored information which did not fit her model of explanation. For example, she emphasizes that although Booker T. Washington was critical of Carver as an administrator, he had the greatest admiration for Carver as a teacher. Indeed, she argues that Carver universally was admired as a teacher. But the following Booker T. Washington letter to Carver, dated May 3, 1912, and not cited in McMurry's book, suggests otherwise: There is criticism among teachers and students to the effect that in your teaching you do not pursue a regular logical and systematic course, that you jump about from one subject to another without regard to the course of study laid down in the catalogue. Some of your students are getting rather restless. McMurry fails to utilize to the best advantage some of the personal correspondence in the Carver papers at the George Washington Carver National Monument in Diamond, Missouri. Ap­ parently she did not have knowledge of a collection of correspond­ ence held by Dr. and Mrs. John Milholland's granddaughter and only recently made available to the Carver Monument. The Mil- hollands befriended Carver during his years as a student in Iowa and he corresponded with them for the remainder of their lives. This rich collection would have assisted McMurry in filling at least some of the gaps in Carver's pre-Tuskegee life. These shortcomings aside, however, McMurry has written an 358 Missouri Historical Review admirable, even enviable, book. She will, no doubt, have her critics; some will resist vigorously what they may perceive erroneously to be an attack on Carver. But, when all is said and done, McMurry's book will stand as the starting point for any future discussions about the life of George Washington Carver.

Lincoln University Gary R. Kremer Jefferson City, Missouri

Tobacco Legislation

Kirksville Weekly Graphic, January 16, 1903. It is one of the curiosities of old time legislation in New England that the use of tobacco was in early colonial days regarded ... as far more injurious, degrading, and sinful than that of intoxicating liquors. Both the use and the planting of the weed were forbidden. . . . Landlords were ordered not to "suffer any tobacco to be taken into their houses" on penalty of a fine. . . . No one could take it "publiquely," nor in his own house or anywhere else before strangers. . . . No one could smoke within two miles of the meeting-house on the Sabbath day. . . . In Connecticut, in early days, a great indulgence was permitted to travelers— a man could smoke once during a journey of ten miles.

Christian College at Columbia

Columbia Weekly Missouri Sentinel, July 1, 1852. . . . The institution is regularly chartered as a College for female educa­ tion. . . . The plan of instruction is thoroughly eclectic, the young ladies being taught to think for themselves, printed questions and answers are discarded, as injurious to the proper culture of the mind. . . . The Faculty . . . are united in one method of teaching ... by lecture, using books, simply as texts.—The young ladies are required to answer in their own language, thus grasping ideas rather than words. A composition is required daily, from all the pupils ... of at least one page of foolscap. We are delighted with this course, . . . and we predict for it a bright future. May the cause of female education be encouraged by our citizens, and may a brighter day dawn upon us in the West! We say to one and all send your daughters to this institution. Historical Notes and Comments 359

BOOK NOTES

Missouri State Highway Patrol, 50th Anniversary, 1931-1981. (Marceline, Missouri: Walsworth Publishing Company [1981]). 336 pp. Illustrated. Maps. Not indexed. $17.00. Published in commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the Missouri State Highway Patrol, this hardback volume contains a comprehensive look at that agency, past and present. It includes both a written and pictorial review with many excellent illustra­ tions in color. Photographs feature graduating classes of the past, including the first training class of 1931 and present-day personnel and headquarters buildings. Lieutenant J. R. (Jake) Phillips served as history project officer. The historical account begins with preliminary work lead­ ing up to the passage of the law establishing the patrol. The original force of patrolmen began duty on November 24, 1931. Two chapters feature newspaper clippings about the patrol, 1931- 1956 and 1957-1980. Missouri State Highway Patrol, 50th Anniversary is available for purchase from the Missouri State Highway Patrol, Research and Development Office, Post Office Box 568, Jefferson City, Mis­ souri 65102, at a cost of $17.00. Checks should be made payable to Walsworth Publishing Company.

Fairfax, 1881—Bridging the Green Years—1981. By the Cen­ tennial Book Committee (Shawnee Mission, Kansas: Kes-Print, Inc. [1981]). 272 pp. Illustrated. Not indexed. $22.00. How this Atchison County city acquired its name remains a mystery as stories vary. Incorporated November 9, 1881, Fairfax is situated on the east bank of the Tarkio River along the Tarkio Valley Railroad. In anticipation of its centennial, the city council appropriated money and asked for volunteers to start to work on a history cov­ ering the city's past 100 years. Mary Louise Sims and Charles Norton chaired that committee. Many persons submitted accounts of interesting, historical events as well as the histories of busi­ nesses, organizations, schools, churches, cemeteries and community progress. Family genealogies comprise a major portion of the hard­ back book. 360 Missouri Historical Review

The history sells for $22, plus $2.50 for postage and handling, and may be ordered from the Centennial Book Committee, P.O. Box 213, Fairfax, Missouri 64446.

Livingston County History: Celebrating 150 Years, 1821-1981. By the Retired Senior Volunteer Program (Chillicothe, Missouri: Retired Senior Volunteer Program, 1981). 348 pp. Illustrated. Not Indexed. $35.00.

This 150-year history of Livingston County resulted from the dedicated work of many volunteers. Members of the Retired Senior Volunteer Program and its advisory council provided the impetus for the project. The Grand River Historical Society proved to be a willing and valuable supporter. Chapters are devoted to the early history of the county through 1930. Special articles have been written on small towns, churches, cemeteries, civic and charitable organizations and businesses, as well as black history and local athletics. Over 190 pages detail the history of Livingston County families. Besides personal recollections, local history collections and newspaper files provided source materials for the volunteers' narra­ tives. Complementing the written history are numerous photo­ graphs. Livingston County History is published in a hardbound edition. It may be purchased for $35.00, from the Retired Senior Volunteer Program Office, Box 445, Chillicothe, Missouri 64601.

Springfield of the Ozarks: An Illustrated History. By Harris and Phyllis Dark (Woodland Hills, California: Windsor Publica­ tions, Inc., 1981). 239 pp. Illustrated. Maps. Indexed. $19.95.

This handsomely and profusely illustrated history of Spring­ field is a welcomed addition to the bookshelves of Missouri history. Harris and Phyllis Dark, besides compiling an impressive pictorial display, have written a brief but informative narrative which high­ lights the heritage of the community. The authors tell their story in nine chapters beginning with the Springfield area's prehistory through 1980. They recount the Historical Notes and Comments 361 is given the Civil War period. The traumatic effects of the De­ pression and the anxieties associated with World War II are portrayed and illustrate the resilience of the citizenry during diffi­ cult times. Prominent businesses in the Springfield area also are accorded a chapter. Prominent Springfieldians, past and present, appear in the pages. Those knowledgeable of the city's history will remember John P. Campbell, Nathaniel Lyon, "Wild Bill" Hickock, John S. Phelps, Lewis E. Meador, Carrie McBride, Jerome Dickerson, Deborah Weisel, Charles C. Williford, Mary McCord, Lester E. Cox and Floyd W. Jones. Sponsored by the Springfield Area Chamber of Commerce, Springfield of the Ozarks may be purchased for $19.95 from Wind­ sor Publications, Inc., 21220 Erwin Street, Woodland Hills, Cali­ fornia 91365.

Preserving Yesterday for Tomorrow: A History of DeKalb County, Missouri, Maysville the County Seat, Camden Township, Family Histories. Edited by Lora R. Lockhart, et. al. (Maysville, Missouri: DeKalb County Historical Society, 1981). 410 pp. Illus­ trated. Maps. Indexed. $25.00.

This is the last in a series of township histories compiled, written and published by members of the DeKalb County His­ torical Society. Like its predecessors this volume is packed with historical and genealogical material. Very little information has escaped those who worked on the project. For instance, through extensive research Lyndal G. Vessar corrects the misconception that the first white settler (a Vessar ancestor) was a French- Canadian. Over seventy-five people collaborated in the publication of this township history. It contains the standard historical accounts of the township's economic, religious, educational, agricultural, social and cultural heritage. Hundreds of historic and contemporary photographs add significantly to the volume. Three indexes have been compiled; one index lists over 230 family histories found in the hardbound book. Preserving Yesterday for Tomorrow may be purchased for $25.00, and $2.00 postage and handling, from the DeKalb County Historical Society, Route 3, Box 100, Maysville, Missouri 64469. 362 Missouri Historical Review

The Building Art in St. Louis: Two Centuries. By George Mc- Cue (St. Louis, Missouri: Knight Publishing Company, 1981). 192 pp. Illustrated. Maps. Indexed. $9.36. George McCue's guide to architecture in the St. Louis metro­ politan area is now in its third edition. McCue, a trustee of the State Historical Society of Missouri, originally published the guide in 1964. Known as the St. Louis guidebook, the author's revised and expanded 1981 printing includes over 400 buildings represent­ ing more than 200 past and present architects who have applied their expertise to the St. Louis area. The area is divided into twenty- one zones with accompanying maps. This excellent paperback reference work may be purchased for $9.36 plus $3.00, for postage and handling, from St. Louis Chapter, AIA, 919 Olive Street, St. Louis, Missouri 63101.

History of Rockville, Bates County Missouri and Surrounding Area. By Joe Wesley Robinson (n.p. [1981]). 104 pp. Illustrated. Not indexed. $15.00. In 1868, William Hardesty laid out the town site in an area sometimes called "Sorghum Hill." The name Rockville seems ap­ propriate because of the fine quality of building stone in the area. A large stone quarry predates the town's settlement. The booklet highlights the growth of the town, its businesses, churches, associa­ tions, schools, "Events Over the Years," brief biographies of area people, histories of surrounding communities, early pioneer life and interesting social history items. Numerous photographs illustrate the volume. The paperback booklet may be purchased for $15.00 from Joe W. Robinson, P.O. Box 20, Rockville, Missouri 64780.

The German-Americans In The Washington, Missouri Area. By Ralph Gregory (Washington, Missouri, 1981). 104 pp. Indexed. Sources. $5.00. Author Ralph Gregory begins the history of German-Ameri­ cans in the Washington area with Gottfried Duden's promotion of the region for German settlement. Concluding with the German quality of life, he also relates early farm life, the increase in Ger­ man settlers, growth of Washington, churches and religion, the Historical Notes and Comments 363

German contribution to industry, the first newspaper, attitudes about slavery, culture and German morality. Mr. Gregory is a noted area historian who has written extensively on Franklin County and the German contribution to its heritage. A drawing by Anna Hesse of Washington in the 1830s illus­ trates the volume. The paperback booklet sells for $5.00, plus 63 cents for mailing. It is available at the Missourian Publishing Com­ pany, 14 West Main Street, Washington, Missouri 63090, or from Ralph Gregory, Route 3, Box 534, Marthasville, Missouri 63357.

Towers in the Northwest: A History of Northwest Missouri State University, 1956-1980. By Virgil Albertini and Dolores Al- bertini (Maryville, Missouri: Northwest Missouri State University, 1980). 325 pp. Illustrated. Indexed. Appendices. $20.50. To commemorate the 75th anniversary of Northwest Missouri State University, the anniversary committee asked faculty and staff members Virgil and Dolores Albertini to write the history of the university during the recent third quarter of a century, from 1956 to 1980. An earlier volume, by Mattie Dykes, Behind the Birches, captured the first half-century, 1905-1955. Towers in the Northwest is not an in-depth institutional history, but an interpretive, chrono­ logical account, written for Northwest Missouri State University alumni, students, faculty, staff and friends. The book views national and world events to place the history of the university in its proper perspective. It highlights the activi­ ties and decisions of the university presidents, officers and regents in the conduct of institutional affairs. In addition, the narrative emphasizes faculty members, student life and college traditions. The history of Northwest Missouri State University is based largely on primary source material, catalogs, alumni bulletins, year­ books, board of regents and faculty senate minutes, diaries, letters, scrapbooks and personal interviews. Numerous appendices include lists of board of regents, administrative personnel, faculty and emeritus faculty members; necrology; chairmen of the faculty senate; presidents of the student senate; homecoming and tower queens; presidents of the alumni association; and recipients of the distinguished alumni award and distinguished service award. The hardback book sells for $20.50, which includes postage and handling costs. It is available at the Alumni Office, North­ west Missouri State University, Maryville, Missouri 64468. A recent publication of the State Historical Society is Historic Missouri: A Pictorial Narrative. This 140-page pictorial history con­ tains over 400 illustrations and accompanying captions. Historic Missouri should be of genuine interest to teachers and students of Missouri history and the general public. To purchase a copy, send $1.75 in check or money order payable to the State Historical Society of Missouri, 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, Mis­ souri 65201. This publication is available in microform.

University Microfilms International

Please send additional information Name Institution . Street City_ State Zip.

300 North Zeeb Road 30-32 Mortimer Street Dept. PR. Dept. PR. Ann Arbor. Mi. 48106 London WIN 7RA USA. England The State Historical Society of Missouri's telephone number has been changed to (314) 882-7083. HISTORIC MISSOURI CHURCHES

Cumberland Presbyterian Church, Lexington

In the early 1820s, Missouri became the frontier for missionary work of the Cumber­ land Presbyterian Church. From this effort by circuit riders, a congregation of Cumber­ land Presbyterians, with 19 original members, organized in Lafayette County in 1822. In the settlement on the Little Sni, they built a log church called "Sni Grove Church." This church burned and the trustees entered an 80-acre tract on which they built a fine brick meeting house in 1827, the first brick structure in the county. The congre­ gation also erected a large tabernacle and 22 cabins of hewn logs. These camp meeting facilities made this one of the most noted places for religious services on the Upper Missouri and for years as many as 10,000 people assembled there for worship. In 1827, the Lexington members erected a frame building in Old Town jointly with the Presbyterians. It became the first church edifice in Lexington proper. By the mid-1830s, the Rev. Finis Ewing, one of the three founders of the denomination, served this congregation. He had moved to Lexington from Cooper County upon his appointment as registrar of lands and continued to minister there until his death in 1841. The Cumberland Presbyterians started construction on their brick church on the Main Cross Street, now 13th, in Lexington, in 1840. This two-story, 35' x 50" brick, Greek Revival style building with a three-section wooden cupola, a transomed double door to the main floor and paired, double-hung windows, reached completion seven years later. During the 1850s, Lexington and the congregation grew and prospered. The Rev. J. B. Logan established there a religious weekly newspaper, the Missouri Cumberland Presbyterian. In the mid-1850s the paper moved to St. Louis and the name changed to the St. Louis Observer. The Missouri Synod of the Cumberland Presbyterians met in Lexington, in 1853. Four years later, the Lexington congregation hosted the General Assembly of the denomination. Following the Civil War, educational opportunities in Lexington progressed. James Lane Allen, a noted literary figure, conducted a private school for boys in the Cumber­ land church building in 1875-1876. Most members of the Cumberland congregation lived in the country. During construction of a new building, "Edenview Church," two miles south of Lexington, they sold the old brick church in 1879 to the German School Society. Organized in 1865 to educate the enlarging local German population, the So­ ciety rented the main floor to the German Evangelical Church for use on Sunday. After renting the building for $100 a year, the church acquired the property in 1896. The following year, the congregation remodeled the church at a cost of $600, installed a $250 reed organ and celebrated its 20th anniversary. The Evangelical congregation, now the Trinity United Church of Christ, continued to use the building until late in 1923 when their present church was built. The next year the Lexington Library and Historical Association incorporated, purchased the former Cumberland church and established a public library on the main floor. In 1974 the library moved to new quarters. During this period the lower floor, or Cumberland Room, served as a land bank, 1934-1949, and as a meeting place for many civic groups. This historic brick structure received major restoration in 1975. The building was tuckpointed in 1976, and the Lexington Library and Historical Association opened a museum in it on the anniversary of the Battle of Lexington. In July the next year, the Association received, as a permanent gift, the collection of the Pony Express Heritage and Art Gallery.* This historic building was entered on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.