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Sixth Workshop on Baltic Sea Ice Climate August 25–28, 2008 Lammi Biological Station, Finland

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Sixth Workshop on Baltic Sea Ice Climate August 25–28, 2008 Lammi Biological Station, Finland UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS REPORT SERIES IN GEOPHYSICS No 61 Proceedings of The Sixth Workshop on Baltic Sea Ice Climate August 25–28, 2008 Lammi Biological Station, Finland HELSINKI 2009 UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS REPORT SERIES IN GEOPHYSICS No 61 Cover: Participants of the workshop in front of the main building of Lammi biological station (Eija Riihiranta). Proceedings of The Sixth Workshop on Baltic Sea Ice Climate August 25–28, 2008 Lammi Biological Station, Finland HELSINKI 2009 2 Preface The importance of sea ice in the Baltic Sea has been addressed in the Baltic Sea Ice Workshops. The ice has been identified as a key element in the water and energy cycles and ecological state of the Baltic Sea. The variability in sea ice conditions is high and due to the short thermal memory of the Baltic Sea closely connected to the actual weather conditions. The spatial and temporal long-term variability of the ice cover has been discussed in the Baltic Sea Ice Workshops. One motivation of the workshop series, which started in 1993, was that sea ice is not properly treated in Baltic Sea research in general although the ice season has a major role in the annual cycle of the Baltic Sea. This still holds true, which is a severe bias since in environmental problems, such as oil spill accidents in winter and long term transport of pollutants, the ice conditions play a critically important role. Also in regional climate changes the Baltic Sea ice cover is a sensitive key factor. In the Baltic Sea Ice Climate Workshops these topics have been extensively discussed, in addition to basic Baltic Sea ice science questions. The 6th Baltic Sea Ice Climate Workshop was held in Lammi Biological Station of the University of Helsinki, located 130 km north of Helsinki. It was a beautiful summer week in nature environment, and the participants could enjoy the station sauna by Lake Pääjärvi. The atmosphere was very good in the meeting, and the presentations covered a wide range of sea ice questions. The number of participants was 30 and they represented seven countries. The presentations distributed rather evenly to ice processes, ice climatology and remote sensing. The next, 7th Baltic Sea Ice Climate Workshop will be held in Estonia in 2012, hosted by Dr. Ants Erm from Marine Systems Institute, Tallinn University of Technology. Helsinki, 9 July 2009 Matti Leppäranta Department of Physics, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland 3 4 Table of Contents Preface 3 Programme of the workshop 7 Charting the Baltic Sea ice – a historical review 11 Klaus Strübing Synchrotron-based X-ray micro-tomography: insights into sea ice 28 microstructure Sönke Maus, Thomas Huthwelker, Frieder Enzmann, Markus M. Miedaner, Marco Stampanoni, Federica Marone, Manuel A. Hutterli, Markus Ammann, Christoph Hintermüller and Michael Kersten Proposal for a Climatological Ice Atlas "Western and Southern Baltic" 46 Natalija Schmelzer Generation of coastal leads in the Gulf of Finland 56 Ove Pärn, Jari Haapala and Jevgeni Rjazin Ice thickness charts produced by C-Band SAR imagery and HIGHTSI 71 thermodynamic ice model Juha Karvonen, Bin Cheng and Markku Similä Sea Ice Index 82 Marzenna Sztobryn, Natalija Schmelzer, Jouni Vainio, Patrick B. Eriksson Ice motion estimation from successive RADAR scenes 92 Juha Karvonen On Geophysical Property Modelling of Sea Ice: microstructure and salinity 99 Sönke Maus Latest Development in Ice Model Testing: the role of brine release and 113 sea ice drift for winter mixing and sea ice formation in the Baltic Sea Göran Wilkman, Ann-Cristin Forsén, Tom Mattsson, Pekka Juuti The role of brine release and sea ice drift for winter mixing and sea ice 124 formation in the Baltic Sea Andreas Lehmann and Riikka Hietala Effects of downwelling-favorable wind on DSW formation beneath coastal 134 polynyas Yusuke Kawaguchi and Humio Mitsudera A two-phase model for thermodynamics of floating ice 146 Matti Leppäranta 5 Evaluation of the operational HIGHTSI thermodynamic ice model in the 155 Baltic Sea for the winter 2007–2008 Juha Karvonen, Bin Cheng and Markku Similä Freeze fractionation of Dissolved Organic Matter during sea ice formation 163 Susanne Haase Maximum extent of the Baltic sea ice recalculated for the period 1971-2008 164 Tuomas Niskanen, Jouni Vainio, Patrick Eriksson, István Heiler Influence of dissolved and particulate constituents on the optical properties of 168 landfast sea ice Jari Uusikivi, Anssi V Vähätalo, Mats A Granskog, Ruben Sommaruga and Jonna Piiparinen The estimates of ice pile-up intensity and frequency on the eastern Gulf 169 of Finland coasts using the dynamic model Klyachkin S.V. and Drabkin V.V. The peculiarities of ice condition variations in the Gulf of Finland in 179 connection with the global warming Lebedev A.A., Mironov Ye.U. and Drabkin V.V. Annex. List of participants 187 6 The Sixth Workshop on Baltic Sea Ice Climate August 25–28, 2008 Lammi Biological Station, Finland Programme The international Sixth Workshop on Baltic Sea Ice Climate will be held in August 25–28, 2008 in Lammi Biological Station of the University Helsinki, Finland. The meeting will review research results related to the Baltic Sea ice past, present and future climate conditions. The workshop is a continuation of meetings each third year around the Baltic Sea. The First Workshop on Baltic Sea Ice climate was held in Finland August 1993, the second in Estonia 1996, the third in Poland 1999, the fourth in Sweden 2002, and the fifth in Germany 2005. The workshop will be divided into sessions with particular emphasis on the topics listed below, identified as future challenging research areas from the discussion in the earlier Baltic Sea Ice workshops. Scientists from the Baltic Sea region and as well from other regional seas, seasonally covered by sea ice, are hereby kindly invited to participate in the Sixth Workshop on Baltic Sea Ice. The workshop is organised by the Department of Physics of the University of Helsinki. The scientific advisory committee Prof. Matti Leppäranta, chair University Helsinki, Finland Dr. Ants Erm Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia Dr. Jari Haapala Finnish Institute of Marine Research, Finland Prof. Zhijun Li Dalian University of Technology, China Prof. Anders Omstedt Göteborg University, Sweden Dr. Natalia Schmelzer BSH, Hamburg, Germany Prof. Corinna Schrum University of Bergen, Norway Prof. Kunio Shirasava Hokkaido University, Japan Dr. Marzenna Sztobryn Institute of Water Management, Poland Programme Monday, August 25 12.00 Lunch 13:15 Opening Topic: Baltic Sea ice 13.30 Klaus Strübing: Charting the Baltic Sea ice – A historical review 14.15 Sönke Maus (co-authored by Thomas Huthwelker, Frieder Enzmann, Markus Miedaner, Marco Stampanoni, Federica Marone, Manuel A. Hutterli, Markus 7 Ammann, Christoph Hintermueller and Michael Kersten): Synchrotron-based X- ray micro-tomography: insights into sea ice microstructure 15.00 Coffee break 15.30 Natalija Schmelzer: Does navigation need an ice atlas? Ideas about an ice atlas for the area of the Western and Southern Baltic 16.00 Jevgeni Rjazin (co-authored by Ove Pärn and Jari Haapala): A survey to estimate appearance and performance of leads suitable to navigate, in the sea ice on the Gulf of Finland 16.30 Juha Karvonen: Ice thickness charts produced by SAR imagery and HIGHTSI thermodynamic ice model 17.00 Dinner 20.00 Sauna by the lake Tuesday, August 26 8.00 Breakfast 9.00 Marzenna Sztobryn: Sea ice condition severity index Topic: Remote sensing 9.30 Rasmus Tonboe: Simulation of L-band thermal microwave signatures from Baltic Sea ice 10.00 Coffee break 10.30 Nina Maass (co-authored by Lars Kaleschke): Determining Baltic Sea ice thickness and concentration from L-band microwave radiometry 11.00 Juha Karvonen: Ice motion estimation from successive RADAR scenes 12.00 Lunch Topic: Sea ice biology 13.15 Keynote talk by Hermanni Kaartokallio: Sea ice ecology in the Baltic Sea 14:00 Jari Uusikivi: Influence of dissolved and particulate constituents on land fast sea ice optical properties 14.30 Ants Erm, Juho Jaakkila and Matti Leppäranta: Interpretation of ice optical field measurements 15.00 Coffee break 15.30 Poster session 8 Susann Haase: The photochemical transformation of organic matter in sea ice and its impact on the functioning of the sea ice ecosystem Anssi Vähätalo: Freeze-fractionation of organic matter in the Baltic Sea water Tuomas Niskanen (c-authored by Patricj Eriksson and Jouni Vainio): Maximum ice cover extend areas in Baltic Sea during last 30 year period (from winter 1971 to 2001) Eero Rinne, Jari Haapala, Christian Haas, Istvan Heiler and Stefan Hendricks: CryoVEx 2005 - altimeter remote sensing of sea-ice thickness in the Bay of Bothnia Jari Haapala, Christian Haas, Jonni Lehtiranta and Juha Karvonen: Validation of modelled sea-ice thickness with the HEM-data. 17.00 Dinner 19.00 – Sauna by the lake Get together at the fireplace room Wednesday, August 27 8.00 Breakfast Topic: Models 9.15 Sönke Maus: Geophysical property modelling of sea ice 10.00 Pekka Juuti: Latest development in ice model testing 10.30 Coffee break 11.00 Keynote talk by Kai Myrberg: Hydrography and circulation in the Baltic Sea 12.00 Lunch 13.30 Andreas Lehmann (co-authored by Riikka Hietala): The role of brine release and sea ice drift for winter mixing and sea ice formation in the Northern Baltic Sea 14.00 Yusuke Kawaguchi: Effects of along-shore winds on DSW discharge from coastal polynyas 14.30 Coffee break 15.00 Matti Leppäranta: Two-phase thermodynamics sea ice model 15.30 Juha Karvonen: Evaluation of operational HIGHTSI thermodynamic ice model in the Baltic Sea for the winter 2007-2008 16.00 Closing discussion 17.00 Dinner Departure 9 10 Charting the Baltic Sea ice – a historical review Charting the Baltic Sea ice – a historical review Klaus Strübing Retired from Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency of Germany (BSH) Email [email protected] Abstract The development of official ice charts for the Baltic Sea is described from the first (Finnish) chart in 1915 up to date.
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