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Custody and Child Symptomatology in High Conflict Divorce: an Analysis of Latent Profiles Characterized by Hostility, Escalating Distress, and Detachment

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Custody and Child Symptomatology in High Conflict Divorce: an Analysis of Latent Profiles Characterized by Hostility, Escalating Distress, and Detachment Psicothema 2021, Vol. 33, No. 1, 95-102 ISSN 0214 - 9915 CODEN PSOTEG Copyright © 2021 Psicothema doi: 10.7334/psicothema2020.224 www.psicothema.com Custody and Child Symptomatology in High Confl ict Divorce: An Analysis of Latent Profi les Ana Martínez-Pampliega1, Marta Herrero1, Susana Cormenzana1, Susana Corral1, Mireia Sanz2, Laura Merino1, Leire Iriarte1, Iñigo Ochoa de Alda3, Leire Alcañiz1, and Irati Alvarez2 1 University of Deusto, 2 Begoñako Andra Mari Teacher Training University College (BAM), and 3 University of the Basque Country Abstract Resumen Background: There is much controversy about the impact of joint physical Custodia y Sintomatología de los Hijos en Divorcios Altamente custody on child symptomatology in the context of high interparental Confl ictivos: Análisis de Perfi les Latentes. Antecedentes: existe una confl ict. In this study we analyzed child symptomatology with person- gran controversia acerca del impacto de la custodia física compartida centered methodology, identifying differential profi les, considering post- en la sintomatología infantil en contexto de alto confl icto interparental. divorce custody, parental symptomatology, and coparenting variables. We El presente estudio analizó la sintomatología infantil a través de una examined the association between these profi les and child symptomatology, metodología centrada en la persona, identifi cando perfi les diferenciales as well as the mediating role of parenting in that association. Method: al considerar las variables custodia postdivorcio, sintomatología parental The participants were 303 divorced or separated Spanish parents with y coparentalidad. Se analizó la asociación entre estos perfi les y la high interparental confl ict. We used the study of latent profi les and the sintomatología infantil, así como el papel mediador de la parentalidad. INDIRECT procedure in Mplus. We also controlled for the variables age Método: participaron 303 progenitores españoles divorciados o and number of children, new partners, frequency of the relationship with separados con alto confl icto interparental. Se empleó el estudio de the ex-partner, time elapsed since the divorce, and gender of the parent. perfi les latentes y el procedimiento INDIRECT Mplus, controlando las Results: From the parents´ perspective, the profi le characterized by low variables edad, número de hijos/as, nuevas parejas estables, frecuencia parental symptomatology and high coparenting, regardless of the type de relación entre progenitores, tiempo transcurrido desde el divorcio of custody, was related to children exhibiting less somatic, anxious, and y género del/a progenitor/a. Resultados: desde la perspectiva de los depressive symptomatology, and aggressive behavior. The mediating role progenitores, el perfi l caracterizado por baja sintomatología parental y of parenting was also identifi ed. Conclusions: Parental symptomatology, alta coparentalidad, independientemente del tipo de custodia, se relacionó coparenting, and parenting are essential for understanding post-divorce con menor sintomatología somática y ansioso-depresiva de hijos/as, y child symptomatology and the study highlights importance of person- con menor comportamiento agresivo. Se confi rmó el papel mediador de centered multidimensional models. la parentalidad. Conclusiones: se identifi ca la sintomatología parental, Keywords: Child symptomatology, Mental Health, Coparenting, Parenting, la coparentalidad y la parentalidad como variables fundamentales para Custody. comprender la sintomatología infantil postdivorcio, así como la relevancia de emplear modelos multidimensionales centrados en la persona. Palabras clave: sintomatología infantil, salud mental, coparentalidad, parentalidad, custodia. An increasing number of children have experienced their physical custody (JPC) (Fernández-Rasines, 2017). The former parents’ divorce in recent decades. About 1 million families go indicates that the father and mother both share the rights and through divorce in Europe (Instituto de Política Familiar, 2018) duties involved in the children’s upbringing and both of them and more than 60% of the families have children (OECD-27_ have the right to be consulted on major decisions and to veto the Family_Database, 2015). other parent’s decisions, if necessary. In contrast, JPC involves the To arrange child custody, many countries, mainly in the western time spent with the child, with the percentage of the time varying depending on each country (between 30% and 50%). In Spain, the world, differentiate between joint legal custody (JLC) and joint JPC option has always existed, although it was considered “normal and not exceptional” after 2013. JPC is rapidly increasing, rising Received: June 25, 2020 • Accepted: September 9, 2020 from 11% in 2010 to 34% in 2018 (INE, 2019). Corresponding author: Ana Martínez-Pampliega In general, JPC is an option in most European countries (Belgium, Department of Social Psychology and Developmental Psychology Italy, France, England, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, University of Deusto, 48007 Vizcaya (Spain) the Netherlands, Sweden, etc.), and its positive relationship with e-mail: [email protected] children’s psychological well-being is well documented (Baude et 95 Ana Martínez-Pampliega, Marta Herrero, Susana Cormenzana, Susana Corral, Mireia Sanz, Laura Merino, Leire Iriarte, Iñigo Ochoa de Alda, Leire Alcañiz, and Irati Álvarez al., 2016; Braver & Votruba, 2018; Nielsen, 2017, 2018; Ranieri et of latent profi les. This methodology follows the line of other al., 2016, Steinbach et al., 2020). previous studies that have also sought to address the impact of However, the researchers’ main difference in this fi eld is their divorce multidimensionally (Elam et al., 2016; Perrig-Chielloi support of or their opposition to the unanimous prescription of JPC et al., 215). The objective of this methodology is to capture because, in some cases, a negative impact is anticipated on the individual differences (in this case, in child symptomatology) children‘s psychological well-being (Baude et al., 2019; Nielsen, based on profi les characterized by a combination of family 2017, 2018; Steinbach, 2019; Smyth & Chisholm, 2017). This is variables. This study also aims analyze the mediador role of especially evident in cases of abuse, neglect, or domestic violence, parenting. Additionally, to improve the design (and overcome so it is advocated to pay more attention to health professionals to some methodological diffi culties indicated in the literature, Braver reach more relevant custody agreements, based, in each case, on an & Votruba, 2018), we will analyze and control for children’s age, adequate assessment (Parkinson, 2018). However, there is lack of parents’ new partners, frequency of the relationship with the ex- information about which factors to assess and the specifi c patterns partner, time elapsed since the divorce, the number of children, that may favor or prevent the children’s symptoms. Concretely, and gender of the parent, and we will examine the mediating role there are two confl icting positions. On the one hand, the hypothesis of parenting between the profi les and child symptomatology. For of benefi t (Lamb, 2014; Nielsen, 2017, 2018; Warshak, 2014), the sake of clarity, the term divorce will be used to refer both to which points out that “the more parenting, the more benefi t.” From divorced and separated parents. this position, good relationships of support and affection with both Concretely, four hypotheses are proposed: fi rst, no differences parents are more closely linked to the children’s well-being than in child symptomatology are expected as a function of the type the interparental confl ict (IPC) itself (Mahrer et al., 2018; Vezzetti, of custody (JPC vs. JLC) (Hypothesis 1). Second, differential 2016). On the other hand, the confl ict theory is empirically post-divorce latent profi les are expected in situations of high IPC supported by the impact of IPC on children’s behavioral, (Hypothesis 2). Third, although this is an exploratory analysis, emotional, and developmental problems (Jiménez-García et al., concerning previous literature, it is expected that participants 2019; Martínez-Pampliega et al., 2016; Smyth & Chisholm, 2017; with a profi le characterized by low parental symptomatology and Yárnoz-Yaben & Garmendia, 2016; Zumbach, 2016). From this high levels of coparenting will report lower symptomatology in assumption, JPC is contraindicated in IPC situations. That is, more their children, regardless of the type of custody (Hypothesis 3); parenting time will be damaging when confl ict is high because the and, fourth, parenting is expected to mediate in the association children will be more likely to have loyalty confl icts (Jaffe, 2014; between post-divorce family profi les and child symptomatology Mahrer et al., 2018; Ranieri et al., 2016; Steinbach, 2019) and, in (Hypothesis 4). some cases, like situations of violence, the consequences for the children in JPC arrangements would be very harmful (Fabricius Method et al., 2018; Sandler et al., 2013). In addition, the studies in this line highlight that JPC arrangements are not necessarily linked to Participants positive parental involvement (Elam et al., 2016; McIntosh et al., 2014; Modecki et al., 2015; Smyth & Chisholm, 2017). Participants were 303 divorced or separated parents with high Parental symptoms have also received attention because they IPC attending public services (family visitation centers) by judicial increase the risk of children’s emotional,
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