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Openair@RGU the Open Access Institutional Repository at Robert OpenAIR@RGU The Open Access Institutional Repository at Robert Gordon University http://openair.rgu.ac.uk Citation Details Citation for the version of the work held in ‘OpenAIR@RGU’: ABDRASSILOVA, R., 2015. Understanding barriers and opportunities in agricultural information management in post- Soviet states: a case study of Kazakhstan. Available from OpenAIR@RGU. [online]. Available from: http://openair.rgu.ac.uk Copyright Items in ‘OpenAIR@RGU’, Robert Gordon University Open Access Institutional Repository, are protected by copyright and intellectual property law. If you believe that any material held in ‘OpenAIR@RGU’ infringes copyright, please contact [email protected] with details. The item will be removed from the repository while the claim is investigated. UNDERSTANDING BARRIERS AND OPPORTUNITIES IN AGRICULTURAL INFORMATION MANAGEMENT IN POST- SOVIET STATES: A CASE STUDY OF KAZAKHSTAN RAIKHAN ABDRASSILOVA PhD 2015 UNDERSTANDING BARRIERS AND OPPORTUNITIES IN AGRICULTURAL INFORMATION MANAGEMENT IN POST-SOVIET STATES: A CASE STUDY OF KAZAKHSTAN RAIKHAN ABDRASSILOVA A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of ROBERT GORDON UNIVERSITY for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY October, 2015 i CERTIFICATION I, Raikhan Serikbayevna Abdassilova, declare that this thesis, submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of the award of Doctor of Philosophy, at the Aberdeen Business School of the Robert Gordon University, is wholly my own work unless otherwise referenced or acknowledged. The document has not been submitted for the qualifications at any other academic institution. Raikhan Serikbayevna Abdassilova Aberdeen, 2015 ii ABSTRACT After the break-up of the former Soviet Union in 1991, several states declared independence, including the Republic of Kazakhstan. Under the centralised soviet system Kazakhstan provided mainly raw materials to the USSR, and agriculture operated under a Moscow-based command and control model. Kazakhstan possesses vast wealth of mineral and energy resources and its agricultural land is well able to ensure national food security. However, after independence the rapid and frequently unplanned state actions such as land reform, taken to move from socialism to a market economy, were not always successful and the state of agriculture was initially one of chaos. A major exodus from the land to the cities ensued. Gradually Kazakhstani agriculture recovered some of its productivity but still lags well behind developed nations in the use of ICT supported agricultural information management (AIM). This research contributes to new knowledge in the area of ICT-based AIM by supplementing the limited statistical and scientific analyses of Kazakh agriculture by seeking to discover, through semi- structured interviews, the views and perceptions of agrarians who are both the customers and end users of ICT-based AIM in a post-soviet state. The researcher established that agrarian stakeholders were aware of the need for a centralised AIM system, but felt that to implement it, more assistance was required from the state. Kazakhstan can learn from the experiences of both developed and developing countries in furthering ICT-based AIM, and although its situation is unique, understanding of the perceptions of end users, who have had to make a series of flawed initiatives work, will arguably be relevant to policy makers in other post-soviet states. Information management technology agricultural policy reforms Kazakhstan economy iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This PhD is dedicated to my great father who would have been proud of me Serikbay Abdrassilov 1929 – 2004 This thesis would not have been possible without the endorsement from several people in many ways. Firstly, I would like to show my endless and cordial appreciation to my supervisor, Professor Simon Burnett for his understanding, persistent support and precious guidance throughout writing my PhD. You have been a constant source of support and have provided constructive and valuable feedback throughout the dissertation process. Your timely reading, annotations and encouragement have been crucial to the completion of this study. Simon, thank you for your belief in me. I am very thankful to professor Dorothy Williams, previously Head of the IMAGES Research Institute Aberdeen Business School, at the Robert Gordon University, for her continuous support during this study; for professors of the above named university - Professor Seonaidh McDonald for her great assistance, support and advice on the information and administration perspective of this study over time; Mr. Martin Simpson, the Research Officer, for his continued support during my study; the library staff, in particular Ms Anne Nichol, for her professional advice on using the databases and information searching; for Dr. Mary Brown, for her incredible patience in the process of correcting my Thesis. Mary, thanks for your invaluable assistance and support in the most critical moments for me. My gratitude also goes to Professor Robert Newton for his help in the early stages of the study. I would like to express my commendation to the staff of Aberdeen Business School and Members of the Research Committee for their concern and constant encouragement all along the way. My sincere appreciation also goes to the European Commission under the European Training Foundation (ETF) TEMPUS Project. Without their financial support, it would not have been possible for me to complete this project successfully. And in this context, I would also like to thank Professor David Lal who represented this Project in Kazakhstan, and express thanks for his friendly manner and assistance during my study. I am indebted to employees of the Ministry of Agriculture of Republic of Kazakhstan, National Statistical Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan, JSC National Holding “KazAgro”, National Holding “KazAgroMarketing”, research participants - agrarians from different regions of agriculture, who not only gave me insightful interviews but also arranged several trips to districts and farms, and iv for their help in data collection which gave me the opportunity and inspiration to complete my research. I wish to thank my parents: my mother BibiSara for her endless and unconditional love, and all-around understanding at all times; special thanks to my father-in-law Serikbay for his unreserved support through this study. Without their support and love, this dissertation would have never been accomplished. My gratitude also goes to other family members - my sisters and brothers, my friends and colleagues for their encouragement. Lastly, but by absolutely no means least, thanks go to my great family - husband and my sons for their concern, understanding, patience and moral support throughout the duration of this journey. Guess, I will miss their question - how is your Thesis? :) This research would obviously not have been possible without all above mentioned people. Thank you! v CONTENTS Title page i Certification ii Abstract iii Acknowledgments iv Contents vi List of Tables x List of Figures xi List of Appendices xii List of Abbreviations xiii CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Overview 1 1.2 Background to the Study 3 1.3 Statement of the research issues 4 1.4 Significance of the problem 8 1.5 Study aim and associated objectives 10 1.6 Organization of the Study 12 1.7 Definitions of Key Terms used in the thesis used in the thesis (in alphabetical order) and acronyms 14 CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 The role of agricultural policy (AP) in the country’s development 19 2.3 Theoretical foundations and framework for agricultural policy analysis 22 2.4 Objects, structural elements and subjects of agricultural policy 24 2.5 Evaluation of ICT-based AIM in support of agricultural policy development 25 2.6 IM strategy and the role of international organizations in agricultural development 33 2.6.1 Farm Agriculture Organization (FAO) 35 2.6.2 The International Information System for the Agricultural Sciences and Technology (AGRIS) 35 2.6.3 European Network for Rural Development (ENRD) 36 2.6.4 World Agriculture Information Centre (WAICENT) 36 2.6.5 Transparency index in auditing agricultural policy 39 2.7 Rationale for the selection of Germany, UK, USA and Russia as examples of a nation’s use of AIM to support agricultural policy development 40 vi 2.7.1 Germany 40 2.7.2 The United Kingdom 41 2.7.3 The United States of America 41 2.7.4 Russian Federation 42 2.8 A comparison of the role of ICT-based AIM to support agricultural policy in Germany, UK, USA and Russia (as a post-Soviet state) 43 2.8.1 The Common Agriculture Policy’s influence on agricultural development in Europe 46 2.8.2 The role of the CAP in German agricultural development 50 2.8.3 The role of ICT-based AIM in support of German agricultural policy development 53 2.8.4 The United Kingdom: the CAP in agricultural development 54 2.8.5 The United Kingdom: the role of ICT-based AIM in supporting agricultural policy development 56 2.8.6 The role of agricultural policy in the USA’s agriculture development 57 2.8.7 The role of ICT-based AIM in support of USA’s agricultural policy development 63 2.8.8 Barriers to adopting developed nations’ strategy of ICT-based AIM in the developing world 65 2.9 Developing countries: the role of ICT-based AIM in supporting agricultural development 67 2.9.1 AIM development in supporting Russian agricultural policy since independence 7 8 2.10 Agricultural policy and ICT in Kazakhstan: brief overview and relevant comparisons 85 2.10.1 Brief
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