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[ Enter the Past ] - Geographical Information System View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Publikationsserver der Universität Tübingen [ Enter the Past ] - Geographical Information System SITE RECONSTRUCTION OF ANCIENT VINDOBONA ABSTRACT Archaeological and geological researches in Vienna come to the conclusion that the surface of Roman Vindobona even in R. GIETL the restricted area of the nowadays inner district was quite INST. FOR CLASSICAL ARCHAEOLOGY, different in contrast to present Vienna. Beside the cognition UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA, AUSTRIA of a mutation of the Danube course in a northward direction over the centuries, there are indications in changing the river beds of tributary brooks. A flood of the Danube in ancient times and a mudflow resulting from this flood in the northern M. KRONBERGER area of the settlement entails a chronological division of the site reconstruction. This implicates completely new percep- VIENNA, AUSTRIA tions on terrain and settlement structures in Roman times. A three dimensional reconstruction of that surface should include the current developments in researching the urban area of Vindobona, that means river courses, elevations and M. MOSSER altitudes, routes of streets, buildings of the legionary fortress STADTARCHÄOLOGIE WIEN, AUSTRIA and the surrounding canabae legionis and the river docksi- des in reconstruction. Implements in ensuring this intentions are a GIS-application, 3D-studio, altitude and geological plans of present day Vienna and new two dimensional plans of the legionary fortress and of the dimensions of the sur- rounding canabae legionis. In future the project should be enlarged around the whole area of the Vienna basin. The taking place of the project is based on the cooperation of The outlines of this fortress within today´s inner city of three branches of research: Vienna are well known, although archaeological excavations could have been made in very different qualities and only in Archaeology: with the results of Roman settlement research very restricted areas during the last 150 years. It was located in the inner city of Vienna. at a very favourable site, surrounded by the river Danube in the north, by a brook, which does not exist today, in the west Geology: with the evaluation of drilling logs and a new digi- and a today canalised river in the east. These watercourses tal geological map of Vienna resulting from it. will play an important role for the appearance of the model. Collecting and mapping the results of elder and new excava- Surveying and mapping: with the establishment of a digital tions led in 2002 to a provisional new reconstruction plan of elevation model of Vienna. the legionary fortress approximately of mid 2nd century AD (Fig.2). These mappings enabled a full-coverage acquirement HISTORICAL AND TOPOGRAPHICAL REMARKS of the ancient Roman altitude level inside the inner city of Vienna. Vienna was a thoroughly important base on the border of the Roman empire. In ancient times it was called Vindobona and RECONSTRUCTION existed as an Roman legionary fortress from the 1st to the 5th century AD in the province of Pannonia. In flourishing times First computer supported attempts to create buildings of the there lived 5 to 6000 soldiers within the walls of the fortress fortress three-dimensionally began with the reconstruction of (Fig.1). the three archaeologically known gate-towers in AutoCAD. It based on archaeological ground plan drawings from the beginning of the 20th century and on compara- ble gate towers from other Roman forts and fortres- ses especially in Britain, Germany and northern Africa (Fig.3). In consequence of the gate-tower project a voluntary employee, Mrs. Helen Sarah Lacey from Britain, tried to place the gate-towers into the modern urban features and made little cine- matic sequences of her work. THE ANCIENT SURFACE Last year it was R. Gietl, who tried to build an attractive three dimensional model of the legionary Figure 1 Imagination of landscape around the legionary fortress of Vindobona in Roman times (© Wien Museum Karlsplatz) fortress of Vindobona in the context of the so called [ Enter the Past ] - Geographical Information System and models (Fig.4). But the technical prerequisi- tes improved over the times, and finally the department of surveying and mapping of Vienna has made a digital eleva- tion model of the city, which they made availa- ble for our purpose. Three main sources have been available to produce the ancient surface: - altitude level points of the ancient Roman surfa- ce from certain excava- tions - evaluated drilling logs from the whole area of Figure 2 Vindobona - legionary fortress, approximately of the mid 2nd century AD the inner city defining (Map based on MZK MA14-ADV) the water courses - the digital elevation "Science week", a yearly open air event of the Universities to model of the inner city bring science nearer to the people. In this context the coope- ration was born, the aim was the reconstruction of the ancient The current working was a very educational one, because you conditions around the Vienna fortress and its three dimensio- pushed on problems you didn´t expect before, you have been nal rebuilding. But soon problems occurred concerning the forced to logical solutions and finally you have more ques- ancient landscape, available maps and technical possibilities. tions than answers. One of the results of this finding process The archaeological researches and the parallel carried out is, for instance, the fact of three ditches around the fortress, a geological evaluation of drilling logs in Vienna come to the fact which has not been so clear before. These three ditches conclusion that the surface of Roman Vindobona was quite also seem to have intentional drainage function in direction to different in contrast to present Vienna. the Danube river in times of inundation of the brook west of the fortress. The most outstanding result from the cooperation with the geologists was the recognition of a flood of the Danube in ancient times and a mudflow resulting from this flood in the northern area of the settlement. This fact required at least two stages of the ancient model: The rectangular fortress and its sur- roundings before the mudflow and the reduced settlement after the flood. A three dimensional reconstruction of Figure 3 Three-dimensional recon- Figure 4 Relief-map Vienna - inner that surface should include the current struction of the gate towers in the district (Otto von Altvatter 1858) legionary fortress of Vindobona (© Wien Museum Karlsplatz) developments in researching the urban area of Vindobona, that means river courses, elevations and altitudes, routes of streets, buildings To form the river beds, to reconstruct their ancient courses, to of the legionary fortress and the surrounding canabae legio- hold in mind also Roman canalisation and docks is one of the nis (military suburb) and the river docksides in reconstruc- most difficult tasks of our work. tion. For this a suitable elevation model of Vienna as a basis to reconstruct the ancient surface and to build up the archi- TECHNICAL PROCESS tecture was necessary. To create a site model we had to look for data with z-values Such elevation models have already existed since the 19th and we found an archaeological map showing the contour century. The advanced measurement systems of the survey- lines of Vienna's 1st district, used by F. Kenner, the leading ing departments of the Habsburg monarchy led, beside an archaeologist of Roman Vienna around 1900 (Fig.5). exactly measured land register, also to detailed altitude plans [ Enter the Past ] - Geographical Information System By digitising the contour lines of this map and triangulating Another geological source are the borderlines of the alluvial them we generated a first DEM (digital elevation model) that plains. They show us the range of possible river movements reflects the topographic situation about 100 years ago. In a around the fortress since the last glacial period. second step we started to compute and to model this DEM using the archaeological reconstruction of the legionary fort- The third and last source is still the archaeological recon- ress. The result was a DEM of the fortress area, that was quite struction of the fortress, of the ancient street system and other exactly in his ground plan, but with z-values of modern buildings. Vienna. It wasn't useable for archaeological aims because the present-day surface of the 1st district is totally different com- On the base of this data our team composed of geologists, a pared with the Roman age surface. Today the majority of the civil engineer expert for DEM's and archaeologists started to fortress is a couple of meters under the modern surface, but edit the points, to filter accidental error in reference data and some other parts were dug away during the Middle Ages or to model the ancient surface. We used a software called in the 19th century and now there we walk under the sandals SCOP, which the department of Geodesy made available to of the Roman soldiers. To solve this problem we tried to us. SCOP is designed for interpolation, management, appli- include new sources of height data which reflects the third cation and visualisation of digital terrain data, with special dimension of the terrain surface in Roman age. emphasis on accuracy. SCOP aims at high quality of interpo- lation. It has been developed and continuously improved over the last 30 years from the Institute of Photogram- metry and Remote Sensing of the Technical University of Vienna. With this software it is possible to modify easily the height and the position of every mass point or break line. Additionally we can give different weights to our Figure 5 Digitised contour lines Figure 6 Vienna: 1st district - Legionary fortress data, depending on their from the city map of F.
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