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AN OFFPRINT FROM Roman Military Architecture on the Frontiers Armies and Their Architecture in Late Antiquity Rob Collins, Matthew Symonds and Meike Weber Hardcover Edition: ISBN 978-1-78297-990-6 Digital Edition: ISBN 978-1-78297-991-3 © Oxbow Books 2015 Oxford & Philadelphia www.oxbowbooks.com Published in the United Kingdom in 2015 by OXBOW BOOKS 10 Hythe Bridge Street, Oxford OX1 2EW and in the United States by OXBOW BOOKS 908 Darby Road, Havertown, PA 19083 © Oxbow Books and the individual authors 2015 Hardcover Edition: ISBN 978-1-78297-990-6 Digital Edition: ISBN 978-1-78297-991-3 A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Collins, Rob, 1977- Roman military architecture on the frontiers : armies and their architecture in late antiquity / Rob Collins, Matt Symonds and Meike Weber. pages cm Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-78297-990-6 (hardback) 1. Fortification, Roman. 2. Military architecture--Rome. 3. Rome--Military antiquities. I. Symonds, Matthew F. A. II. Weber, Meike. III. Title. UG405.C65 2015 725’.180937--dc23 2015022492 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission from the publisher in writing. Printed in the United Kingdom by Berforts Information Press For a complete list of Oxbow titles, please contact: UNITED KINGDOM Oxbow Books Telephone (01865) 241249, Fax (01865) 794449 Email: [email protected] www.oxbowbooks.com UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Oxbow Books Telephone (800) 791-9354, Fax (610) 853-9146 Email: [email protected] www.casemateacademic.com/oxbow Oxbow Books is part of the Casemate Group Front cover: Gasr Kh 14 in the Wadi Kharab (in the Tripolitanian pre-desert), © John Dore, used with the kind permission of his estate. CONTENTS List of Figures and Tables v List of Contributors vii Acknowledgements viii List of Abbreviations ix 1. Late Roman military architecture: An introduction 1 Rob Collins and Meike Weber 2. Making sense of the frontier armies in late antiquity: An historian’s perspective 6 Conor Whately 3. Economic reduction or military reorganization? Granary demolition and conversion in later 4th-century northern Britannia 18 Rob Collins 4. Late Roman military buildings at Binchester (Co. Durham) 32 David Petts 5. Fourth-century fortlets in Britain: sophisticated systems or desperate measures? 46 Matthew Symonds 6. The late Roman coastal fort of Oudenburg (Belgium): Spatial and functional transformations within the fort walls 62 Sofie Vanhoutte 7. The legionary fortress of Vindobona (Vienna, Austria): Change in function and design in the late Roman period 76 Martin Mosser 8. The dwindling legion: Architectural and administrational changes in Novae (Moesia inferior) on the threshold of late antiquity 90 Martin Lemke iv Contents 9. Severan Castra, Tetrarchic Quadriburgia, Justinian Coenobia, and Ghassanid Diyarat: Patterns of transformation of limes Arabicus forts during late antiquity 98 Ignacio Arce 10. Castra or centenaria? Interpreting the later forts of the North African frontier 123 Alan Rushworth 11. In defence of the late empire 140 David Breeze LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES List of Figures Figure 6.2: An aerial view of Oudenburg Figure 3.1: Hadrian’s Wall in the 4th century Figure 6.3: The city center of Oudenburg showing the location of Figure 3.2: The horreum structures from the principal sites under the different excavation campaigns on the fort area consideration Figure 6.4: A simplified excavation plan of the fifth fort period Figure 3.3: The 3rd and 4th century plans of the double-granary Figure 6.5: A view of the hypocaust floor from the fifth fort period at Housesteads Figure 6.6: A section through the double well of the 4th century AD Figure 3.4: The 4th century plans of Building XV at Housesteads Figure 6.7: The large wooden water-basin, 4.5 m square Figure 3.5: The 4th and 5th century plans of the east and west Figure 6.8: An excavation plan of the fifth fort period granaries at Vindolanda Figure 3.6: The sequence of transformation of the granaries at Figure 7.1: Vindobona – the Late Roman legionary fortress with Birdoswald sites numbered Figure 3.7: A visualization of the second timber structure at Figure 7.2: The Acaunus altar from Vindobona Birdoswald as a hall Figure 7.3: The western intervallum and via sagularis of the Vindobona legionary fortress Figure 4.1: Location plan of Binchester Roman fort Figure 7.4: A map of Pannonia I and the eastern part of Noricum Figure 4.2: A geophysical survey of Binchester, showing the earlier ripense and later phases of fort Figure 7.5: Late Roman graves and stamped tiles sites of Vindobona Figure 4.3: An outline plan of the Phase 1 barrack block Figure 7.6: 1st- to 3rd-century tombstone findspots Figure 4.4: A vertical photograph of excavations within the barrack area at Binchester Figure 8.1: Novae in late antiquity Figure 4.5: An outline plan of the Phase 2 barrack block Figure 8.2: Novae: the military hospital with the courtyard house Figure 4.6: The Vicus bath-house under excavation Figure 8.3: The courtyard house in Sector 4 Figure 8.4: Late antique portico looking towards the south, Sector Figure 5.1: The Yorkshire fortlets and the Nunnery on Alderney 12 Figure 5.2: The possible late Roman fortlets on the west coast Figure 5.3: The core of the southern enclosure wall at Hen Waliau Figure 9.1: A map of the Limes Arabicus Figure 5.4: The north rampart at Caer Gybi Figure 9.2: A plan of Qasr al-Hallabat Figure 5.5: The north-west bastion at Caer Gybi Figure 9.3: Qasr al-Hallabat Sequence of the evolution of the Figure 5.6: The north-east bastion at Caer Gybi complex Figure 5.7: The robbed-out remains of the corner tower at Burrow Figure 9.4: Deir el Kahf, plan Walls Figure 9.5: Khirbet el-Khaw Figure 5.8: The northern length of extant masonry at Burrow Walls Figure 9.6: Khirbet es-Samra Figure 5.9: The late Roman installations on the Carlisle–York Figure 9.7: Umm al-Jimal Highway Figure 9.8: Qasr el-Ba’ij Figure 9.9: Qasr al-Hayr al Gharbi (Hauliaram) Figure 6.1: The location of Oudenburg fort, along with other Figure 9.10: (a) Deir an-Nasrani; (b) Qasr Burqu military installations of the Litus Saxonicum Figure 9.11: Qasr Burqu vi List of Figures and Tables Figure 9.12: Monastery of St. Mary, Mt. Gerizim, Neapolis-Nablus List of Tables (Palestine) Table 2.1: Disposition of auxiliaries in the Moesias in AD 138 Figure 9.13: Castrum-Lavra of St. Catherine in Sinai Table 2.2: Disposition of auxiliaries in the Moesias in AD 170 Figure 9.14: Khirbet al-Kerak, identified as Sinnabra Table 2.3: The legions of the Moesias listed in the Antonine Figure 9.15: Kastron at Al-Andarin / Androna Itinerary Figure 9.16: Qasr Ibn-Wardan. The so-called 6th-century ‘Barracks’ Table 2.4: The legions in the Notitia Dignitatum Figure 9.17: Civil Forts. (a) Istabl Antar and (b) Kastron at Androna Table 2.5: The units listed in the Notitia Dignitatum for the Moesias / Anderin Figure 9.18: Roman (and Persian) forts that served as inspiration Table 3.1: Summary of changes to granaries at selected Wall forts for Arab fortified residences in the late Roman period Figure 9.19: (a) Ed-Dur Fort (chantier F) (UAE); (b) Jabal Says Table 3.2: Summary of palaeobotanical evidence from Wall 6th-century pre-Umayyad (Ghassanid?) fort; (c) Kh. el-Bayda granaries (Hauran, Syria) Table 7.1: Construction periods of the legionary fortress in Figure 10.1: A map of late Roman military sites in Mauretania Vindobona Caesariensis, Sitifensis and eastern Numidia Figure 10.2: Late Roman forts and fortlets in North Africa Table 9.1: A comparison of enlarged forts and single-phase Figure 10.3: The Tripolitanian fortlet of Benia bel-Recheb fortifications from the Limes Arabicus Figure 10.4: Forts and fortlets in the limes commands of western Tripolitania and southern Byzacena Figure 10.5: Plans of a range of courtyard towers (gsur) Figure 10.6: A typical courtyard tower: Gasr Kh 41 in the Wadi Kharab 3 ECONOMIC REDUCTION OR MILITARY REORGANIZATION? GRANARY DEMOLITION AND CONVERSION IN LATER 4TH-CENTURY NORTHERN BRITANNIA Rob Collins Introduction the supply and economy not only of a single fort, but to the The Roman forts of Hadrian’s Wall were built in the 2nd entire Wall corridor, as well as prompting further questions century and retained their basic form and layout well into of what replaced the space and functions of the horrea? the 4th century. This architectural conservatism is in stark contrast to the forts found in the other frontiers of the later Roman Empire, where many auxiliary forts of the Principate were refurbished and received upgrades to their defensive Horrea demolition or conversion architecture or rebuilt in a smaller form inside the larger A number of forts in the Wall corridor have provided area of the Principate fort (Johnson 1983).