Transatlantic Transformation: Building a NATO-EU Security Architecture
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Transatlantic Relations: the Usa and Canada
TRANSATLANTIC RELATIONS: THE USA AND CANADA The EU, the US and Canada share the values of democracy, human rights, the rule of law, and economic and political freedom, and have overlapping foreign policy and security concerns. Close cooperation and strategic relations with the US and Canada remain a priority for the EU. EU-US FOREIGN POLICY RELATIONS The close cooperation and strategic relations between the European Union and its Member States and the United States are built on common history and a shared set of democratic values. These are key to both partners’ security and prosperity. The EU and the US closely cooperate in a number of foreign policy areas and geographical contexts, such as counter-terrorism, security cooperation, energy cooperation, Russia, Ukraine and the Western Balkans. With the new Biden administration in office since 20 January 2021, new perspectives are opening up, as illustrated in the joint communication from the Commission and the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy of December 2020 on a new transatlantic agenda for global change. This agenda provides an opportunity for a renewed EU-US partnership based on greater engagement, coordination and cooperation in both a multilateral and bilateral context. It will seek to address current foreign affairs and security challenges, such as the global pandemic, economic recession, climate change, trade irritants, the rise of China, the digital transformation and growing technological competition, as well as defend democracy and human rights. INTERPARLIAMENTARY DIALOGUE – THE TRANSATLANTIC LEGISLATORS’ DIALOGUE (TLD) PROCESS Relations between Parliament and the US Congress date back to 1972. -
The U.S. South Caucasus Strategy and Azerbaijan
THE U.S. SOUTH CAUCASUS STRATEGY AND AZERBAIJAN This article analyzes the evolution of U.S. foreign policy in the South Cauca- sus through three concepts, “soft power”, “hard power” and “smart power” which have been developed under the administrations of Bill Clinton, George W. Bush and Barack Obama respectively. The authors also aim to identify how the US strategy towards this region has been perceived in Azerbaijan, which, due to its geographical position, energy resources and geopolitical environment, is one of the “geopolitical pivots of Eurasia”. Inessa Baban & Zaur Shiriyev* * Inessa Baban is a Ph.D candidate in geopolitics at Paris-Sorbonne University of France. She is a former visiting scholar at Center for Strategic Studies under the President of Azerbaijan. Zaur Shiriyev is a foreign policy analyst at the same think tank. The views expressed in this article are entirely personal. 93 VOLUME 9 NUMBER 2 INESSA BABAN & ZAUR SHIRIYEV he U.S. strategy towards the South Caucasus has become one of the most controversial issues of American foreign policy under the Obama administration. Most American experts argue that because of the current priorities of the U.S. government, the South Caucasus region does not get the attention that it merits. Even if they admit that none of U.S.’ interests in the Caucasus “fall under the vital category”1 there is a realization that Washington must reconsider its policy towards this region which matters geopolitically, economically and strategically. The South Caucasus, also referred as Transcaucasia, is located between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, neighboring Central Asia to the east, the Middle East to the south, and Eastern Europe to the west, hence connecting Europe to Asia. -
Western Balkans | 65
westeRn BalKans | 65 3.4 Mission Reviews Western Balkans he Western Balkans have been a testing-ground Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and Kosovo. T for a huge range of political missions since the Each of these figures also has responsibility for early 1990s. These have ranged from light-weight some sort of field presence, although these are civilian monitoring missions meant to help contain not straightforward European political missions. the Yugoslav wars to long-serving presences tasked The EUSR in BiH also serves as the Interna- with promoting good governance, fair elections, tional High Representative, answering to a Peace minority rights and economic rehabilitation. Implementation Council of fifty-five countries and These long-term presences were usually organizations.1 The EUSR in Kosovo is similarly deployed to support or replace peacekeepers. double-hatted as the International Civilian Repre- The large military forces that stabilized the region sentative (ICR, answering to a Steering Group of have now downsized, while some international 28 countries that recognize Kosovo’s sovereignty). civilian missions are likely to remain in place for a The EUSR in FYROM has also acted as the head considerable time. of the European Commission’s delegation there Today, two organizations have prominent since late 2005. political missions in the Balkans. The Organization In addition to the OSCE and EU, the UN has for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) a residual presence in the Western Balkans. The maintains field presences in Albania and all the for- UN Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo mer constituent parts of Yugoslavia except Slovenia (UNMIK), having had executive authority and a (its presence in Croatia, however, is now an office in large civilian police arm from 1999 to 2008, has an Zagreb and will not be discussed here). -
HQ Eurocorps
26th Feb. 2015 Brussels Subcommittee on Security and Defence Lieutenant-general BUCHSENSCHMIDT Commander Eurocorps EUROCORPS, a tool for the European Union, NATO and UN Use it or lose it ! 1 EUROCORPS is an Army Corps Headquarters: Similar to its sister HRF HQs but also Unique in its kind Has reached a turning point in its existence. 2 CENTRAL LOCATION WITHIN HRF COMMUNITY 3 RAPIDLY DEPLOYABLE OPERATIONAL NRF 7 NRF 15 A UNIQUE STATUS 1992, La Rochelle : a political will Directly subordinated to CHODs and POL DIR 2009, Treaty of Strasbourg : Financial and legal autonomy A UNIQUE SUBORDINATION Common Committee (CoCo) Auditing Air Committee Eurocorps Committee Committee (AUDITCOM) (ECC) (ACEC) Naval Budget & Coordination Financial Info Info Board Committee (NCB) (BFC) ANs ANs Security Info Committee ANs Expert Groups (ECSC) HQ EC ECSAB Resources Board EC HQ Board A UNIQUE GEOGRAPHICAL SITUATION European Parliament A European capital Council of Europe European Court of Human Rights Strasbourg Higher education center National School of Administration (ENA) University of Strasbourg Institute of Political Studies (IEP) Council of Europe 8 Force structure Total Eurocorps: Permanent XXX +/- 1100 HQ 400 X MN 700 MNCS MN II I I HQSPT Signal CIS MN DEU MN X DEU/FRA FGB Other TCN 5 000 Privileged Force generated Capabilities 9 A UNIQUE MULTINATIONAL STRUCTURE 5 6 Framework Nations Germany Belgium France Luxembourg Spain • Mastered multinationality • Responsibility and burden sharing • Lower cost for each nation 3 Associated Nations AN ENHANCED MULTINATIONALITY -
Death of an Institution: the End for Western European Union, a Future
DEATH OF AN INSTITUTION The end for Western European Union, a future for European defence? EGMONT PAPER 46 DEATH OF AN INSTITUTION The end for Western European Union, a future for European defence? ALYSON JK BAILES AND GRAHAM MESSERVY-WHITING May 2011 The Egmont Papers are published by Academia Press for Egmont – The Royal Institute for International Relations. Founded in 1947 by eminent Belgian political leaders, Egmont is an independent think-tank based in Brussels. Its interdisciplinary research is conducted in a spirit of total academic freedom. A platform of quality information, a forum for debate and analysis, a melting pot of ideas in the field of international politics, Egmont’s ambition – through its publications, seminars and recommendations – is to make a useful contribution to the decision- making process. *** President: Viscount Etienne DAVIGNON Director-General: Marc TRENTESEAU Series Editor: Prof. Dr. Sven BISCOP *** Egmont – The Royal Institute for International Relations Address Naamsestraat / Rue de Namur 69, 1000 Brussels, Belgium Phone 00-32-(0)2.223.41.14 Fax 00-32-(0)2.223.41.16 E-mail [email protected] Website: www.egmontinstitute.be © Academia Press Eekhout 2 9000 Gent Tel. 09/233 80 88 Fax 09/233 14 09 [email protected] www.academiapress.be J. Story-Scientia NV Wetenschappelijke Boekhandel Sint-Kwintensberg 87 B-9000 Gent Tel. 09/225 57 57 Fax 09/233 14 09 [email protected] www.story.be All authors write in a personal capacity. Lay-out: proxess.be ISBN 978 90 382 1785 7 D/2011/4804/136 U 1612 NUR1 754 All rights reserved. -
On the Way Towards a European Defence Union - a White Book As a First Step
DIRECTORATE-GENERAL FOR EXTERNAL POLICIES POLICY DEPARTMENT STUDY On the way towards a European Defence Union - A White Book as a first step ABSTRACT This study proposes a process, framed in the Lisbon Treaty, for the EU to produce a White Book (WB) on European defence. Based on document reviews and expert interviewing, this study details the core elements of a future EU Defence White Book: strategic objectives, necessary capabilities development, specific programs and measures aimed at achieving the improved capabilities, and the process and drafting team of a future European WB. The study synthesizes concrete proposals for each European institution, chief among which is calling on the European Council to entrust the High Representative with the drafting of the White Book. EP/EXPO/B/SEDE/2015/03 EN April 2016 - PE 535.011 © European Union, 2016 Policy Department, Directorate-General for External Policies This paper was requested by the European Parliament's Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Sub-Committee on Security and Defence. English-language manuscript was completed on 18 April 2016. Translated into FR/ DE. Printed in Belgium. Author(s): Prof. Dr. Javier SOLANA, President, ESADE Center for Global Economy and Geopolitics, Spain Prof. Dr. Angel SAZ-CARRANZA, Director, ESADE Center for Global Economy and Geopolitics, Spain María GARCÍA CASAS, Research Assistant, ESADE Center for Global Economy and Geopolitics, Spain Jose Francisco ESTÉBANEZ GÓMEZ, Research Assistant, ESADE Center for Global Economy and Geopolitics, Spain Official Responsible: Wanda TROSZCZYNSKA-VAN GENDEREN, Jérôme LEGRAND Editorial Assistants: Elina STERGATOU, Ifigeneia ZAMPA Feedback of all kind is welcome. Please write to: [email protected]. -
Transatlantic Relations and Security Governance
THE TRANSATLANTIC RELATIONSHIP AND THE FUTURE GLOBAL GOVERNANCE ISSN 2281-5252 WORKING PAPER 41 | OCTOBER 2014 Historically, the system designed to ensure largely as a consequence of Europe’s modest international security has its roots in the evo- hard power and lack of strategic cohesion. On lution of the European-centred the contrary, if centripetal dynamics balance of power into the prevail, the Europeans can make transatlantic-promoted use not only of their indi- liberal order. Because vidual assets to address the liberal order functional threats is so depend- such as terrorism ent on Western and regional crises (US) power, but also exploit the emerging Transatlantic Relations the soft power multipolar- potential of the ity undeni- and Security Governance EU, whereby ably poses a US power gains challenge to greater out- it. Yet, even reach and im- the most res- pact. Because US tive among power is still so the non-West- Riccardo Alcaro and strong and the US- ern powers such European partnership as China and Rus- Ondrej Ditrych still enduring, the capac- sia have a stake in its ity of transatlantic relations endurance, meaning that to shape security governance multipolarity is not intrinsically in- has not vanished. Multipolarity has compatible with the liberal order. If centrifu- made the use of that capacity a more compli- gal dynamics prevail, the transatlantic ability cated exercise, but not necessarily a less effec- to shape security governance will diminish, tive one. THIS PROJECT HAS RECEIVED FUNDING FROM THE EUROPEAN UNION’S SEVENTH FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME FOR RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT AND DEMONSTRATION UNDER GRANT AGREEMENT NO 612782 Transatlantic Relations and Security Governance Riccardo Alcaro and Ondrej Ditrych* EU US Governance International security Multipolarity Introduction “Governance” is a term of recent conceptualisation. -
Leaflet Policy Forum on Eusrs
Policy Forum “The role and achievements of EU Special Representatives in EU foreign policy” Friday, 15 June 2012, 11.40h – 14.00h Institute for European Studies, Vrije Universiteit Brussel Since 1996, the Council of the EU has deployed over 40 EU Special Representatives (EUSRs) to various crisis regions where they are involved in the European Union’s conflict resolution efforts. They also contribute to the formulation of the EU’s policies, to the coordination of EU actors 'on the ground' and to the EU’s cooperation with other international actors in the field. While Catherine Ashton, High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy and Vice-President of the European Commission, initially intended to phase out the EUSRs, new officeholders have been appointed in 2011 and 2012. This demonstrates the added value of the EUSRs as a rather flexible tool in EU foreign policy. The Policy Forum focuses on the role and the achievements of the EUSRs in the implementation of the EU’s Common Foreign and Security Policy in the past sixteen years. It looks at their contribution to conflict resolution, their interplay with other diplomats, their institutional setting within the External Action Service and their relations with the European Commission and the EU delegations. Speakers and discussants include acting and former EUSRs and officials from the External Action Service: § Ambassador Philippe Lefort (EU Special Representative for the South Caucasus and the crisis in Georgia) § Ambassador Pieter Feith (International Civilian -
Policy Briefs
Rethinking EU Crisis Management From Battlegroups to a European Legion? Niklas Nováky Summary June 2020 This paper discusses an idea to create a European Legion that has been put forward by Radoslaw Sikorski, MEP. This would be a new kind of EU military unit, made up of volunteers rather than national contingents contributed by the member states. The idea stems from Sikorski’s desire to reform the EU’s existing battlegroups, which have been operational for 15 years but have never been used, despite numerous opportunities. The paper argues that although the EU’s 2007 Lisbon Treaty imposes heavy restrictions on the Union’s ability to deploy military force, it does not rule out conducting operations with a volunteer force. At the same time, a volunteer-based European Legion force would have to be created initially by a group of member states outside the EU framework. These states could then make it available to the EU’s Common Security and Defence Policy as, for example, a permanent battlegroup. An existing model would be the multinational Eurocorps. Keywords CSDP – Crisis management – Battlegroups – European Legion – European Council – Eurocorps 1 Introduction Since the EU’s Common (formerly European) Security and Defence Policy (ESDP/CSDP) became operational in 2003, the Union has launched a total of 13 military operations within its framework. Of these, eight have been executive in character, meaning that they were authorised to use force if this had been deemed necessary to fulfil their mandate. The most recent CSDP military operation is Operation IRINI in the Mediterranean, which the EU launched on 31 March 2020 to help enforce the UN’s arms embargo on Libya. -
The European Union's Transatlantic Relationship
The European Union’s Transatlantic Relationship EU Diplomacy Papers 2 / 2006 Günter Burghardt Department of EU International Relations and Diplomacy Studies www.coleurope.eu Department of EU International Relations and Diplomacy Studies EU Diplomacy Papers 2/2006 The European Union's Transatlantic Relationship Günter Burghardt © Günter Burghardt 2006 Dijver 11 | BE-8000 Bruges, Belgium | Tel. +32 (0)50 477 251 | Fax +32 (0)50 477 250 | E-mail [email protected] | www.coleurope.eu/ird Günter Burghardt About the Author Dr. Günter Burghardt served as the European Union’s Ambassador in Washington, DC, from 1999 to 2004. Earlier, he had held positions at the European Commission as Political Director and Director General for External Relations as well as Deputy Chief of Staff of Commission President Jacques Delors. Dr. Burghardt teaches as a guest professor at the College of Europe in Bruges and at the European Institute of the Law Faculty of Ghent University. He joined the transatlantic law firm of Mayer, Brown, Rowe & Maw LLP as a Senior Counsel. Editorial Team: Nike Bönnen, Mathieu Briens, Sieglinde Gstöhl, Dieter Mahncke, Kevin O'Connell Dijver 11 | BE-8000 Bruges, Belgium | Tel. +32 (0)50 477 251 | Fax +32 (0)50 477 250 | E-mail [email protected] | www.coleurope.eu/ird Views expressed in the EU Diplomacy Papers are those of the authors only and do not necessarily reflect positions of either the series editors or the College of Europe. 2 EU Diplomacy Papers 2/2006 Abstract Since its inception post-World War II, the European unification process has been embedded within a strong transatlantic dimension [Marshall-Plan, Truman/ EisenhowerMonnet, Kennedy/Hallstein]. -
Defence and Security After Brexit Understanding the Possible Implications of the UK’S Decision to Leave the EU Compendium Report
Defence and security after Brexit Understanding the possible implications of the UK’s decision to leave the EU Compendium report James Black, Alex Hall, Kate Cox, Marta Kepe, Erik Silfversten For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR1786 Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif., and Cambridge, UK © Copyright 2017 RAND Corporation R® is a registered trademark. Cover: HMS Vanguard (MoD/Crown copyright 2014); Royal Air Force Eurofighter Typhoon FGR4, A Chinook Helicopter of 18 Squadron, HMS Defender (MoD/Crown copyright 2016); Cyber Security at MoD (Crown copyright); Brexit (donfiore/fotolia); Heavily armed Police in London (davidf/iStock) RAND Europe is a not-for-profit organisation whose mission is to help improve policy and decisionmaking through research and analysis. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions. Support RAND Make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute www.rand.org www.rand.org/randeurope Defence and security after Brexit Preface This RAND study examines the potential defence and security implications of the United Kingdom’s (UK) decision to leave the European Union (‘Brexit’). -
Common Foreign and Security Policy of the European Union
SYLLABUS OF THE COURSE NAME OF THE COURSE 1. COMMON FOREIGN AND SECURITY POLICY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION FIELD OF SCIENCE 2. POLITICAL SCIENCE AND ADMINISTRATION LANGUAGE OF TUITION 3. ENGLISH UNIT OFFERING THE COURSE 4. THE CHAIR OF EUROPEAN STUDIES CODE OF THE COURSE 5. 26-ES-S2-E2-CFaSP TYPE OF THE COURSE 6. OBLIGATORY FIELD OF STUDIES (SPECIALISATION) 7. European Studies, (Regional Policy) 8. TYPE OF STUDIES MASTER YEAR OF STUDIES 9. 1 YEAR SEMESTER 10. SPRING MODE OF STUDIES 11. DISCUSSION SESSION 30 HOURS 12. PRELIMINARY REQUIREMENTS The workshop requires students to have basic knowledge of the institutional and legal framework of the European Union, contemporary international relations and political geography. Basic knowledge of the modern history of Europe and its direct neighborhood is recommended. Student should be able to work in teams and to perform critical analysis of a text. AIMS OF THE COURSE: The aim of the course is to learn students about the institutional framework of the Common Foreign and Security Policy, its mechanisms, programmes, initiatives. The course presents a theoretical approach to security studies and foreign policy as well as the historical development of the CFSP The course discloses several case studies related to the CFSP. Students learn how to evaluate the effectiveness of the CFSP of the EU, its strengths and weaknesses. Students apply various theoretical approaches (i.e. normative power Europe; geopolitics; intergovernmentalism) in critical debate on the 13. CFSP. COURSE CONTENTS 1) Introduction to the course 2) Foreign policy and security policy – theoretical approach; the essence of notion; foreign policy at the level of international organization 3) The European Union as a global actor – unfulfilled promise? What kind of actor? Toward the strategic sovereignty? Normative power Europe.