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Korean Literature, Topics and Themes. By- Lee, Peter H

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Korean Literature, Topics and Themes. By- Lee, Peter H R EPOR TRESUMES ED 012 027 AL 000 511 KOREAN LITERATURE, TOPICS AND THEMES. BY- LEE, PETER H. AMERICAN COUNCIL OF LEARNED SOCIETIES, NEW YORK REPORT NUMBER ACLS-PROJ-35 PUB DATE 65 EDRS PRICE MF-$0.27HC-$6.08 152P. DESCRIPTORS- *KOREAN, *CHINESE, *LITERATURE, HISTORICAL REVIEWS? ASIAN HISTORY, EUROPEAN HISTORY, *KOREAN CULTURE, COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS, NEW YORK CITY, TUCSON, THE ASSOCIATION FOR ASIAN STUDIES THIS TEXT WAS DEVELOPED PURSUANT TO A CONTRACT BETWCEN THE U.S. OFFICE OF EDUCATION AND THE AMERICAN COUNCIL OF LEARNED SOCIETIES (ACLS) AS PROJECT NUMBER 35 OF RESEARCH AND STUDIES IN URALIC AND ALTAIC LANGUAGES OF ACLS. THE PURPOSE OF THE DOOK IS TO STUDY THE VERNACULAR GENRES OF VERSE AND PROSE IN KOREA, DEGINNING WITH THE EARLIEST GENRES IN OLD AND MIDDLE KOREAN POEMS, DEALING IN TURN WITH FICTION IN CHINESE AND KOREAN, THE DRAMA AND WRITINGS IN CHINESE, AND ENDING WITH 20TH-CENTURY VERSE AND PROSE. INCLUDED ARE A CHART OF VERNACULAR GENRES, A COMPARATIVE CHRONOLOGY OF KOREAN AND WESTERN LITERARY FIGURES AND EVENTS, SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHIES, AND A GLOSSARY AND INCEX OF PERSONAL NAMES AS WELL AS OTHER PROPER NAMES AND TERMS. THIS COOK WAS PUBLISHED FOR THE ASSOCIATION FOR ASIAN STUDIES BY THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA PRESS, 1005 N. PALM ROAD, TUCSON, ARIZONA. (AM . ' '76 53 = 24,.- 4- tT 4-t ent.T4n. vt. 44:t.A(s; F .=.114I..411IXCW.Ira CMCIC4SIAACM = 2r.3La.10 . 5 ..,OW.... IAA8 ..,-ct.MC a..,,_ Ca,-E......CC la.1I=1=t-) ....1=4:::°t,).11IX )<.CIEL.)I".FA..Ch.a,t.)14I .=.1 1=I 4DIAAP = =1.a..4 14I1 0 CM=t.) ..cc I...= CIEIraivil 4.4! 443 Ira CieCa:.Vdad1-1-1CI. .., . i, ..,,- - Ca"- s..,t-)i-.s CS.IAATr, .... , . ay TS r. C s.z^ -1, ---&-,? 1 .. .1.. -,- 43 4'.' 7t. 14,N1-" Iter. 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Itftp.,,., 1'4 KOREANLITERATURE: TOPICS AND THEMES The Association for Asian Studies: Monographs andPapers, No. XVI KOREAN LITERATURE: TOPICS ANDTHEMES Peter H. Lee 4 Published for the Associationfor Asian Studies by The University of ArizonaPress, Tucson, 1965 The publication of this volume has been made possible bya generous grant to The Association for Asian Studiesby the Ford Foundation This text was developed pursuant to a contract betweenthe 'United States Office ofEducation and the AmericanCouncil of Learned Societies and is publishedwith permission of the United States Office ofEducation. Project No. 35 of Researchand Studies in Uralicand Altaic Languages of the AmericanCouncil of Learned Societies. "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED L.C. Catalog CardNumber 6 -19167 BY M e- rshoAk 'Tow'f%efuz- Copyright g 1965. The ct eta:, U O Prti2.0no.rkEsS Board of Regents of the TO ERIC AND/ORGANIZATIONS OPERATING Universities and State College of Arizona. UNDER AGREEMENTS WITH THE U.S. OFFICEOF EDUCATI01", FURTHER REPRODUCTION OUTSIDE THE ERIC SYSTEM REOUIRES PERMISSION OF THE COPYRIGHT OWNER." To my parents 9--agli-a1±21 agif-a1±21 -7_4171*1101 _J__3118M401 =T-AAV-T-alzlaxl List of Abbreviations AY: Asea yOn'gu CBTN: ChOnbuk taehakkyo nonmunjip CGTN: Ch'Onggu taehakkyo nonmunjip CH: Chindan hakpo CHB: Ch'oe Hybn-bae sbnsaeng hwangap kinyOm nonmunjip CJTN: Chongju taehakkyo nonmunjip CM: Chayu munhak CNTN: Chonnam taehakkyo nonmunjip CTN: Chungang taehakkyo nonmunjip HG: Han'grd HM: Hybndae munhak KK: Kugii kungmunhak KKY: Kugb kungmunhak ybn'gu (ChOnggu University) KTN: KyOngbuk taehakkyo nonmunjip KY: Kugii yOn'gu MH: Minsok hakpo PNC: Yongjae Paek Nak-chun paksa hwangap kinybm kukhak nonch'ong PPN: Paek SOng-uk paksa songsu kinyOm pulgyohak nonmunjip SG: Sasanggye SGTN: SOnggyungwan taehakkyo nonmunjip SHTN: Sinhung taehakkyo nonmunjip STN: Seoul taehakkyo nonmunjip SY: Sijo yOn'gu TH: Tongbang hakchi TMY: Taedong munhwa yon'gu YH: Ybksa hakpo YHS: IlsOk Yi sbnsaeng songsu kinybm nonch'ong vi CONTENTS List of Abb:::viations vi Preface ix I The Saenaennorae 1 II The Changga 15 III The Hunmin chOngiim 27 IV Early Vi Dynasty Eulogies: the Akchang 31 V The Sijo 37 VI The Kasa 51 VII Fiction in Chinese 65 VIII Fiction in Korean 71 IX The Drama 83 Chart of Vernacular Genres 89 X Writings in Chinese 91 XI Twentieth-Century Literature: Verse 101 XII Twentieth-Century Literature: Prose 111 Comparative Chronology 121 Glossary and Index I) Personal Names 131 II) Other Proper Names and Terms 136 vii Preface THE PURPOSE of this book is to study the vernacular genres of verse and prose in Korea. The sequence of the genres discussed is roughly chronological, and each chapter attempts to trace the birth and growth of the subject based upon both its outer and inner forms. Because of limited space and the intended use of the book, only those authors who contributed to the development of the genre under discussion are mentioned; hosts of minor writers are disregarded. This study attempts to be both factual and critical. Since conclusionson the Saenaennorae and changga are drawn solely from a small number of extant poems, chapters I and II list all Old and Middle Korean poems. Also, chapter X contains an unusually large number of authors because of the long history and bulk of existing writing in Chinese, a type of writing which enjoyedan un- broken popularity up till the end of the nineteenth century amongsome writers yet contributed iittle to the development of the Korean language. The history of Korean literary history is short.' It was only after 1945 that Korean literature began to be studied extensively by Koreans themselves. But the accumulated scholarship during the short span of these seventeenyears is amazingly vast. There are many controversial points, especiallyon Old Korean poetry, which have to be further studied and interpreted. Such topics as the drama and the p'ansori are yet to be explored. Every daynew evidence is un- earthed, and new theories advanced. A literary history of Korea byone author, which is at once comprehensive and authoritative over the entire field, is there- fore almost impossible. I have, however, tried to consult the most important studies on each subject. For the convenience of the reader who wishes topur- sue further the matters that interest him, I have appended, after each chapter, a select, bibliography of the most important books, articles, and translations which have appeared by 1963. The most useful bibliography is the Kukhak yOn'gu nonjO clz'ongnain (1960).2 and I ask the reader to turn to this book for further information. The reader is also referred to my Anthology of Korean Poetry from the Earliest Era to the Present (New York: John Day, 1964) which includes most of the poems disc:15.sed in this book. 'For an account of the rise of literary history in Korea see my review of six histories of Koreanliterature in the Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, XX111 (1961), 172-182. 2Cf. Asiatic Research Center of Korea University, ed., Bibliographyof Korean Studies (1961). ix Dates have been supplied wherepossible on the first occurrenceof an au- thor's name. Characters for Korean namesand terms occurring in the text are given in the glossary. Unlessotherwise mentioned, all the Koreanbooks are published in Seoul. Chapters VII and VIII first appearedin Oriens Extremus, VIII (1961).208- 222. This text was prepared under a grantfrom the American Council ofLearned Societies in pursuance of a contractwith the United States Officeof Educa, tion, and 1 wish here to express mythanks to the ACLS and itsResearch Program in Uralic and AltaicLanguages for their generousassistance. My thanks are also due Michael C.Rogers, Edward W. Wagner, andBurton Wat- son, all of whomhave read the manuscript and madevaluable suggestiJns. PETER H. LEE Honolulu, July, 1964 I. The Saenaennorae The first notice of Korea appears in various Chinese chronicles:the Chu-shu chi-nien,' Um, Han shu,2 andWei chih.3 We are told of ninetribes in continual- strife for land and power from the Metal Age up to thebeginning of the Chris- tian Era. What strikes us forcibly, however, is not the pettysquabbling of these nine tribes, but their essential unity in language and culture,especially in their love of singing and dancing.The Chu-shu chi -nien andHou Han shu even tell us that Korean music was alreadyintroduced to the Hsiacourts approximately 2,000 years before Christ. Be that as it may, the PuyO,KoguryO, and Ye tribeswere termed by Chinese historians "the people whoenjoy singing and dancing." Itwas customary for the Puy0 tribe to offer a sacrifice to Heaven during the firstmoon, and on that occasion the people assembled together and drank and dancedfor several days in a festival called Majigut ("Welcoming the Drum"). TheKogury0 tribe was similar in language and customs to the PuyO. During thetenth moon, the offer- ing of sacrifice to Heavenwas made and there took placea major festival called &win:ilk ("Dawn").
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