Part Ii. the Genera Chaetophloeus Opitz and Plocamocera Spinola

CLASSIFICATION, NATURAL HISTORY, AND EVOLUTION OF THE EPIPHLOEINAE (COLEOPTERA: CLERIDAE). PART II. THE GENERA CHAETOPHLOEUS OPITZ AND PLOCAMOCERA SPINOLA

Author: OPITZ, WESTON Source: Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 2004(280) : 1-82 Published By: American Museum of Natural History URL: https://doi.org/10.1206/0003- 0090(2004)280<0001:CNHAEO>2.0.CO;2

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Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/Bulletin-of-the-American-Museum-of-Natural-History on 25 Jun 2020 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use Access provided by Carnegie Museum of Natural History CLASSIFICATION, NATURAL HISTORY, AND EVOLUTION OF THE EPIPHLOEINAE (COLEOPTERA: CLERIDAE). PART II. THE GENERA CHAETOPHLOEUS OPITZ AND PLOCAMOCERA SPINOLA

WESTON OPITZ Kansas Wesleyan University Department of Biology, 100 East Cla¯in Avenue, Salina, KS 67401-6196. [email protected]

BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY CENTRAL PARK WEST AT 79TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10024 Number 280, 82 pp., 219 ®gures, 1 table, 12 maps Issued January 9, 2004

Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/Bulletin-of-the-American-Museum-of-Natural-History on 25 Jun 2020 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use Access provided by Carnegie Museum of Natural History CONTENTS Abstract ...... 5 Resumen ...... 6 Introduction ...... 6 Literature Review ...... 7 Materials and Methods ...... 7 Assessment of Species-Level Discontinuities ...... 8 Phylogenetic Methods ...... 9 Repositories of Specimens ...... 10 Natural History ...... 13 Integumentary Sensory Organs ...... 13 Sensilla on Antennae, Pronotum, and Elytra ...... 13 Trichobothria ...... 19 Diagnosis of Chaetophloeus, new genus ...... 21 Description of Chaetophloeus ...... 21 Description of Chaetophloeus Species ...... 23 Chaetophloeus hispidus, new species ...... 23 Diagnosis of Plocamocera Spinola ...... 24 Description of Plocamocera ...... 24 Species Groups of Plocamocera ...... 27 Discussion of Species Key Couplets ...... 28 Key to Species Groups and Species of Plocamocera ...... 28 Description of Plocamocera Species ...... 33 manausensis group ...... 33 Plocamocera salasis, new species ...... 33 Plocamocera manausensis, new species ...... 33 Plocamocera iota, new species ...... 38 Plocamocera aliguantula, new species ...... 38 Plocamocera minima, new species ...... 39 sesquipedalis group ...... 39 Plocamocera prolixa, new species ...... 39 Plocamocera sesquipedalis, new species ...... 40 Plocamocera lucis, new species ...... 40 Plocamocera similis, new species ...... 41 castanea group ...... 42 Plocamocera castanea ...... 42 confrater group ...... 42 Plocamocera pupula, new species ...... 42 Plocamocera quadrula, new species ...... 44 Plocamocera jayhawkalis, new species ...... 45 Plocamocera specula (Klug) ...... 45 Plocamocera baria, new species ...... 46 Plocamocera aura, new species ...... 46 Plocamocera buenavista, new species ...... 46 Plocamocera taruma, new species ...... 47 Plocamocera confrater Kuwert ...... 48 Plocamocera procera, new species ...... 51 coactilis group ...... 51 Plocamocera coactilis, new species ...... 51 Plocamocera aspera, new species ...... 52 Plocamocera paris, new species ...... 52 Plocamocera bispina, new species ...... 53

Plocamocera onorei, new species ...... 53 Plocamocera santa, new species ...... 54 Plocamocera carnegei, new species ...... 54 sericella group ...... 55 Plocamocera argentea, new species ...... 55 Plocamocera auratilis, new species ...... 55 Plocamocera sericella Spinola ...... 57 Plocamocera sericellopsis, new species ...... 59 Plocamocera bolivari, new species ...... 59 Plocamocera insula, new species ...... 60 Plocamocera ambra, new species ...... 60 Plocamocera selva, new species ...... 61 Evolutionary Considerations ...... 61 Characters Selected for Phylogenetic Analysis ...... 61 Phylogenetic Analysis of Chaetophloeus and Plocamocera ...... 62 Phylogenetic Interpretations ...... 62 Los Grupos de Especies de Plocamocera ...... 68 Claves de las Especies de Plocamocera ...... 69 Acknowledgments ...... 71 References ...... 71 Maps ...... 76

ABSTRACT

This study deals with the sister genera Chaetophloeus, new genus and Plocamocera Spinola of the checkered beetle subfamily Epiphloeinae. Chaetophloeus is monotypic and is described on the basis of C. hispidus, new species. Plocamocera is revised to include 35 species as follows: P. castanea, new species; P. pupula, new species; P. jayhawkalis, new species; P. confrater Kuwert; P. procera, new species; P. aliguantula, new species; P. minima, new species; P. manausensis, new species; P. coactilis, new species; P. sericella Spinola; P. auratilis, new species; P. argentea, new species; P. lucis, new species; P. sesquipedalis, new species; P. salasis, new species; P. iota, new species; P. prolixa, new species; P. quadrula, new species; P. baria, new species; P. aura, new species; P. buenavista, new species; P. taruma, new species; P. aspera, new species; P. paris, new species; P. bispina, new species; P. onorei, new species; P. carnegei, new species; P. santa, new species; P. sericellopsis, new species; P. insula, new species; P. ambra, new species; P. similis, new species; P. bolivari, new species; and P. selva, new species. A neotype is selected for P. sericella Spinola. Lec- totypes are designated for P. confrater Kuwert and P. byssinus Erichson (junior synonym of P. sericella Spinola). Five new synonymies are recognized, they are P. confrater var similis Kuwert (junior synonym of P. confrater Kuwert), P. confrater var. sericelloides Kuwert (junior synonym of P. confrater Kuwert), P. impressicollis Pic (junior synonym of P. confrater Ku- wert), Epiphloeus byssinus Erichson (junior synonym of P. sericella Spinola), and P. latefasciata Pic (junior synonym of P. sericella Spinola). Plocamocerans are diurnal, but are considerably active at night, highly cryptic on bark, when disturbed conduct ¯ylike escape behavior, and are predators of lignicolous insects. The morphology of integumentary sensilla on the antenna, pronotum, and elytra are described, and SEM photographs of them is provided. Described for the ®rst time are four types of antennal sensilla (one type of sensilla trichodea, two types of sensilla chaetica, and one type of sensilla basiconica), four pronotal trichobothria, and three types of pronotal sensilla trichodea, and on the elytra of Plocamocera confrater Kuwert eight trichobothria and two types of sensilla trichodea. It is postulated that ®lamentous sensilla trichodea on the antenna serve to perceive volatile tree trunk chemicals and/or aggregate pheromones of prey bark beetles. The study includes a review of trichobothrial function and distribution among insects. Morphological analysis is extended to include structure of the internal reproductive organs of some plocamoceran species. Also included are a discourse on species- level discontinuities; discussion of the specimen-study methods; methods for phylogenetic analysis; a treatise of evolutionary relationships based on Hennigian principles implemented in a data base analysis involving Farris's Hennig 86 which produced a computer-based phylogeny involving genera, species groups, and species; a list of specimen repositories (with e-mail addresses); key to species groups and species; table of character-state analysis; four color photographs; 20 SEM photographs; a total of 219 illustrations; 12 distribution maps; and one diagram of phylogeny that depicts a hypothesis of inter-and intrageneric evolutionary relationships. The 35 plocamoceran species are categorized into six species groups whose combined distribution extends from southern Mexico to southern Brazil. The members of the confrater and coactilis species groups are super®cially very similar; their aedeagal structure and shape of antennomeres must be examined in detail for credible identi®cations at the species level. The sister group relationship between Chaetophloeus and Plocamocera is supported by the following four synapomorphies, they are pedicel very large, aedeagus lanceolate, male accessory glands reduced to two pairs, and metabasitarsomere one longer than metabasitarsomere two. Profuse distribution of bristlelike setae (chaetosomes) on the dorsum, forebody, and elytral disc and presence of moderately elongated sensilla trichodea on the antenna are autapomorphies for Chaetophloeus, whereas ®lamentous sensilla trichoidea on the antenna, boldly transverse pronotum, very robust metacoxa, very robust metafemora, presence of trichobothria on the epipleural margin, and sex dimorphism of abdominal color are synapomorphic character states that establish the monophyly of Plocamocera and de®ne its ancestral basic plan. It is postulated that South America was the ancestral environs of Chaetophloeus and Plocamocera and that there were three independent northward extensions of major plocamoceran lineages into Central America.

RESUMEN En esta obra se trata los geÂneros Chaetophloeus y Plocamocera de la subfamilia Epiphloei- nae, familia Cleridae. El geÂnero Chaetophloeus se describe a base de una especie, C. hispidus, especie nueva. El geÂnero Plocamocera, Cleridae se revisoÂ, e incluye las 35 especies siguientes: P. castanea, especie nueva; P. pupula, especie nueva; P. jayhawkalis, especie nueva; P. confrater Kuwert; P. procera, especie nueva; P. aliguantula, especie nueva; P. minima, especie nueva; P. manausensis, especie nueva; P. coactilis, especie nueva; P. sericella Spinola; P. auratilis, especie nueva; P. lucis, especie nueva; P. argentea, especie nueva; P. sesquipedalis, especie nueva; P. salasis, especie nueva; P. iota, especie nueva; P. prolixa, especie nueva; P. quadrula, especie nueva; P. baria, especie nueva; P. aura Opitz, especie nueva; P. buenavista, especie nueva; P. taruma Opitz, especie nueva; P. aspera, especie nueva; P. paris, especie nueva; P. bispina, especie nueva; P. onorei, especie nueva; P. carnegei, especie nueva; P. santa, especie nueva; P. sericellopsis, especie nueva; P. insula, especie nueva; P. ambra, especie nueva; P. similis, especie nueva; P. bolivari, especie nueva, y P. selva, especie nueva. Un neotipo se designo para P. sericella Spinola. Se designaron lectotipos para P. confrater Kuwert y P. byssinus Erichson (sinoÂnimo junior de P. sericella Spinola). Cinco nuevas sinon- imias se encontraron: P confrater var. similis Kuwert (sinonimo junior de P. confrater Kuwert), P. confrater var. sericelloides Kuwert (sinoÂnimo junior de P. confrater Kuwert), P. impressicollis Pic (sinoÂnimo junior de P. confrater Kuwert), y Epiphloeus byssinus Erichson sinoÂnimo junior de P. sericella Spinola). Se incluye tambieÂn una lista de los lugares de deposito de los especimen con sus respectivas direcciones electroÂnicas, una discusioÂn de las discontinuidades geneÂticas de las especies, datos sobre historia natural, claves y descripciones de los generos, grupos de especies, y de las especies, mapas de distribucioÂn, discurso sobre anaÂlisis de los caracteres y un diagrama que propone una hipoÂtesis de evolucioÂn de las especies.

INTRODUCTION ularly robust (®g. 18); and third, the prono- In a very relevant way, this study began in tum showed a curious set of discal and par- the laboratory of Ayodyha P. Gupta, Emeritus alateral ``hairs'' (long ®liform setae set in a Professor of Entomology, Rutgers University. spheroid depression) (®gs. 7, 9). The ®liform His stern, but fair, tutelage as a graduate ad- hairs, subsequently identi®ed as the trichs of visor inspired uncompromising scienti®c writ- trichobothria and signature autapomorphy ing and critical thinking in functional mor- (uniquely derived character state) of the Epi- phology. During that time, I met William F. phloeinae, I presumed to be sensory organs, Barr, Gupta's graduate advisor and renowned whereas I interpreted the stout development cleridologist. The setting for a career in Sys- of the hind legs as a specialization involving tematic Entomology was complete. some form of saltation. When one commits to a taxon specializa- Jumping, however, was not in the venue of tion there is an innate impulse to borrow, col- behavior that I experienced during my early lect, and borrow some more, then, to inves- exposure to live clerids. These beetles scurry tigate live specimens in the ®eldÐall meant (Perilypus), play dead upon disturbance (Pe- to gain a thorough perspective of the ``ge- lonium), or abruptly take ¯ight (Phylloba- stalt'' variations of the organisms under enus), never having a suggestion of jumping study. Lee Herman, of the American Muse- despite the moderately thickened femora of um of Natural History, and the late Hank Dy- some species. Then, in 1981, a sojourn to the bas, of the Field Museum of Natural History, Amazonian rain forests of Brazil provided the were very generous stewards of collections, opportunity to observe and collect a variety and with their constant support and encour- of clerids. In a forest clearing (much like the agement they fueled the ®re in an incipient one depicted in ®g. 4), aside the Rio Negro, cleridologist. Among their collections I I noted an inordinate quantity of small insects found a few seemingly uninteresting clerids catapulting from a felled hardwood of Man- that showed three unusual features. First, the ilkara sp. At ®rst, I presumed that these in- antennae were somewhat plumose; second, sects were ¯ies, but to my astonishment they the hind femora and hind coxae were partic- proved to be plocamocerans, and to my great

delight I realized that, indeed, ``jumping stalt'' level analyses and a comprehensive un- checkered beetles'' do exist. derstanding of species-level systematics. The This is the second of a series of publica- eminent G. H. Horn (1887: 7) implies this tions intended to more clearly describe and very point as he noted, ``Progress in Natural make more accessible the known species of History necessarily starts from a basis of spe- Epiphloeinae, to place the species into a cies, and until these are accurately described credible arrangement of genera, and to pro- so that others can arrive at a knowledge of vide hypotheses of evolutionary relationships them no great advance is possible''. at the species, genera, and suprageneric lev- Anatomically, chaetophloeans and ploca- els. The ®rst contribution (Opitz, 1997), a mocerans are very distinctive among epi- synopsis of the epiphloeine genera, intended phloeines. However, at infrageneric levels, to familiarize collectors and curators with the plocamocerans are notably homogeneous to generic entities of the subfamily. With sub- an extent that very few variations of char- sequent contributions I hope to generate in- acter states are suitable for hypotheses of terest toward collection, ¯uid preservation, evolution. The lengthy ®lamentous-like setae indenti®cation, and ®eld study of additional on the antenna (®g. 10), boldly transverse specimens of epiphloeines and to gradually pronotum (®g. 7), sexual dimorphism in col- build up an inventory of evidence toward or of the abdominal venter, and presence of more complete and heuristic classi®cations only one pair of male accessory glands are and hypotheses of epiphloeine evolution, as uniquely derived features within the subfam- well as of other taxa within Cleridae akin to ily and establish the hypothesized basic body Epiphloeinae. With few exceptions, there is plan of ancestral Plocamocera. a great need for larval specimens in our studies of Cleridae systematics. LITERATURE REVIEW Inherent in my contributions is the strong The name Plocamocera was formally estab- desire to promote a most important edict of lished by Spinola (1844a). He aligned the ge- our profession, that is, it is imperative that nus with Epiphloeus, pointing out that Ploca- systematists present the results of their efforts mocera specimens differed from epiphloeines in such a way that they stimulate and serve by the plumose antenna. This unique feature the broader community of biologists. In my of the genus was also discussed by Lacordaire view, this is done by providing a detailed ta- (1857), Desmarest (1860), Gorham (1882), ble of contents, thorough and ef®cient de- Schenkling (1903), Gahan (1910), and Opitz scriptions of species, user-friendly diagnostic (1997). Gorham included the genus in his de- keys, an abundance of relevant illustrations, scriptive paper of 1877 and Kuwert (1893) list- and refutable syntheses of evolutionary rela- ed Plocamocera in a key to '' Die Epiphloinen tionships. In this context, the recent work of Gattungen ''. Corporaal (1950: 255) listed four my colleague Roland Gerstmeier (1998) is an species and two varieties of the genus in his outstanding example. In that work Gerstmeier Coleopterorum Catalogus. presents, in a most eloquent manner, the clerid fauna of the Western Palearctic. Ultimately, MATERIALS AND METHODS our goal is to establish logically sound, stable, and heuristic classi®cations. In my view, such This study is based on approximately 900 classi®cations are of greatest value when they adult specimens, some of which I studied in are based on substantive estimates of phylog- the ®eld during an expedition to the Amazon eny. No one has expressed this view of clas- Basin in 1981. Specimens were observed dur- si®cation more succinctly than did Charles ing daylight and evening hours, collected, and Darwin (1859: 486) when he prophetically then preserved in Pampel's ¯uid (Ekis, 1977: wrote, ``Our classi®cations will come to be, 6) for study of internal organs. Not all species as far as they can be so made, genealo- descriptions contain information about inter- gies...''.Moreover, proposals of phylogenies nal visceral or internal reproductive structure. /classi®cations, particularly at the supragener- Inclusion of such information was based on ic levels, which often involve cumbersome availability of ¯uid-preserved specimens. A nomenclatural changes, should include ``ge- few specimens were completely disarticulated

to determine the range of anatomical differ- magni®cations, as was done for the elytral ences among beetles of different species and trichobothria of P. confrater Kuwert. to establish a foundation of structural varia- An important component of applied sys- tions for future assessments of evolutionary tematic work is to assure the unquestionable relationships at suprageneric levels. indentity of primary types. I have experi- Techniques of dissection, illustration, and enced considerable dif®culty with type spec- procurement of meristic data were similar to imens established by some of our pioneer those I described in my work on Perilypus workers in Cleridae. To minimize future (Ekis, 1977: 6). Also, the conventional inte- problems in this area, my descriptions in- gumental terminology used herein stems from clude the exact sequence of labels associated that paper and from Nichols (1989). Names with each primary type. Also, locality label of antennal and elytral sensilla were adopted information of each primary type specimen from Callahan (1975: 390). In the illustration is duplicated in exact sequence in the de- of the alimentary canal, only two of four scriptions, whereas such information af®li- cryptonephridial malpighian tubules are ated with secondary types is placed in the drawn. The ®gures of the female and male following sequence . . . country: state or internal reproductive organs show only one of province: speci®c locality; dates of specimen two ovaries and one of two testes and acces- collection, natural history data, collector, and sory glands, respectively. I examined the pri- repository. In the bibliography, I have ap- mary type specimen of all nominal species, pended my current name to my published except that of P. sericella. Spinolas' type is former name. The name change resulted presumed lost; a neotype of P. sericella Spi- from an inquiry and discovery of the identity nola has been selected during this project. of my biological father, a casualty of WW II. To some extent, color of the elytral surface and distribution of elytral setae are diagnos- ASSESSMENT OF SPECIES-LEVEL tic of plocamoceran species. The elytral pat- DISCONTINUITIES terns, however, are sometimes obscured by intraspeci®c variations and by the varied Species status was postulated in accor- physical condition of the elytral surface. dance with the biological species concept as Therefore, in my drawings of elytral color advocated by Mayr (1969). Conjectures (see ®g. 52), I have selected a specimen that about reproductive isolation are primarily best exempli®es the elytral surface pattern of based on indirect evidence of structure and a species. I have illustrated a left elytron to to a lesser extent on the basis of spatial oc- represent the color pattern of nearly all rec- currence and presumed extant and/or histor- ognized species. However, the outline, or ical geographical barriers. Differences in shape, of these elytra should not be taken to male genitalia, body size, shape of anten- signify the accurate representation of elytral nomeres and pygidia, and elytral pubescence form of the species represented. Further, the patterns were very helpful in predictions of abovementioned elytral outlines do not show gene-¯ow discontinuites, as was, to a lesser the full complement of elytral trichobothria. extent, the predicted species limits of distri- For example, the non-SEM assessment of bution due to refugial systems (Haffer, 1969; elytral trichobothria is depicted in ®gures Brown, 1975; Ekis, 1977). (see ®g. 53), whereas during SEM analysis Among species of Cleridae, variations of it was discovered that more, minute tricho- male, and in some cases female, genitalia are bothria actually occur. Moreover, it was de- very reliable criteria for supporting notions termined that the level of development of the about reproductive isolation. However, there elytral trichobothria ranges from highly de- are several groups within the family in which veloped (®g. 16) to moderately developed such variations are minimal, as is the case in (®g. 17). Only those trichobothria that could Plocamocera. Similarly, I found diversity of be observed with certainty at 750ϫ were il- genital structure wanting in various other lustrated by hand. A de®nitive assessment of clerid groups, such as in the largely Neo- the number of elytral trichobothria for each tropical Enoclerus, Paleotropical Tenerus, species will have to be determined with SEM and Australian Phlogistus complexes. How-

new species evolve when a population di- verges genetically into two populations that are no longer mixing genes. This is not an unreasonable assumption, as the gene pool of both the ancestral population and that of the incipient species populations will change in time. Further, the ®rst assumption incorpo- rates the falsi®ability factor into the relationship statement because inherent in the assumption is the notion that every species must have a sister species. Once the sister species relationship is proposed it is subject to falsi®cation as new information becomes available. The importance of falsi®ability in scienti®c work has been proposed by Popper (1968) and fully discussed and debated by many authors among which there are the works of Bock (1973), Kitts (1977), and Platnick and Gaffney (1977, 1978). The second assumption in Hennigian systematics is that none of the species under study is the immediate ancestor of any of its congeners. This is also a reasonable assumption because once an ancestral gene pool (®g. 1a, population Aa) evolves nuances of ge- Fig. 1. Speciation event in population Aa in- nome, or reshuf¯es and isolates genotype by volving times X to Z (see Phyllogenetic Meth- selection factors (or factors such as genetic ods). drift), two or more genetically incompatible populations may evolve (®g. 1c, population Aa has dichotomized into population A and population a). The ancestral population (Aa), ever, even in these complexes signi®cant at times X and Y, is no longer genetically genital differences are observable at species identical to population A of time Z in that a group levels, although the differences are portion of the ancestral genome, with poten- minimal. Frequently, such variations appear tially unique alleles, has been lost to popu- among assemblages of species whose speci- lation Aa during genome Aa divergence, or mens are strikingly similar externally. It ``polyvergence''. Therefore, population Aa would be a serious oversight not to consider of time X (the ancestral population) and that such characteristics in studies of Cleridae of time Y (the ancestral population in the systematics, irrespective of categorical level. process of, let us say, ``genetic drifting'') are The nominal species presented in this study at least potentially not genetically identical represent my best estimate of what comprise to populations A or a of time Z, even if new the biological species within Plocamocera. alleles have not been generated in the three- or-so million years of speciation time. . . an PHYLOGENETIC METHODS unlikely event. Thus, population Aa is essen- tially extinct in the purest sense because it The phylogenetic relationships proposed has lost a portion of its ancestral genome, in this and subsequent revisions are based that is, the ancestral gene pool (represented primarily on principles pioneered by Willi by Aa) has lost its original allelic identity in Hennig (1965, 1966). The dataset selected the process, and as a result of the speciation for predicting evolutionary relationships was events. Attemps to relate phylogenetically an analyzed with Farris's computer package, assemblage of recently evolved taxa is the Hennig86 version 1.5 (Farris, 1988). The ap- bane of species-level phylogeny and is per- plication of Hennig's principles involves two haps the principle cause of the enigmatic inherent assumptions. First, we assume that ``phylogenetic bush''.

When we attempt to reconstruct phyloge- Department of Entomology, SW 5BD, nies according to Hennig's methods, we im- London, England (Max Barclay; m. plement the principle of synapomorphy. To [email protected]. Martin Brendell; establish synapomorphies we must ®rst de- [email protected]) termine whether the various expressions of a CASC California Academy of Science. Depart- ment of Entomology, Golden Gate Park, character (the speci®c alleles of a gene) are San Francisco, California 94118, (Rob- derived (apomorphic) or primitive (plesio- erta Brett; [email protected]. morphic). All taxa that share a particular David H. Kavanaugh; dkavanaugh@ apomorphic expression of a character (i.e., a calacademy.org) synapomorphy) are joined to form a mono- CDAE California Department of Food and Ag- phyletic group, with potential dif®culties as- riculture, Plant Pest Diagnostic/Ento- sociated with evolutionary reversals being mology Laboratory, Entomological Col- dully noted. The methods for character-state lection. 3294 Meadowview Road, Sac- analysis have been amply discussed by var- ramento, California 95832-1448 (Chuck ious authors, some of which are cited in my Bellamy; [email protected]) CHAH Henry A. Hespenheide Collection, Uni- earlier work on Perilypus (Ekis, 1977). versity of California, Los Angeles De- Therein, I formulated and discussed ®ve cri- partment of Biology. 621 Circle Drive teria by which one can predict whether a par- South, Box 951606, Los Angeles, Cal- ticular character state is apomorphic or ple- ifornia 90095-1606 (henryh@biology. siomorphic. The most useful of these criteria lifesci.ucla.edu) has been the ``criterion of frequency of oc- CMNC Canadian Museum of Nature, Insect currence'' conceptually aligned with the can- Collection. Post Of®ce Box 3443, Sta- nons of ``out-group comparisons'' discussed tion D, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1P by Ross (1974: 152), Erwin (1975: 3), and 6P4 (Robert S. Anderson; randerson@ Watrous and Wheeler (1980: 9). My analyses mus-natur.ca; Francois Genier; fgen- [email protected]) involving assessments of apomorphy or ple- CMNH Carnegie Museum of Natural History, siomorphy of character states has included Invertebrate Zoology, 4400 Forbes information from all epiphloeine, enopliine, Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and korynetine species known to me. 15213 (Robert L. Davidson; david- [email protected]) REPOSITORIES OF SPECIMENS CNCI Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research The following abbreviations (letter co- Centre, Biological Resources Program, dons) indicate the repositories of specimens Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, from which material was obtained. Letter co- K.W. Neatby Building. 960 Carling dons used to abbreviate the name and address Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada (Donald E. Bright; brightd@ of collections were taken from the compre- em.agr.ca) hensive work of Arnett et al. (1993). Imple- CSUC Colorado State University, Department mentation of these codons on a worldwide of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest basis would greatly facilitate communication Management. Fort Collins, Colorado among world systematists and promote con- 80523-1177 (Boris C. Condratieff; sistency in our collection-related language. [email protected]) I am indebted to collectors, curators, and CUIC Cornell University, College of Agricul- collection managers for arranging loans of ture and Life Sciences, Department of specimens. E-mail addresses of these col- Entomology. Comstock Hall, Ithaca, leagues are included to facilitate collection- New York 14853±0901. (Jim K. Lie- oriented communications. bherr; [email protected]) DEIC Deutsches Entomologisches Institute. AMNH 13 Eberswalde, Germany (Lothar Zer- American Museum of Natural History, che; [email protected]) Department of Invertebrate Zoology, EMEC University of California, College of Ag- Central Park West at 79th Street, New riculture, Division of Entomology and York, New York 10024-5192 (Lee Her- Parasitology. California Insect Survey, man; [email protected]) Berkeley 4, California 94720 (Cheryl BMNH British Museum of Natural History, Barr; [email protected])

EMUS Utah State University, Department of LACM Natural History Museum of Los An- Biology. Logan, Utah, 84322-5305 geles County, Entomology Section. 900 (Wilford J. Hanson; [email protected]. Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, edu) California 90007 (Brian P. Harris; bhar- FMNH Field Museum of Natural History, De- [email protected]) partment of Entomology. Roosevelt LSUC Louisiana State University, Louisiana Road at Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Il- State Arthropod Museum, Department of Entomology. 402 Life Sciences linois 60605 (Alfred F. Newton; new- Building, Baton Rouge, Louisiana [email protected]) 70803-1710 (Victoria L. Moseley; FSCA Florida State Insect Collection of Ar- [email protected]) thropods, Division of Plant Industry, MCNZ FundacaÄo ZoobotaÃnica do Rio Grande Florida Department of Agriculture, P.O. do Sur, Museu de CieÃncias Naturais, Box 147100, Gainsville, Florida Rua Dr. Salvador Franca, 1427 Caixa 32614-7100 (Mike C. Thomas; tho- Postal 1188, 90001±970, Porto Ale- [email protected].¯.us; Paul E. Skel- gre, RS, Brasil (M. H. M. Galileo) ley; [email protected]¯.edu) MCZC Museum of Comparative Zoology, Har- IMLA Fundacion Miguel Lillo, Instituto de vard University, Entomology. Cam- Zoologia, Miguel Lillo 251, Entomo- bridge, Massachusetts, 02138 (Philip logia. 4000 San Miguel de Tucuman, D. Perkins; [email protected]) Argentina (Arturo L. Teran) MEMU Mississippi State University, Mississip- INBC Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad. pi Entomological Museum. Post Of®ce Santo Domingo de Heredia, Apartado Box 9775, Mississippi State, Mississip- Postal 22±3100, Heredia, Costa Rica pi 39762 (Terry Schaefer; tschaefer @ (Angel Solis; [email protected]) entomology.msstate.edu) INHS Illinois Natural History Survey, Cen- MIUP Museo de Invertebrados Graham B. ter for Biodiversity, 607 East Peabody Fairchild, Departamento de Zoologia, Drive, Champaign, Illinois 61820- Universidad de Panama, Facultad de 6970 (Kathleen R. Zeiders; kmeth- Ciencias Naturales, Exactas Y Tecnol- [email protected]) ogia, Estafeta Universitaria, Panama (Roberto Cambra T.; quinterd@tivoli. INSB Institute Royal des Sciences Naturelles si.edu) de Belgique, Department d'Entomologie. MLPA Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Fa- Rue Vautier, 29, B-1000, Bruxelles, Bel- cultad de Ciencias Naturales Y Museo, gium (Didier Drugmand; drugmand@ Division Entomologia.1900 Paseo del kbinirsnb.be) Bosque, La Plata, Argentina (L. De IZAV Universidad Central de Venezuela, Fa- Santis) cultad de Agronomia, Departamento e MMEC Moravian Museum, Department of En- Instituto de Zoologia Agricola, Apar- tomology, Presloval, 602 00 Brno, tado Postal 4579, Maracay 2101-A, Czechslovakia (Jiri Kolibac; ento.kol@ Venezuela (Luis J. Joly; ljoly@cantu. volny.cz) net) MNHN MuseÂum Naturelle d'Histoire, Ento- JEWC Jim E. Wappes Collection. 171 Fall mologie. 45 bis, Rue de Buffon, Paris Creek, Bulverde, Texas 78163 (Jim E. (Ve), France (Jean J. Menier; menier@ Wappes; [email protected]) cimrs1.mnh.fr) JNRC Jacques Rifkind Collection. 5105 Morel- MRSN Museo Regionale Scienze Naturali, Via la Avenue, Valley Village, California Giolitti, 36, Torino, 10123, Italy (O. 91607 (Jacques Rifkind; clerid@aol. Bortesi) com) MSUC Michigan State University, Department JPHC Jeffrey P. Huether Collection. 443 Turk of Entomology. 243 Natural Science, Road, Geneva, New York 14456 East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1115 ([email protected]) (Wayne Whehling; [email protected]. KSUC Kansas State University, Department of edu) Entomology. West Walters Hall, Man- MZSP Museu de Zoologie da Universidade de hattan, Kansas 66506-4004 (Gregory SaÄo Paulo. Caixa Postal 7172, 04263, Zolnerowich; [email protected]. SaÄo Paulo, Brazil (Cleide Costa; clei- edu) [email protected])

NINA Norwegian Institute for Nature Re- TAMU Texas A & M University, College of Ag- search, Division of Conservation Biol- riculture and Life Sciences, Department ogy, Tungasletta 2, NO-7485, Trond- of Entomology, Minnie Belle Heep heim, Norway (Frode Odegaard; frode. Building, College Station, Texas 77843- [email protected]) 7029 (Edward G. Riley; egrchryso@ NYSM New York State Museum. 3140 Cultur- tamu.edu) al Education Center, Albany, New York TUMC Technische Universitat Munchen, Ange- 12230 (Tim L. McCabe; timmccabe@ wandte Zoologie. D-85350 Freising, Ger- aol.com) many (Roland Gerstmeier; r.gerstmeier@ OSEC Oklahoma State University, Division of lrz.tu-muenchen.de) Agricultural Sciences and Natural Re- UASM Strickland Entomological Museum, sources, Department of Entomology Department of Entomology Collection, and Plant Pathology. 127/110 Noble University of Alberta. Edmonton, Al- Research Center, Stillwater, Oklahoma berta, T6G 2 E 3, Canada (George E. 74078-3033 (Don C. Arnold; 405-;744- Ball; [email protected]) 5531) UCAG University of Georgia, Museum of Nat- OSUC The Ohio State University, Museum of ural History, Entomology Collections. Biological Diversity, Insect Division, Natural History Building. Athens, 1315 Kinnear Rd. Columbus, Ohio Georgia 30602-1882 (Cecil Smith; 43212 (Norman F. Johnson; johnson. [email protected]) [email protected]) UCDC University of California-Davis, Depart- OSUO Oregon State University, Systematic ment of Entomology, R. M. Bohart, Entomology Laboratory, Department Museum of Entomology. One Shields of Entomology. Cordley 2046, Corn- Avenue, Davis, California 95616-8584 vallis, Oregon 97331 (A.V.Z. Brower; (Steve L. Heydon; slheydon@ucdavis. entof®[email protected]) edu) PMNH Yale University, Division of Entomol- UMMZ Museum of Zoology, Division of In- ogy, Peabody Museum of Natural His- sects, University of Michigan-Ann Ar- tory. New Haven, Connecticut 06520- bor, Michigan 48109-1079 (Mark F. 8118 (Raymond J. Pupedis; raymond. O'Brien; [email protected]) [email protected]) UMRM Wilbur R. Enns Entomology Museum, PURC Purdue University, Department of Ento- Department of Entomology. 1±87 Ag- riculture Building, University of Mis- mology, Entomology Hall. West Lafay- souri-Columbia, Missouri 65211 (Kris- ette, Indiana 47907 (Arwin Provonsha; tin B. Simpson; simpsonk@showme. arwin࿞Ј[email protected]) missouri.edu) QCAZ Ponti®ca Universidad Catolica del Ec- UMSP University of Minnesota, Department uador, Departamento de Biologia. Av- of Entomology, College of Agriculture, enida 12 de Octubre, entre Patria y Food, and Environmental Sciences. 219 Beintilla, Apartado 17±01±2184, Quito, Hodson Hall, 1980 Folwell Avenue, Ecuador (Giovanni Onore; onore@ Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108-6125 puceuio.puse.edu.ec) (Philip J. Clausen; claus004@maroon. RFMC Roy F. Morris II Collecton. 2635 Ewell tc.um.edu) Rd., Lakeland, Florida 33811(catchbugs@ USNM National Museum of Natural History, aol.com) Smithsonian Institute, Department of RHTC Robert H. Turnbow, Jr. Collection. Su- Entomology,Washington, DC 20560 pervisory Entomologist, Directorate of (Natalia J. Vandenberg; nvandenb@ Public Works, Building 1404, Fort sel.barc.usda.gov) Rucker, Alabama 36362±5000. (turn- WFBC William F. Barr Collection. 1415 Borah [email protected]) Avenue, Moscow, Idaho 83843 (Wil- SEAN Museo Entomologico. S.E.A., A.P. 527, liam F. Barr; [email protected]) Leon, Nicaragua (Jean-Michel Maes; WFBM University of Idaho, Division of Ento- [email protected]) mology, William F. Barr Museum, SEMC The University of Kansas, Snow En- Moscow, Idaho, 83844 (Frank Merick- tomological Division, The Natural His- el; [email protected]) tory Museum of the University of Kan- WOPC Weston Opitz Collection, Kansas Wes- sas. Lawrence, Kansas 66045-2454 leyan University, Department of Biol- (Robert W. Brooks; [email protected]. ogy, 100 East Cla¯in Avenue, Salina, ukans.edu) Kansas 67401-6196 ([email protected])

WSUC Washington State University, Department assembled on a recently felled tree leaning of Entomology, P.O. Box 646382, Pull- against its stump. The insects seemed to con- man, Washington 99164-6382 (Richard gregate on the underside, (i.e., shaded side) S. Zack; zack@mail,wsu.edu) of the log, especially during the more sun- ZMAN Zoologisch Museum der Universiteite intensive hours (®gs. 3±5). They were also van Amsterdam, Entomologie. Planta- ge Middenlaan 64, Amsterdam, 1004, easily captured at night on the surface of the Netherlands (Johan P. Duffels) aforementioned felled tree. Wilford J. Han- ZMHB Museum fur Naturkunde on der Hum- son collected a variety of plocamocerans in bolt-Universitat zu Berlin, 1040 Berlin, a Malaise trap draped over trunks of recently Invalidenstrasse 43, Germany (Manfred felled trees (®g. 2). Uhlig; manfredϭ[email protected]) On the basis of mouthpart structure and stomodeal contents, I conclude that ploca- NATURAL HISTORY moceran beetles are carnivorous and are con- sumers of lignicolous insects, such as larvae As part of a research effort of sustainable of wood borers. The extent to which these forestry, Mecke et al. (2001: 13) conducted beetles blend into their bark surroundings is a comprehensive inventory of the insect fau- astonishing. Their elytral variegations blend na associated with the Brazilian pine Arau- in perfectly with the thin bark of tree genera caria angustifolia (Bert.) O. Kunze. These such as Manilkara and represent an outstand- workers sampled, by various collecting ing example of adaptive coloration. Unfor- methods, tree branches and boles of the tunately, such adaptations tend to homoge- aforementioned tree species and others co- nize the outward appearance among conge- existing with Araucaria. Among the materi- ners, which makes species-level identi®ca- als they gathered were 115 specimens of tions particularly dif®cult. Also noteworthy Chaetophloeus hispidus, n. sp., obtained is the manner by which these clerids escape from November to February. One hundred- capture. Their strategy most often involves nine of these specimens were reared from an initial scurry movement, then catapult to branches and six were collected by beating. full ¯ight. Their jumping abilities coincide Part of the ®ndings of these investigators was well with the extraordinary development of that C. hispidus, although apparently a gen- their metafemur and metacoxa. Hespenheide eral predator of a variety of lignicolous bee- (1973) associated such locomotory behavior tles, seems to prefer species such as Corthy- with ¯y mimicry. lus rufopilosus, and Xylechinosomus minimus (Scolytidae). The authors further suggest INTEGUMENTARY SENSORY ORGANS that these clerids are also signi®cant predators of other Xylechinosomus species. By as- SENSILLA ON THE ANTENNAE,PRONOTUM, sociation, that is, by coemergence from the AND ELYTRA same tree branches, C. hispidus is thought Antennae: The plocamoceran antenna also to feed on Baudonisia villosiventris (Bu- comprises 10 antennomeres (®g. 86); the prestidae), Strangalia dimidiata (Ceramby- scape is unusually long and curvate, the ped- cidae), Helipodus tuberculatus (Curculioni- icel large and spheroid, and the ¯agellum is dae), and Copidita sp. (Oedemeridae). greatly expanded and highly setose distally. Plocamocerans seem diurnal, with large The initial four ¯agellar antennomeres are populations congregating on felled tree short and narrow, whereas the terminal three trunks during mid-morning, late afternoon, constitute a substantially expanded club that and at night. A tropical rainforest with fresh- forms the organs most conspicuous portion. ly cut tree trunks (®gs. 2±5) is prime col- To date, four types of sensilla have been lecting habitat for epiphloeines and clerids in found on the plocamoceran antennae: one general. In Central America, specimens were type of sensilla trichodea, two types of sen- collected during July and April, some on dry silla chaetica, and one type of sensilla basi- wood of Inga and Guarea. conica. I observed large populations of P. man- The ®lamentous sensilla trichodea impart ausensis, new species, of the Amazon Basin, a subplumose appearance and form the most

Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/Bulletin-of-the-American-Museum-of-Natural-History on 25 Jun 2020 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use Access provided by Carnegie Museum of Natural History 14 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 280 3. Excellent habitat for collecting Cleridae, environs of 4, 5. Malaise trap in Rondonia, Wilbur J. Hanson's method of collecting Cleridae, November 1995. 2. Figs. 2±5. Brazilian tropical rain forest. The author collectingManaus, specimens January of 1981. Epiphloeinae, environs of Manaus, January 1981.

Figs. 6±11. Plocamocera coactilis; 6. Head (1, labrum, 2, ocular notch, 3, scape, 4, pedicel). 7. Pronotum (5, trichosome, 6, discal trichbothrium). 8. Distal portion of protibiae (7, spine). P. confrater. A. antenna, 90ϫ (11, ®lamentous sensilla trichodea). B. Ninth antennomere. 9. Pronotal discal trichobothrium (8, bothrium, 9, trabiculae, 10, trich). 10. Antenna. 11. Antennomere 1200ϫ (12, sensilla chaetica I; 13, ®lamentous sensilla trichodea, 14, sensilla basonica).

striking feature of the plocamoceran anten- brecht (1970: 124) suggested that the long nae (®g. 10). Sensilla trichodea are most sensilla trichodea of the male silk moth are abundant on the club antennomeres (no. 13 instrumental in the detection of female sex in ®g. 11) and take the form of long, longi- pheromone. Shorter, but anatomically similar, tudinally grooved, hairlike organs set on the sensilla trichodea have been studied in vari- antennomeres in well-formed sockets. Stein- ous other families of beetles in which these

sensory organs were interpreted as mecha- (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.)), ponderosa noreceptors and chemoreceptors (Merivee et pine (Pinus ponderosa), and grand ®r (Abies al. 1998: 312, and references therein). grandis). Thanasimus dubius (Fabricius) is Elsewhere (see Natural History), I dis- known to respond to pheromones produced cussed my ®eld observations involving spec- by bark beetles (Ips spp.) and to tree volatiles imens of P. manausensis, new species, on a (Vite and Williamson, 1970: 238; Dixon and recently felled tree infested with bark beetles Payne, 1979: 180, 1980: 381, Billings and within a tropical rainforest. On the basis of Cameron, 1984: 1545; Mizell et al., 1984: this predatory-prey association, and in con- 180; Billings, 1986: 488). junction with ®ndings of antennal micro- Type I sensilla chaetica (no. 12 in ®g. 11) sculpture and published biochemical infor- have been found on antennomere nine and mation, I suggest that the ®lamentous sensilla type II sensilla chaetica (no. 2 in ®g. 12) on trichodea of the plocamoceran antenna, antennomere ten. Type I emerge from a well- which greatly increase the surface area of formed socket, varies in length, is suberect that organ, have an olfaction function and and ¯uted, and tapers to a ®ne point. In the serve to detect volatile tree compounds and/ leaf beetle Psylliodes chrysocephala Linnae- or aggregate pheromones released by bark us these kinds of antennal sensory organs beetles. Borden and Wood (1966: 259) sug- (identi®ed as sensilla trichodea I) (Bartlet et gested that in the bark beetle Ips confusus al., 1999: 293) are known to be enervated by (LeConte), sensilla trichodea are predomi- one sensory neuron attached to the base of nantly involved in afference of sex phero- the bristle shaft, an indication of mechano- mones. Through this afferent mechanism, sensory function according to Zacharuk plocamoceran predators can readily enhance (1985: 26). Type II sensilla chaetica have their ability to quickly ®nd concentrations of heretofore been established to occur only on prey species in an environment where wood the terminal antennomere of the antennal decomposition is accelerated by tropical cli- club (®g. 12). They stem from a cuticular matic factors and where availability of suit- plate, vary in length and undulations, are ex- able prey species is temporally short. Kais- ternally smooth, and are relatively blunt at sling (1971: 357) stressed the importance of the apex. They most closely approximate the antennal surface in relation to that organ's sensilla trichodea type II of P. chrysocephala afferent properties. Furthermore, the plu- L. (loc. cit.) and others reported in various mose-like construction of the plocamoceran species of weevils (Bartlet et al., 1999: 298). antenna is somewhat reminiscent of the an- Mustaparta (1973: 570, 1975: 277) discussed tennal development of the Bombyx moth, in similar antennal sensilla in the weevil Hylob- which it has been established that ¯agellar ius abietis and reported their electrophysio- branches capture and absorb odor molecules logically responsiveness to odors. of pheromones. Schneider (1969: 1034) sug- The plocamoceran sensilla basiconica (no. gested that highly plumose antennae, as those 14 in ®g. 11) are short, externally smooth found in the silkworm moth Bombix mori, and thin-walled, straight or curved, peglike are effective molecular sieves. sensilla set in an elevated base. Elaterid, Several North American studies have scolytid, curculionid, and coccinelid beetles shown that checkered beetle predation on are known to have similar antennal sensilla bark beetles involves sensitivities to tree (Marivee et al., 1998: 312; Bartlet et al., compounds and/or barkbeetle pheromones. 1999: 298) responsive to odors in electro- For example, Pitman and Vite (1971: 404) physiological experiments (Mustaparta, and Whittaker and Foemy (1971: 759) dem- 1975: 283). onstrated that Enoclerus lecontei (Say) re- PRONOTUM: The most prominent extero- spond to conifer terpenes and aggregate hor- sensillar elements on the plocamoceran pron- mones, respectively. Moreover, Harwood and otum are four trichobothria, with two being Rudinsky (1966: 297) established that Eno- positioned paralaterally on the pronotal disc clerus sphegeus (Fabricius) and Thanasimus (no. 6 in ®g. 7 and enlarged in ®g. 9) and undatulus (Say) were attracted to oleoresins one each on the pronotal lower sides (®g. collected from living trees of Douglas ®r 13). The trichs of these sensory organs are

Figs. 12±15. 12. Plocamocera coactilis; tenth antennomere (1, ®lamentous sensilla trichodea; 2, sensilla chaetica II). 13±15. P. confrater. 13. pronotal lateral trichobothrium (3, trich; 4, bothrium). 14. Pronotum (5, sensilla trichodea I; 6, basal peg of sensilla trichodea II). 15. Pronotum (7, basal peg of sensilla trichodea II).

Figs. 16±17. Plocamocera confrater. 16. El- Figs. 18±19. 18. Plocamocera confrater; hind- ytra (1, epipleural margin with chaetosomes; 2, body, lateral view, 70ϫ (1, metacoxa; 2, metafe- trich of elytral trichobothrium. 17. Elytra (3, ely- mora). 19. Ichnea marginella (Klug); hindbody, tral pit; 4, elytral trichobothrial bothrium; 5, ely- lateral view, 70ϫ (3, metafemora; 4, metacoxa). tral trichobothrial trich; 6, sensilla trichodea).

types I (no. 5 in ®g. 14 and no. 2 in ®g. 24) extraordinarily long, ¯uted, and tapered to a and II (no. 6, ®g. 14) are similar in shape; very ®ne point. The core of the bothrium of both are recumbent, short, ¯uted, linear, or the discal trichobothria is composed of an in- slightly curved chaeta that narrow to a ®ne ternal dome-shaped elevation adorned with point. However, pronotal sensilla trichodea II papillose and serratelike trabeculae (®g. 21). differ as they arise from deeper punctiform A conspicuous difference between the discal depressions (see ®gs. 22 and 23). Further, (®g. 9) and lateral bothrium (no 4 in ®g. 13 some pronotal sensilla trichodea II are asso- and no 3 in ®g. 21) is the lack of trabecular ciated with a minute tubular peglike process development proximal to the base of the trich (no. 7 in ®g. 15). in the lateral trichobothria (®g. 9). Such a Pronotal sensilla trichodea III (herein re- development, in these more dorsal organs, ferred to as trichosomes; no. 5 in ®g. 7) are would permit the extremely long hair of very sparsely distributed on the pronotal these trichobothria a wider angle of de¯ec- disc, being most clearly evident along the an- tion thereby rendering the more dorsal tri- terior and posterior margins. Trichosomes are chobothria a great sensitivity to airborne vi- very robust, slightly curvate vertical bristles brations generated perhaps by the activities set in large punctiform depressions that are of oncoming predators (see below for a dis- more abundantly found on the elytral disc cussion of trichobothrial functions). and elytral epipleural (no. 1 in ®g. 16) and The remaining vestiture of the pronotal sutural margins. An interesting additional surface involves three types of sensilla tri- feature of the pronotal surface is the presence chodea (I, II, III). Pronotal sensilla trichodea of integumental pores (®gs. 22, 23, and no.

Figs. 20±23. Plocamocera confrater. 20. Distal extremity of metatibia (1, croun of apical setae; 2, metatibial spur). 21. Pronotal lateral trichobothrium (3, trabeculae). 22. Pronotal setae. 23. Pronotal detae.

3 in ®g. 24) sparsely distributed among the most often decumbent, and are set in prom- discal sensilla. inent sockets ELYTRA:InPlocamocera confrater Ku- wert, the side regions of the elytra, proximal TRICHOBOTHRIA to the epipleural margin, show eight tricho- Schuh (1975: 2) provided a very useful re- bothria whose trichs become progressively view of the gross structure and distribution shorter toward the elytral base. In these tri- of trichobothria in Arthropoda, and Steyskal chobothria (e.g., no. 2 in ®g. 16) the trichs (1991: 95) clari®ed its proper orismology. are also ®liform and ¯uted, but unlike in the Other contributions to our knowledge of this pronotal trichobothria, the elytral bothria are interesting cuticular sensory organ in insects devoid of a crenulated interior dome (no. 4 have been made by Pumphrey (1940: 125), in ®g. 17). Moreover, the bothria are nested Ruckes (1961: 36), Roeder (963: 69), Schae- in an elevated collar and are ¯anked by two fer (1975: 233), Markl and Tautz (1975: 84, spheroid depressions with elevated borders 1977: 29, 1979: 455), Tautz and Markl (no. 3 in ®g. 17). The more anterior elytral (1978: 107), Fletcher (1978: 185), Tobias trichobothria have wider, shorter trichs (no. and Murphy (1979: 53), Schaefer (1975: 194, 5 in ®g. 17) and have bothria that are set in 1981: 595), Dambach et al., (1983: 417), a circular mote (e.g., no. 4 in ®g. 17). Ad- Dambach and Heinzel (1985: 333), Magnu- ditional elytral sensilla involve trichosomes son and Baerwald (1987: 637), Hartman et that are serially arranged along the epipleural al., (1987: 87), Hartman and Leander (1987: and sutural margins. Discal sensilla trichodea 77), Wygodzinsky and Lodhi (1989: 371), (no. 6 in ®gure 17) are ¯uted, acuminate, Zrzavy (1990: 323), and Gras and Horner

vibrations (Tautz and Merkle, 1978:107). From the standpoint of ethological considerations, trichobothria appear useful for detecting ¯ying prey or detecting enemies (Roeder, 1963: 79, Tautz and Merkl, 1978: 707, Camhi, 1980: 147, Gras and Horner, 1992: 207, Stierle et al., 1994: 9, Comer, et al., 1994: 16, Barth et al., 1995: 409), general localization of prey (Gorner and Andrews, 1969: 315, Den Otter, 1974: 226, Friedel and Barth, 1977: 230, Barth and Holler, 1999: 189), and communicating in general (Lawson and Epling, 1966: 795). Trichobothria have been described in various shapes and sizes. Schuh (1975: 5) recognized four structural types of trichobothria and six types in accor- dance with their integumental distribution. Heretofore, trichobothria have not been recorded in the Cleridae, although several workers have referred to the pronotal trichobothria as a ``pair of long sensory setae''(Crowson, 1964: 306), ``thorax with a pair of discal and a pair of internal sensory setae'' (Barr, 1950: 488), ``Halsschild mit je einem Paar disk aler und seitlicher Sinnes- Fig. 24±25. Plocamocera confrater. 24. Pro- notal disc (1, pronotal sensilla trichodea II; 2, pro- borsten.'' (Winkler, 1961: 30). Prothoracic notal sensilla trichodea I; 3, pronotal pit). 25. trichobothria are variously developed within metatarsus (1, tarsomere pulvillus three). Epiphloeinae, reaching a high development in Plocamocera. In this genus the thricho- bothrial gross structures resembles those that (1992: 207), Oliva (1992: 39), Davidova-Vi- Schuh (1975: 5) classi®ed as structural type limova and Stys (1993: 43), Comer and four in which the trich is deeply sunk into Dowd (1993: 90), and Ivanov (1994: 21). the integument. In plocamocerans the base of Trichobothria are hairlike sensory organs the pronotal trich shows a domelike scal- found on the exoskeleton of many arthro- loped structure at its core (®g. 9). It remains pods. In most cases their super®cial compo- to be determined whether the variation of nents involve long, ®liform cuticular setae epiphloeine trichobothrial development and (the ``trich'') that arise out of a cuticular cav- the distribution of other long integumental ity or pit (the ``bothrium''), or they may be sensilla represent adaptation to a greater ef- elevated on a small dome. In the culicid larva ®cacy of afference. Schaefer (1975: 239) not- of Taxorhynchites rutilus (Coquillett), the tri- ed that the trich component of the tricho- chobothria are plumose and are thought to bothrium was particularly long among function to detect water vibrations (Magnu- ground-living heteropterans but was short son and Baerwald, 1987: 637). There is sub- among heteropterans that live on plants. Gor- stantial indication in the literature to suggest ner and Andrews (1969: 301) discovered that trichobothria are multifunctional. They that, ``long trichobothria are more sensitive may serve as phonoreceptors (Pumphrey, to airborne movements of low frequency (65 1940: 125, Frings and Frings, 1966: 580, cycles/sec.) than shorter ones''. Drasler, 1973: 182, Markl and Tautz, 1975: The function of the pronotal trichobothria 82, Fletcher, 1978: 185), anemoreceptors in clerids remains uncertain. However, their (Hoffmann, 1967: 320, Smola, 1972: 383), gross anatomical construction is very similar tactile organs (Gorner and Andrews, 1969: to the ®liform setae described in the cater- 308), and sensory organs that detect airborne pillar of Barathra brassicae Linnaeus (Markl

and Tautz, 1975: 82) in which the trichs otum (®g. 38) moderately transverse; epi- serve to detect vibrations generated by on- pleural margin feebly arcuate. Integument: coming predatory wasps or parasitic ¯ies. It dark-castaneous, intermixture of lighter and is conceivable that the prothoracic tricho- darker areas, particularly on elytra. Vestiture: bothria of plocamocerans, and perhaps those Venter and legs copiously vested with setae of other epiphloeines, serve to warn these that are short and decumbent or long and sub- clerid predators of other predatory species erect; dorsum copiously vested with stout, such as wasps or treetrunk-foraging lizards. bristlelike setae. Head: Cranium subrugosely Camhi (1980: 147) discovered that puffs of punctated; eyes prominently bulging, ®nely air made by a toad's lunge is perhaps the faceted, deeply incised along frontal margin primary means through which the cockroach (®g. 27), incision half width of eyes when eye detects an attacking toad. viewed from front; antenna (®g. 29) inserted Plocamocerans display slightly different tri- at lower angle of eye incision, comprised of chobothria on the epipleural margin of the el- 10 antennomeres, loosely clubbed, vested ytra (no. 2 in ®g. 16). Possibly these hair sen- with few lengthy setae, setae not longer than silla also serve as an antipredatory device. length of club articles; scape as long as com- The development of elytral trichobothria, and bined length of funicular antennomeres, ped- apparently their numbers, may vary among icel particularly large, subglobose, antennom- the plocamoceran species. A complete survey eres four and six slightly expanded, anten- of trichobothrial structure, and of the occur- nomeres ®ve and seven cylindric, club-anten- rence and distribution of extraordinary inte- nomeres eight and nine subtrigonal, equal in gumental sensilla, involving genera of Epi- length, tenth antennomere ovoid, only slightly phloeinae is in progress. It is hoped that re- longer than antennomeres eight and nine; la- sults from such a study will generate addi- brum deeply incised (®g. 30); mandible not tional synapomorphies for a more thorough falciform, dentes poorly developed, anterior resolution of Epiphloeinae phylogenetics. dens broadly accuminate (®g. 34), medial and posterior dens minute, mandibular penicillus DIAGNOSIS OF CHAETOPHLOEUS, absent; maxilla well developed (®g. 33), ter- NEW GENUS minal palpomeres digitiform, laterolacinia Specimens of this monotypic genus are present; labium well developed (®g. 39), ter- most conveniently identi®ed by the profuse minal palpomere digitiform; gula trigonal (®g. presence of stout bristles (chaetosomes) on 28). Thorax: Pronotum moderately transverse, the dorsum of their forebody and elytra (®gs. anterior margin sinuous, prominently project- 26, 37). Other outstanding characteristics in- ing medially, posterior margin broadly sinu- clude the substantial length of the antennal ous, subapical depression not very prominent, scape, very globose pedicel, and lengthened pronotal disc slightly depressed at sides where antennal sensilla trichodea. These trichodea discal and paralateral trichobothria are prom- are slightly longer than the width of the an- inent; disc with pair of paralateral swellings; tennomeres of the antennal club. The anten- epimeral prolongations only feebly extended nal sensilla trichodea of the antennal club are mesad; procoxal cavities open; elytra distinct- considerably longer in the members of Plo- ly tapered, surface subrugose, punctations camocera, than they are in the members of small and shallow; epipleural margin feebly this genus, the presumed sister taxon of explanate; mesoscutellum quadrate-transverse Chaetophloeus. (®g. 31); protibia with stout spines, protibial spur absent, protarsus with three pulvilli; me- DESCRIPTION OF CHAETOPHLOEUS sotibia with one spur, mesotarsus with three TYPE SPECIES: Chaetophloeus hispidus Op- pulvilli; metatibia with one spur, metatarsus itz, new species. with one pulvillus; tibial spurs not particularly DESCRIPTION: Size: Length 4.8; width 1.5 elongated; metabasitarsus much longer than mm. Form (®g. 26): Elongate, elytra some- metatarsomere two; tarsal claws with small what ovate and considerably tapered posteri- basal dens. Abdomen: Six visible sterna; py- orly, about two times longer than wide; pron- gidium broad-scutiform. Male Genitalia: Ae-

Fig. 26±39. Chaetophloeus hispidus. 26, Habitus. 27, head, frontal view. 28, head, ventral view. 29, antenna. 30, labrum. 31, mesonotum. 32, metendosternite. 33, maxilla. 34, mandible. 35, aedeagus. 36, spicular fork. 37, body outline, lateral view. 38, pronotum, ventral view. 39, labium.

deagus (®g. 35) lanceolate; interspicular plate ETYMOLOGY: The generic name Chaeto- of spicular fork slender (®g. 36), not bi®d dis- phloeus is a Greek compound name formed tally; parameres highly reduced. from chaete (long hair) and from phloeus DISTRIBUTION: These insects are known (bark of trees). I refer to bristlelike hairs of only from southern Brazil. these tree-dwelling beetles.

DESCRIPTION OF CHAETOPHLOEUS DESCRIPTION: Body length, width, form, SPECIES and integumental color as in generic description. In addition, lower frons castaneous, up- Chaetophloeus hispidus, new species per frons and epicranium piceous; pronotum Figures 26, 28±31, 33±39, 126; map 12 narrowly castaneous along anterior and lower HOLOTYPE: Male. Brazil: RS, S. Francisco lateral margins; elytron light-castaneous at de Paula, Pro-Mata, 22.XI.1999, Ex. Arau- humerus and sporadically vested with short caria angustifolia, leg.: Roland Mecke silvery decumbent setae that are most prom- (MCNZ). (Specimen card mounted, sex label inent as three feebly formed setal pencils at af®xed to paper card, white, machine printed; elytral basal third, silvery setae also form locality label, white, cursive, MCNZ reposi- oblique broad line at elytral apical half. tory label white, machine printed; number la- Head, thorax, and abdomen as in generic de- bel (R 2488), white, machine printed; collec- scription. In addition, frons distinctly con- tion label with number (215.508), white, out- cave, elytral disc depressed behind humerus, lined, machine printed; holotype label red, elytral punctations prominent throughout machine printed.) The specimens identi®ed disc and not arranged in longitudinal rows, as Plocamocera in Mecke et al. (2001: 113) and ®fth abdominal sternum narrowed dis- involve members of this species. tally in females, evenly arcuate in males; ae- PARATYPES: Fifty-nine specimens. Fifty- deagus as in ®gure 35. eight specimens from the same locality as the VARIATION: The shape of the ®fth visible holotype (MCNZ, 3; WOPC, 3), 12-XI-1997 abdominal sternum is sexually dimorphic. In (WOPC, 1), 12-XII-1997 (MCNZ, 1), 9-I- females it is narrowed distally, whereas in 1998 (WFBC, 1), 18-II-1998 (MCNZ, 1), 19- males it is not narrowed distally. II-1998 (MCNZ, 1; WOPC, 1), 4-I-1999 NATURAL HISTORY: Mecke et al. (2001) (WOPC, 1), 25-I-1999 (MCNZ, 2), 10-XI- studied the insect fauna associated with Ar- 1999 (MCNZ, 1; WOPC, 1), 25-XI-1999 aucaria trees. Among the insects that were (MCNZ, 4; WOPC, 1), 6-XII-1999 (MCNZ, found to frequent these trees were specimens 1), 7-XII-1999 (MCNZ, 2; WOPC, 6), 14- of C. hispidus, n. sp., which readily emerged XII-1999 (MCNZ, 2; WOPC, 1), 20-XII- from Araucaria angustifolia (Bert) O. Kun- 1999 (MCNZ, 4; WOPC, 2), 4-I-2000 tze. The available specimens were collected (MCNZ, 2), 6-I-2000 (MCNZ, 3), 25-I-2000 during January, February, June, October, (MCNZ, 2), 27-I-2000, (MCNZ, 1), 31-I- September, November, and December. 2000 (MCNZ, 1), 8-II-2000 (MCNZ, 1), 11- DISTRIBUTION (map 12): These beetles are II-2000 (MCNZ, 1), 21-II-2000 (MCNZ, 1), known only from southern Brazil. 24-II-2000 (MCNZ, 1); same locality, 29-VI- ETYMOLOGY: The speci®c epithet, hispidus, 1999, Marcia Silva Barbosa (MCNZ, 1), 2- is a Latin adjectival meaning ``bristly''. I re- IX-1999, Marcia Silva Barbosa (MCNZ, 1), fer to the bristlelike setae on the dorsum of 28-X-1999, Marcia Silva Barbosa (WOPC, these beetles. 1), 5-XI-1999, Marcia Silva Barbosa (WOPC, 2): Brazil: Nova Teutonia: II±1978, DIAGNOSIS OF PLOCAMOCERA F. Plaumann (WOPC, 1). SPINOLA DIAGNOSIS: Members of this monotypic genus can be conveniently distinguished The most outstanding characteristic of the from other epiphloeines by the profuse dis- members of this genus is the long ®liform tribution of bristlelike setae on the head hairs on the antenna (®g. 86). As a group, pronotum, and elytra. Further, from its sister the elytra of the members of Plocamocera genus Plocamocera, Chaetophloeus speci- tend to be variegated in color, ranging from mens are conveniently distinguished by the stramineous to castaneous with many species considerably shorter ®lamentous sensilla tri- characterized by a distinct ¯avotestaceous chodea on the antenna. In Plocamocera the humeral macula that divides posteriorly. gula is crescentic, whereas in Chaetophloeus Moreover, I found the presence of setal ag- the gula has a more trigonal shape (compare gregates on the elytra and number of con- ®gs. 28 and 126). spicuous trichobothria on the epipleural mar-

gin diagnostic for some species. Unfortu- 1900: 88. Schenkling, 1903: 86, 88. Gahan, nately, the elytra of many of the older spec- 1910: 73. Chapin, 1927: 5. Blackwelder, 1945: imens were severely depiliated, which 388. Corporaal, 1942: 142; 1950: 255. Winkler, rendered their identi®cation dif®cult. When 1961: 59. Opitz, 1997: 55. depiliated specimens do not show the elytral DESCRIPTION: Size: Length 4.0±8.0 mm; trichobothria (®g. 55), one can determine the width 1.5±2.8 mm. Form: Elongate, elytra presence of some of these sensory organs by somewhat ovate, about three times longer the more conspicuous black indentations than wide; pronotum (®g. 7) conspicuously with which these ®liform setae are associat- transverse; epipleural margin feebly or strong- ed. Males with depiliated elytra may be di- ly arcuate. Integument: Head, thorax, and ab- agnosed on the basis of the con®guration of domen concolorous or bicolorous, if bicolo- the last three antennomeres, shape of the py- rous stramineous or castaneous, frons and ver- digium, and characteristics of the aedeagus. tex often infuscated; antenna bicolorous, Severely depiliated females are particularly scape ¯avotestaceous, remainder piceous; dif®cult to assign to species, but in most cas- pronotum usually vested with pale setae at es the shape of the antennomeres of the an- sides, disc usually infuscated; elytral surface tennal club leads one to the correct identi®- usually variegated, rarely concolorous, when cation. At present, I recognize 35 species of bicolorous stramineous or castaneous, or mix- the genus Plocamocera. In addition to the aforementioned charac- ture of both. Vestiture: Integument copiously teristics, members of Plocamocera are readily vested with decumbent and declinate setae; identi®ed by other characteristics such as: an- antenna (®gs. 6, 40) with very long sensilla tennal scape very long, as long as combined trichodea, discal and paralateral trichobothrial length of funicular antennomeres; antennal setae of pronotum (®gs. 7, 9) particularly well pedicel very globose, much larger than anten- developed, sides of pronotal disc matted with nomere three; pronotum boldly transverse light setae whose apices extend toward mid- (®g. 7), and with its anterior margin exten- dle; elytral disc abundantly vested with stout sively projected at middle; pronotal tricho- bristles, bristles are particularly notable along bothria (®g. 9) well developed; elytra oblong- sutural and epipleural margins, disc also vest- ovate, about three times longer than wide, epi- ed with pale or dark patches of setae, patches pleural margin arcuate when viewed from often transverse, sometimes oblique or angu- above, adorned with rows of stout chaeto- lar in shape, epipleural margin minutely ser- somes, and vested with several trichobothria rulate, adorned with row of chaetosomes and (®g. 53) that tend to diminish in length from with three to eight trichobothria of various de- posterior of elytron to anterior of elytron; el- gree of development (®g. 55). Head (®g. 6): ytra with or without maculae and with dense Cranium usually ®nely punctate, very rarely clusters of light and dark setae; metacoxa and coarsely punctuated; frons plane; eyes prom- metafemora particularly robust; metatarsal inently bulging, ®nely faceted, deeply incised pulvillus present on third tarsomere; color of along frontal margin, incision nearly bisects abdomen sex dimorphic, males piceous, fe- eye; antenna (®g. 6) inserted at lower angle males ¯avotestaceous in basal half piceous in of eye incision (ocular notch, ®g. 136), com- remainder; spermathecal gland attached to su- prised of 10 antennomeres, loosely clubbed, bapex of spermathecal capsule; and males vested with ®lamentous setae (®g. 40), scape with one pair of accessory glands. as long as combined length of funicular antennomeres, pedicel globose, funicular an- DESCRIPTION OF PLOCAMOCERA tennomeres subcylindric, except fourth antennomere sometimes, and sixth antennomere always, expanded laterally, basal club anten- Plocamocera Spinola, 1844a: 17. Type-species nomere subovoid or subquadrate, about as Plocamocera sericella Spinola, 1844a: 19. By monotypy. Lacordaire, 1857: 468. Desmarest, long as combined length of funicular anten- 1860: 265. Gemminger and Harold, 1869: 1747. nomeres, ninth antennomere abruptly nar- Guerin-Meneville, 1874: 274. Gorham, 1877: rowed distally (®g. 145) or gradually nar- 249; 1882: 167. Kuwert, 1893: 492. Lohde, rowed distally (®g. 148): labrum (®g. 125)

Figs. 40±51. Antennae. 40, Plocamocera castanea. 41, P. pupula. 42, P. confrater. 43, P. aliguantula. 44, P. minima. 45. P. manausensis. 46, P. coactilis. 47, P. sericella. 48, P. argentea. 49, P. auratilis. 50, P. sesquipedalis. 51, P. lucis.

deeply incised; mandible (®g. 124) not falci- verse, anterior margin sinuous, prominently form, dentes poorly developed, anterior dens projecting medially, posterior margin broadly broadly accuminate, medial and posterior sinuous, subapical depression prominent, dens minute, mandibular penicillus absent; slightly depressed at sides where discal and maxilla (®g. 122) well developed, terminal paralateral trichobothria (®gs. 7, 9) are prom- palpomere digitiform, laterolacinia present; inent; disc with a pair of swellings that vary labium well developed, terminal palpomere in expression; epimeral prolongations (®g. digitiform; gula (®g. 126) crescentic. Thorax: 127) only feebly extended mesad; procoxal Pronotum (®gs. 7, 127) conspicuously trans- cavity open (®g. 127); elytra moderately oval

Figs. 52±59. Elytra. 52, 53, Plocamocera castanea. 54, 55, P. pupula. 56, 57, P. confrater, 58, 59, P. aliguantula.

when viewed from above, punctations vari- only exception being specimens of P. salasis, able in size, not seriate, epipleural margin fee- n. sp., in which the cranial margins are cas- bly or prominently explanate; mesoscutellum taneous; and the ®rst two antennomeres of (®g. 129) quadrate-transverse; protibia (®g. the antennal club are usually ovoid (®g. 149), 75) with one to ®ve stout spines on anterior being particularly slender in P. manausensis, margin, protibial spur absent, protarsus with n. sp.; only in P. salasis, n. sp., does the three pulvilli; mesotibia with one spur, me- eighth antennomere approach subquadrate. In sotarsus with three pulvilli; metatibia (®g. aggregate, this group of species ranges from 128) with one spur, metatarsus with one pul- Guatemala to the Amazon Basin. villus (no.1 in ®g. 25); tibial spurs (no. 2 in ®g. 20) particularly robust, metafemur (®g. sesquipedalis group 109) and metacoxa (®g. 128) particularly ro- The basal segment of the metatarsus is ex- bust; tibial apices crowned with short stout traordinarily long in these beetles (®g. 109); setae (no.1 in ®g. 20); metabasitarsus slightly the tripartite humeral macula is lacking; and longer than metatarsomere two (®g. 108) or the aedeagus (®g. 120) is particularly long. twice length of metatarsomere two (®g. 109), In the more northern specimens of P. ses- tarsal claw with large subquadrate denticle at quipedalis, n. sp., and in all specimens of P. base; appendiculate; metathoracic wing as in lucis, n.sp., the relatively light color of the ®gure 130. Abdomen: Six visible sterna; py- elytra accentuates the abundance and robust- gidium broad-scutiform (®g. 95) or trigonal- ness of dark elytral bristles. The combined scutiform (®g. 89), posterior margin plane range of the four species of this group ex- (®g. 96), sinuous (®g. 87), or convex, usually tends from Central Costa Rica, across Guy- with two discal and six marginal stout setae ana, south through Ecuador and Peru, and to (®g. 95). Male Genitalia: Aedeagus usually the forests of Matto Grosso, in Brazil. long and slender, lanceolate (®g. 110), or sagittate (®g. 111); phallic struts usually extended castanea group beyond phallobasic apodeme (®g. 120), rarely not so extended (®g. 111); interspicular plate This group contains one species whose (®g. 134) of spicular fork slender, and bi®d members have a stricking development of the distally; parameres highly reduced. Female antennal club (®g. 144); the elytral surface is Genitalia: Ovipositor (®g. 131) long and slen- somewhat undulated; and the sutural margin der, dorsal lamina (®g. 132) bilobed, ventral is bordered by particularly robust sensilla tri- lamina (®g. 131) trilobed. Alimentary Canal chodea. The species ranges from the Napo (®g. 135): Ventricular papillae feebly devel- rainforests of Ecuador to the more southern oped; four cryptonephridial malpighian tu- Brazilian lowlands of Goias. bules. Male Internal Reproductive Organs (®g. 102): One pair of accessory glands; sem- confrater group inal vesicle particularly robust and elongate As a group, the members of these species (®g. 102); testis comprised of 12 follicles. Fe- show minimal interspeci®c variation of ex- male Internal Reproductive Organs (®g. 133): ternal structures. One must examine and cor- Spermatheca not visibly sclerotized; sperma- relate variations of the aedeagus with those thecal gland attached to subapex of sperma- of the antennal club to fully appreciate the theca; bursa copulatrix well developed. taxonomic signi®cance of subtle integumen- DISTRIBUTION: These beetles are distributed tal differences. In confrater group specimens from Mexico to Paraguay. They are most the eighth antennomere is subquadrate (®g. commonly known from the Amazon Basin. 145); the aedeagus is slender (®g. 173) or ¯ared at the base (®g. 112); the female py- SPECIES GROUPS OF PLOCAMOCERA gidium is trigonal-scutiform (®g. 91) or broad-scutiform (®g. 88); and the tripartite manausensis group humeral macula (®g. 56) is well developed. The members of this species group are This group of South American species has foremost diminutive, most being about 3 mm been recorded from Guyana, Ecuador, Peru, in length; the cranium is usually black, the Bolivia, and Brazil.

coactilis group must check the color of the cranium, which is black in P. manausensis, but predominantly In these plocamocerans the basal anten- castaneous in P. sericella. Also, one may pre- nomere of the antennal club is most often cisely measure the body length of the beetles narrow, rarely broad-oval (®g. 153); the before one can proceed with con®dence be- pronotum is predominantly piceous; the tri- yond the initial key couplet. partite humeral macula is well developed; The next potential source of dif®culty in- and the female pygidium is broad-scutiform. volves interpretation of ovality of the eighth The composite range of the species group ex- antennomere, which is particularly relevant tends from Ecuador to Brazil. to couplet nine in which one has to distinguish between P. sesquipedalis, n. sp. and P. sericella group similis n. sp. The degree of ovality is more The narrow-ovoid shape of antennomere pronounced in P. similis n. sp., but one must eight, absence of the tripartite humeral mac- observe this characteristic at a magni®cation ula, and presence of matted aggregates of approaching 1000ϫ. white setae on the elytral disc characterize In couplet 10 one has to distinguish be- the members of this species group. Included tween a subquadrate and ovoid shape of the in this species group is P. sericella Spinola, eighth antennomere. In most cases the two the most widely distributed species of Plo- shapes are easily separated, but in P. ambra, camocera; specimens are recorded from n. sp., the eighth antennomere is slightly an- Mexico to Brazil. gular and possibly interpreted as subquadrate. However, in such specimens the elytra DISCUSSION OF SPECIES KEY does not show a tripartite posthumeral mac- COUPLETS ula, as is also the case in all other specimens of the sericella species group. Members of closely related species of this Lastly, the degree of ``narrowing'' of the genus are very similar externally, yet subtle distal extremity of antennomere eight is used, differences of the antenna and elytra usually with some dif®culty, to separate some spec- corroborate the more obvious differences of imens among the coactilis group (couplet 24 the male genitalia. In general, it can be stated and 24Ј). The narrowing may be quite nota- that the abovementioned subtle differences can ble or deceptively short. A magni®cation of best be ascertained with high magni®cation. I at least 90ϫ must be used to recognize some have used magni®cation in the 750±1000 of the more subtle differences among anten- range. When dealing with specimens of the nal characteristics. confrater and sericella groups, the antenna of all available male specimens should be re- KEY TO SPECIES GROUPS AND moved from the cranium and examined sub- SPECIES OF PLOCAMOCERA merged in a ¯uid (such as water or glycerin) 1. Diminutive, less than 4 mm; cranium usu- at a magni®cation of at least 750ϫ. This level ally black; elytra moderately setose, of magni®cation will provide clear resolution with well-de®ned ¯avotestaceous and of the precise con®gurations of the antennom- piceous maculae (®g. 62) (manausensis eres. group ...... 2 Interpretations of body size may occasion- 1Ј. Not diminutive, 5±7 mm; if less than 5 ally become an obstacle when using this key. mm elytra with dense patches of light All known members of the manausensis group and dark setae, rarely with ¯avotesta- are uniformly diminutive, whereas specimens ceous maculae ...... 6 of other species groups are greater than 4 mm 2(1). Cranium bicolorous, periphery casta- and, therefore, not diminutive as de®ned here- neous, remainder black (Brazil: Ama- zonas) ...... in; all of these specimens will correctly ®lter ...... P. salasis, n.sp. through the ®rst key couplet. However, small 2Ј. Cranium black ...... 3 specimens of P. sericella Spinola approach the 3(2Ј). Antennomeres 8 and 9 very slender, near- 4 mm body size of P. manausensis, n. sp., bee- ly digitiform (®g. 183) (Brasil: Ama- tles. When confronting such specimens one zonas) ...... P. manausensis, n. sp.

Figs. 60±67. Elytra. 60, Plocamocera minima. 61, P. sericella. 62, 63, P. manausensis. 64, 65, P. coactilis, 66, 67, P. auratilis.

3Ј. Antennomeres 8 and 9 more ovate (®g. 187) and considerably longer than 185) ...... 4 combined length of antennomeres 8 4(3Ј). Antennomere 10 robust, only slightly lon- and 9 (French Guiana: Cayenne; Ec- ger than antennomere 9 (®g. 149) (Bra- uador: Napo; Bolivia: Cochabamba; zil: Matto Grosso) .... P. iota, n. sp. Peru: Amazonas; Brazil: Goias) (cas- 4Ј. Antennomere 10 slender, considerably tanea group); tegmen distinctly splayed longer than antennomere 9 (®g. 186) at base (®g. 213) ...... 5 ...... P. castanea, n. sp. 5(4Ј). Anterior margin of protibia with one spine 11Ј. Tenth antennomere not sickle-shaped and (®g. 78); phallobasic apodeme short and not longer than combined length of an- obtuse (®g. 113) (Costa Rica: Limon) tennomeres 8 and 9 (confrater group) ...... P. aliguantula, n. sp...... 12 5Ј. Anterior margin of protibia multispinous; 12(11Ј). Antennomere 9 not concave distally phallobasic apodeme long and slender (®gs. 146, 180, 188) ...... 13 (®g. 114) (Panama) ...... 12Ј. Antennomere 9 shallowly (®g. 161) or ...... P. minima, n. sp. deeply (®g. 147) concave distally . . . 6(1Ј). Metabasitarsus twice length of second ...... 15 metatarsomere (®g. 109) (sesquipedalis 13(12). Epipleural margin of elytra notably ar- group) ...... 7 cuate (®g. 179) ...... 14 6Ј. Metabasitarsus not twice length of second 13Ј. Epipleural margin of elytra notably lin- metatarsomere (®g. 108) ...... 10 ear (®g. 178) (Brazil) ...... 7 (6). Metatibial spur unusually long, about half ...... P. specula (Klug) as long as length of metabasitarsus (®g. 14(13). Tripartite elytral post humeral ¯avotes- 137), elytral disc predominantly stra- taceous macula clearly de®ned (Brazil: mineous (Brazil: Matto Grosso) . . . Matto Grosso) . . P. quadrula, n. sp...... P. lucis, n.sp. 14Ј. Tripartite elytral post humeral ¯avotes- 7Ј. Metatibial spur shorter than half length of taceous macula absent (Surinam: Sar- metabasitarsus (®g. 138) ...... 8 amacca) .....P. jayhawkalis, n. sp. 8(7Ј). Elytral disc matted with yellow-gold setae 15(12Ј). Antennomere 9 deeply concave distally at elytral basal third, postmedial third, (®g. 191) (Venezuela: Amazonas) . . . and at preapical region (Costa Rica: Al- ...... P. baria, n. sp. ajuela) ...... P. prolixa, n. sp. 15Ј. Antennomere 9 feebly concave distally 8Ј. Elytral disc matted with light and brown (®g. 162) ...... 16 setae ...... 9 16(15Ј). Antennomere 9 abruptly constricted dis- 9(8Ј). Distal half of ninth antennomere exten- tally (®g. 217) ...... 17 sively narrowed (®g. 190); eighth an- 16Ј. Antennomere 9 gradually narrowed dis- tennomere narrow-ovate (®g. 196); tally ...... 18 phallic apex lobate (Guyana: Demerara: 17(16). Antennomeres 8 and 9 very brie¯y nar- Bartica. Peru: Loreto. Brazil: Rondonia) rowed distally (®g. 217): interstitial ...... P. sesquipedalis, n. sp. spaces of elytra minutely arenose (Bo- 9Ј. Distal half of ninth antennomere not ex- livia: Santa Cruz) ...... tensively narrowed (®g. 196); eighth ...... P. buenavista,n.sp antennomere broad-ovate, subrectangu- 17Ј. Antennomere 8 and 9 more extensively late (®g. 158); phallic apex trigonal (Ec- narrowed distally (®g. 218); interstitial uador: Pichincha) . . . P. similis, n. sp. spaces of elytra smooth and shiny 10(6Ј). Basal antennomere of antennal club su- (Bolivia: La Paz) .... P. aura,n.sp bquadrate (®g. 144), always with an 18(16Ј). Antennomere 10 only slightly longer outer angle (®g. 194); elytra subovoid, than antennomere 9 (®g. 193); aedea- disc always with tripartite ¯avotesta- gus short, tegmen extensively broad- ceous macula (®g. 56), epipleural mar- ened at base (®g. 215); anterodistal gin distinctly ¯ared ...... 11 margin of antennomere 9 rounded . . 10Ј. Basal antennomere of antennal club su- ...... 19 bovoid (®g. 163), rarely with an outer 18Ј. Antennomere 10 nearly twice length of angle; elytra subrectangulate, disc with antennomere 9 (®g. 162); anterodistal or without tripartite ¯avotestaceous margin of antennomere 9 with sub- macula, epipleural margin rarely ¯ared, acute outer angle (®g. 194) ..... 20 or only feeble arcuate ...... 21 19(18). Anterodistal angle of antennomere 8 11(10). Tenth antennomere sickle-shaped (®g. subacute (®g. 42); aedeagus short,

broad, tegmen extensively broadened 25(23Ј). Protibial anterior margin with two spines at base (®g. 112) (Guyana: Bartica; (Ecuador: Napo) . . . P. onorei, n. sp. French Guiana; Cayenne. Ecuador: 25Ј. Protibial anterior margin with more than Napo. Peru: Madre de Dios. Bolivia: two spines ...... 26 Beni. Brazil: Rondonia; Para; Matto 26(25Ј). Antennomere 10 tapered to ®ne point Grosso; Jatai; Amazonas) ...... (®g. 202) (Brazil: Matto Grosso) ...... P. confrater Kuwert ...... P. bispina n. sp. 19Ј. Anterodistal angle of antennomere 8 26Ј. Antennomere 10 not tapered to ®ne somewhat rounded (®g. 217) aedeagus point, more lobate (®g. 203) .... 28 elongate, slender, tegmen less exten- 27(26Ј). Antennomere 8 subovoid (®g. 203) (Bra- sively broadened at base than in pre- zil: Guanabarra) ...... vious species (®g. 214) (Colombia: ...... P. carnegei, n. sp. Amazonas) ...... P. procera,n.sp. 27Ј. Antennomere 8 not subrectangulate (®g. 20(18Ј). Antennomere 9 subrectangulate (®g. 204) (Brazil: Distrito Federal) .... 194); antennal club particularly ro- ...... P. paris, n. sp. bust; elytral base with discal piceous 28(21Ј). Elytral, thoracic, and cranial vestiture spot that is not con¯uent with dark- predominantly white; integument uni- ened region adjacent to elytral suture formly light castaneous (Bolivia: San- (Brazil: Matto Grosso) ...... ta Cruz) ...... P. argentea, n. sp...... P. pupula, n. sp. 28Ј. Elytral, thoracic, and cranial vestiture 20Ј. Antennomere 9 not subrectangulate (®g. admixture of light and dark setae; in- 162); antennal club not robust; elytral tegument variegated ...... 29 base without discal piceous spot (Bra- 29(28Ј). Epipleural margin abruptly explanate at zil: Amazonas) . . . P. taruma, n. sp. elytral basal fourth (®g. 74) ..... 30 21(10Ј). Tripartite elytral posthumeral ¯avotesta- 29Ј. Epipleural margin not explanate at ely- ceous macula clearly de®ned (®g. 64) tral basal fourth ...... 32 (coactilis group) ...... 22 30(29). Eighth antennomere with distinct outer angle (®g. 155) (Costa Rica: Puntar- 21Ј. Tripartite elytral posthumeral ¯avotesta- enas; Alajuela) .... P. ambra, n. sp. ceous macula absent, humeral region 30Ј. Eighth antennomere without distinct out- may be slightly lighter than rest of ely- er angle (®g. 206) ...... 31 tral disc; piceous spot may or may not 31(30Ј). Epipleural margin piceous; metafemur be prominent near elytral basal mar- predominantly piceous (Venezuela: gin; elytral disc usually densely vested Trujillo) ...... P. bolivari, n. sp. with pale setae (sericella group) .... 31Ј. Epipleural margin predominantly light ...... 28 castaneous, sometimes with discon- 22(21). Tenth antennomere particularly narrow, nected faint infuscations; metafemur with margins distinctly sinuous (®g. predominantly or entirely ¯avotesta- 198), nearly twice length of ninth an- ceous (Costa Rica: Alajuela. Panama: tennomere (®g. 163) (Brazil: Matto Panama) ...... P. auratilis, n. sp. Grosso; Goias; Amazonas; Para) .... 32(29Ј). Ninth antennomere abruptly narrowed ...... P. coactilis, n. sp. distally (®g. 208) ...... 33 22Ј. Tenth antennomere not particularly nar- 32Ј. Ninth antennomere more gradually narrow, margins not distinctly sinuous, rowed distally (®g. 211) ...... 34 only slightly longer than ninth anten- 33(32). Margin of tenth antennomere sinuous nomere (®g. 199) ...... 23 (®g. 167) (Trinidad) ...... 23(22Ј). Antennomere 8 subglobose (®g. 200), ...... P. insula, n.sp. anterodistal margin not abruptly nar- 33Ј. Margin of tenth antennomere not sinu- rowed ...... 24 ous (®g. 169) (Bolivia: Santa Cruz) 23Ј. Antennomere 8 subovate (®g. 154) an- ...... P. selva, n.sp. terodistal margin abruptly narrowed 34(32Ј). Light regions of elytra light castaneous; ...... 25 tegmen long, not explanate at base 24(23). Antennomere 9 gradually narrowed (®g. 117) (Mexico to Brazil) ..... along anterodistal margin (®g. 199) ...... P. sericella Spinola (Brazil: mazonas) . . P. aspera, n. sp. 34Ј. Light regions of elytra approaching ro- 24Ј. Antennomere 9 abruptly narrowed along seate; tegmen short, explanate at base anterodistal margin (®g. 200) (Brazil: (®g. 174) (Brazil: Rondonia) ..... Santa Catarina) ..... P. santa, n. sp...... P. sericellopsis, n. sp.

Figs. 68±74. Elytra. 68, 69, Plocamocera argentea. 70, 71, P. lucis. 72, 73, P. sesquipedalis. 74, P. auratilis.

DESCRIPTION OF PLOCAMOCERA Plocamocera manausensis, new species SPECIES Figures 45, 62, 63, 80, 94, 107, 115, 140, 183; map 6 MANAUSENSIS GROUP Plocamocera salasis, new species HOLOTYPE: Male. Brazil: Amazonas: Ma- Figures 139, 171, 186; map 6 naus, 1 km W Taruma Falls, 100 m, 19-I- HOLOTYPE: Male. Brazil: Amazonas: Ma- 1981, primary forest, on bark, day, G. Ekis naus, 1 km W Taruma Falls, 19-I-1981, W. (now W. Opitz) (MZSP). (Specimen point Opitz (MZSP). (Specimen point mounted, mounted, sex label af®xed to paper point, sex label af®xed to paper point, white, ma- white, cursive; support card, white; locality chine printed; support card, white; locality label, white, cursive; collector label, white, label, white, machine printed; natural history cursive; natural history label, white, cursive; label, white, cursive; MZSP repository label, holotype label, red, cursive; plastic vial with white, machine printed; holotype label, red, aedeagus.) machine printed; plastic vial with pygidium PARATYPES: One hundred seventy speci- and aedeagus.) mens from the same locality as the holotype PARATYPES: Four specimens from the same (AMNH, 2; BMNH, 1; CASC, 1; CMNC, 1; locality as the holotype (CMNH, 1; WOPC, CMNH, 1; CNCI, 1; CSUC, 1; CUIC, 1; 3). DEIC, 1; EMEC, 1; EMUS, 1; FMNH, 1; DIAGNOSIS: Within the manausensis group FSCA, 1; IMLA, 1; INBC, 1; INHS, 1; only members of this species have the cra- INSB, 1; IZAV, 1; JEWC, 1; JNRC, 1; nium bicolorous. The periphery of the cra- LACM, 1; MCZC, 1; MLPA, 1; MMEC, 1; nium is castaneous, the remainder piceous. MNHN, 1; MRSN, 1; MSUC, 1; MZSP, 1; DESCRIPTION: Size: Length 3.4±3.8 mm; OSEC, 1; OSUC, 1; OSUO, 1; PMNH, 1; width 1.1±1.3 mm. Integument: Cranium bi- PURC, 1; QCAZ, 1; RFMC, 1; RHTC, 1; colorous, peripheral areas castaneous, remain- SEAN, 1; SEMC, 1; TAMU, 1; TUMC, 1; der piceous; pronotum bicolorous, disc pice- UCDC, 1; UMMZ, 1; UMRM, 1; UMSP, 1; ous, peripheral areas castaneous; elytra varie- USNM, 1; WFBC, 1; WFBM, 1; WOPC, gated, ¯avous humeral macula bifurcated pos- 117; WSUC, 1; ZMAN, 1; ZMHB, 1). Bra- teriorly, postmedial ¯avous macula fasciate, zil: Rondonia: 62 km SW Ariquemes, nr. three irregular aggregates of white setae, pi- Fzda. Rancho Grande, 10-17-V-1995, K. ceous regions with dark setae; legs ¯avous. Vulinec, blacklight trap (FSCA, 1). Head: Antenna as in ®gure 139. Thorax: Pro- DIAGNOSIS: The members of this species notal anterior margin moderately projected at can be conveniently distinguished from the middle; discal swellings prominent; elytral epi- members of other P. manausensis species by pleural margin with three conspicuous tricho- the extraordinary slender condition of the an- bothria; protibial anterior margin with three tennal club (®g. 45). spines. Abdomen: Male and female pygidium DESCRIPTION: Size: Length 2.8±3.5 mm; broad-scutiform, truncate (as in ®g. 97); ae- width 1.0±1.2 mm. Integument: Cranium deagus (®g. 171) lanceolate. black; pronotum predominantly piceous, pe- VARIATION: The castaneous portions of the riphery castaneous; elytra variegated (®g. cranium may be reduced to narrow periph- 62), ¯avous posthumeral macula bifurcated eral regions. posteriorly, postmedial ¯avous macula fas- NATURAL HISTORY: The available speci- ciate, apex ¯avous, ¯avous portions of disc mens were collected from the Amazon Basin densely matted with yellow setae, piceous during December, on felled tree trunks of portions of disc vested with dark setae; legs Manilkara, at an altitude of 100 m. ¯avous. Head: Antenna as in ®gure 45. Tho- DISTRIBUTION (map 6): Known only from rax: Pronotal anterior margin moderately the type locality. projected at middle; discal swellings not very ETYMOLOGY: The trivial name salasis is prominent; elytral epipleural margin with derived from the Latin salio (leap). I refer three conspicuous trichobothria (®g. 63); the speci®c epithet to the peculiar jumping protibial anterior margin with ®ve spines (®g. behavior of these beetles. 80). Abdomen: Male pygidium broad-scuti-

Figs. 87±99. Pygidia. 87. Plocamocera castanea, male. 88, 89. P. pupula, male (88), female (89). 90, 91. P. confrater, male (90), female (91). 92. P. aliguantula. 93. P. minima. 94. P. manausensis, male. 95. P. coactilis, male. 96. P. sericella, male. 97. P. argentea, male. 98. P. lucis, male. 99. P. sesquipedalis, male.

← Figs. 75±86. Protibiae. 75. Plocamocera castanea. 76. P. pupula. 77. P. confrater. 78. P. aliguantula. 79. P. minima. 80. P. manausensis. 81. P. auratilis. 82. P. sericella. 83. P. argentea. 84. P. lucis. 85. P. sesquipedalis. 86. Antenna. P. pupula.

Figs. 100±107. Internal reproductive organs. 100, 101. Plocamocera castanea. 100 male, 101 female. 102, 103. P. confrater, male (102), female (103). 104. P. coactilis, male. 105, 106. P. lucis, male (105), female (106). 107. P. manausensis, male.

Figs. 108±121. Metathoracic legs, 108. Plocamocera sericella, 109. P. sesquipedalis, 110±120. Ae- deagi, 110. P. castanea, 111. P. pupula, 112. P. confrater, 113. P. aliguantula, 114. P. minima, 115. P. manausensis, 116. P. coactilis, 117. P. sericella, 118. P. argentea, 119. P. lucis, 120. P. sesquipedalis. 121. P. selva.

form, somewhat truncate (®g. 94), female py- VARIATION: Not observed. gidium broad-scutiform; aedeagus lanceolate NATURAL HISTORY: The holotype, the only (®g. 115); male internal reproductive organs available specimen of this species, was col- as in ®gure 107. lected from Central Brazil, during November, VARIATION: Except for the slight tone var- at 400 m. iation of elytral color, the available speci- DISTRIBUTION (map 6): Central Brazil. mens are quite homogenous. ETYMOLOGY: The speci®c epithet, iota, is NATURAL HISTORY: These beetles were col- a Greek adjectival that describes ``anything lected from the environs of Manaus, Brazil, very small''. I refer to the small body size of in January, on bark of Manilkara, during day this beetle. and night. DISTRIBUTION (map 6): Known only form Plocamocera aliguantula, new species the type locality. Figures 43, 58, 59, 78, 92, 113; map 5 ETYMOLOGY: The name manausensis constitutes a noun in apposition and refers to the HOLOTYPE: Male. Costa Rica, F. Never- type locality. mann, 31-VI-24, Hamburgfarm, Reventazon, Ebene Limon, an trocken Holz, Inga Plocamocera iota, new species (USNM). (Specimen point mounted, sex la- Figures 149, 185; map 6 bel and left antenna af®xed to paper point, white, cursive; support card, white; two lo- HOLOTYPE: Female. Brazil: Matto Grosso: cality labels, green, machine and hand print- Rio Caraguata, 21Њ48Ј;52Њ27Ј, XI-15±1953, ed; natural history label, beige, machine and 400 meters, Fritz Plaumann (FMNH). (Spec- hand printed; USNM repository label, white, imen point mounted, sex label af®xed to pa- machine printed; holotype label, red, ma- per point, white, machine printed; support chine printed; plastic vial with aedeagus and card, white; locality label, white, machine abdomen.) and hand printed; FMNH repository label, PARATYPES: Twenty-four specimens from white, machine printed; holotype label, red, machine printed.) the same locality as the holotype (BMNH 1; FMNH 2; USNM 16; WOPC, 5). PARATYPE: None. DIAGNOSIS: The single tibial spine on the DIAGNOSIS: The robustness of the antennal club antennomeres (®g. 149) distinguish the protibia serves to identify members of this members of this species within the manau- species. The males are also identi®ed by the sensis species group. con®guration of the phallobasic apodeme of DESCRIPTION: Size: Length 3.5 mm; width the tegmen. Unlike in specimens of P. man- 1.2 mm. Integument: Cranium black; prono- ausensis and P. minima, in which the phal- tum predominantly piceous, borders casta- lobasic apodeme is slender and elongated, in neous; elytra variegated, disc somewhat ro- P. aliguantula specimens the apodeme is seate, with ¯avotestaceous fascia only faintly short and obtuse (®gs. 113±115). visible, three irregular patches of white setae, DESCRIPTION: Size: Length 3.0±3.7 mm; setae on piceous regions of elytral disc gold width 1.0±1.4 mm. Integument: Cranium pi- to dark brown; legs bicolorous, pro-mesofe- ceous, pronotum ¯avotestaceous at sides, mora piceous at middle, ¯avotestaceous at disc with large piceous macula; elytra (®g. extremities, metafemora ¯avotestaceous in 58) with ¯avotestaceous humeral and discal basal half, piceous in remainder, tibiae in- macula, and with three setal fascia; legs ¯a- creasingly infuscated from pro-to metatibiae; votestaceous. Head: Antenna as in ®gure 43. tarsus ¯avotestaceous. Head: Antennal club Thorax: Anterior margin of pronotum pro- as in ®gure 149. Thorax: Pronotal anterior jected at middle, discal swellings very shal- margin projected at middle, disc shallowly low; elytra with three conspicuous tricho- tumescent at middle, arch scabrous; epipleur- bothria on epipleural margin (®g. 59); ante- al margin with four conspicuous trichoboth- rior margin of protibia with one spine (®g. ria. Abdomen: Female pygidium broad scu- 78). Abdomen: Male pygidium (®g. 92) pos- tiform, somewhat truncated. terior margin evenly arcuate; aedeagus (®g.

113) with short and obtuse phallobasic apo- four conspicuous trichobothria; protibial an- deme. terior margin with four spines. Abdomen: VARIATION: The dark fascies of the dorsum Male pygidium broad-scutiform, subtruncate, is more pronounced in some specimens. female pygidium broad-scutiform; aedeagus NATURAL HISTORY: Twenty-four specimens as in ®gure 114. were collected on dry wood (an trockenem VARIATION: Except for tone variation in- holtz, Inga) from species of Inga and Gu- volving elytral color the available specimens area, during July. One specimen was col- do not vary signi®cantly. lected during April. NATURAL HISTORY: These beetles were col- DISTRIBUTION (map 5): Known only from lected from the type locality during April Central Costa Rica. through July, form species of Inga. ETYMOLOGY: From aliguantulus, a Latin DISTRIBUTION (map 5): Plocamocera min- adjective meaning ``little''. I refer to the ima specimens are known only from the type small size of these beetles. locality. ETYMOLOGY: From the Latin adjective Plocamocera minima, new species minimus (smallest). I refer to the small size Figures 44, 60, 79, 93, 114; map 5 of these beetles.

HOLOTYPE: Male: Panama: Canal Zone: SESQUIPEDALIS GROUP Barro Colorado Is., 8Њ10Ј North 79Њ50Ј West, Plocamocera prolixa, new species 5-IV-1973, H.A. Hespenheide (AMNH). Figures 142, 170; map 7 (Specimen point mounted, sex label af®xed to paper point, white, cursive; support card, HOLOTYPE: Male. Costa Rica: Alajuela, 20 white; locality label, white, machine printed; km S. Upsula, 13±Dec.±1990, F. D. Parker collector label, white, machine printed; nat- (INBC). (Specimen point mounted, sex label ural history label, white, cursive; holotype af®xed to paper point, white, machine print- label, red, machine printed; plastic vial with ed; support card, white; locality label, white, aedeagus.) machine printed; INBC repository label; ho- PARATYPES: Fifteen specimens from the lotype label, red, machine printed; plastic same locality as the holotype (AMNH, 1; vial with abdomen and aedeagus.) BMNH, 1; CNCI, 1; FMNH, 1; MCZC, 1; PARATYPES: None. MNHN, 1; OSUC; 1; WFBM, 1; WOPC, 7). DIAGNOSIS: The dense patches of golden DIAGNOSIS: The most reliable characteristic setae on the elytral disc will distinguish these that distinguishes the members of this spe- beetles from any other known specimens of cies from members of the closely related P. the latefasciatus group. aliguantula and P. manausensis is the shape DESCRIPTION: Size: Length 4.0 mm; width of the tegmen of the male genitalia. In P. 1.3 mm. Integument: Predominantly casta- minima the aedeagus (®g. 114) is proportion- neous, frons broadly infuscated; pronotum ally small and the phallobasic apodeme is predominantly piceous, borders castaneous; about as long as the length of the phallobase. elytra predominantly light castaneous, nar- DESCRIPTION: Size: Length 3.0±3.6 mm; rowly piceous along epipleural margin, width 1.0±1.2 mm. Integument: Cranium across middle, and near apex, ¯avotestaceous black; pronotum predominantly piceous, pe- regions matted with golden setae; legs ¯a- riphery castaneous; elytra variegated, ¯avous votestaceous. Head: Antenna as in ®gure humeral macula well developed, post medial 142. Thorax: Pronotal anterior margin prom- ¯avous macula transverse; ¯avous portions inently projected anteriorly; elytral epipleural of disc densely matted with white setae, pi- margin with three conspicuous trichobothria; ceous portion vested with dark setae; legs ¯a- protibial anterior margin with three spines; vous. Head: Antenna as in ®gure 44. Thorax: metabasitarsus twice length of metatarsomere Pronotal anterior margin moderately project- two. Abdomen: Male pygidium broad-scuti- ed anteriorly, discal swellings shallow; elytra form, truncate distally; aedeagus lanceolate without distinct trigonal post-humeral mac- (®g. 170). ula (®g. 60); elytral epipleural margin with VARIATION: One specimen examined.

NATURAL HISTORY: The holotype was col- ora variously infuscated. Head: Antenna as lected from Costa Rica in December. in ®gure 50. Thorax: Pronotal collar prom- DISTRIBUTION (map 7): Central Costa Rica. inently de®ned, disc notably swollen; bris- ETYMOLOGY: The trivial name prolixa tles on elytral disc, sutural margin, and epi- stems from the Latin adjectival prolixus pleural margin particularly robust; elytral (stretched out). I refer to the extraordinary epipleural margin with ®ve conspicuous tri- length of the metabasitarsus. chobothria (®g. 73); metacoxa and metafemur (®g. 109) particularly robust; metabas- Plocamocera sesquipedalis, new species itarsus twice length of metatarsal segment Figures 50, 72, 73, 85, 99, 109, 120, 138, 190, 196; two (®g. 109). Abdomen: Male (®g. 99) and map 5 female pygidia broad-scutiform, female pygidium somewhat narrowed distally; aedea- HOLOTYPE: Male. Guyana: Demerara: Iku- gus as in ®gure 120; ovipositor extraordi- ribisi, X-1948±III-1949, D. J. Atkinson narily elongate. (BMNH). (Specimen point mounted, sex la- VARIATION: The infuscation on the frons, bel af®xed to paper point, white, machine vertex, legs, and elytral disc vary in intensity. printed; support card, white; locality label, NATURAL HISTORY: The available speci- beige, machine printed; natural history label, mens were collected during October, Novem- beige, machine printed, donation label, beige, ber, and December; the series from Ikuribisi machine printed; BMNH repository label, on Eschwellera sagotianum. The two speci- white, machine printed; holotype label, red, mens from Rondonia, Brazil were collected machine printed; plastic vial with aedeagus.) at an altitude ranging from 160±350 m. PARATYPES: Thirty-four specimens; 22 DISTRIBUTION (map 5): This South Amer- from the same locality as the holotype ican species is known from Guyana, French (BMNH, 16; WOPC, 6). Guyana: Bartica: Guiana, Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil. 15-V-1924 (AMNH, 1). Guyana (``British ETYMOLOGY: The speci®c epithet stems Guiana'') (CMNH, 1). Peru: Loreto, Estiron. from the Latin sesquipes (having a measure Rio Ampiyacu. XI-13 to XII-9, 1961, B. of one and a half) and the Latin suf®x -alis Malkin leg (FMNH, 6; WOPC, 3). Peru: (condition of). I refer to the extraordinary Tambopata: Madre de Dios, 15 km NE length of the metafemur. Puerto, Maldonado Reserva, Cuzco Amo- zonico, 12Њ33Ј,69Њ03Ј, 200 m, 17-VII-1989, Plocamocera lucis, new species J. S. Ashe, R. A. Leschen, caught by handnet Figures 51, 70, 71, 84, 98, 105, 106, 119, 137; (EMEC, 1). map 5 DIAGNOSIS: Within the sesquipedalis group, the members of this species closely HOLOTYPE: Male. Brazil: Matto Grosso: resemble those of P. similis, Opitz, new spe- Sinop, Coordenadas, X-74, 350 m, M. Al- cies, from which males can be reliably dis- varenga (MZSP). (Specimen point mounted, tinguished by the shape of the apex of the sex label and metathoracic leg and antenna phallus. The latter is digitiform in P. sesqui- af®xed to paper point; sex label, white, ma- pedalis beetles and trigonal in P. similis bee- chine printed, pygidium af®xed to sex label; tles. Females of these two species are virtu- support card, white, cursive; locality label, ally undistinguishable. white, cursive; MZSP repository label, white DESCRIPTION: Size: Length 3.7±4.5 mm; machine printed; holotype label, red, ma- width 1.4±1.8 mm. Integument: Cranium chine and hand printed; plastic vial with ae- predominantly castaneous, frons and vertex deagus and internal reproductive organs.) infuscated. Pronotum light cataneous; elytra PARATYPES: Six specimens; ®ve from the variegated, ¯avotestaceous humeral macula same locality as the holotype (JNRC, 1; not tripartite, spheroid posthumeral macula WFBC, 1; WOPC, 3). Brazil: Matto Gros- prominent (®g. 72), middle of disc faintly so, 12Њ31Ј 55Њ37Ј, X-1974, M. Alvarenga infuscated, elytral apical third piceous, disc (MEMU, 1). with three patches of white setae; legs pre- DIAGNOSIS: The members of this species dominantly ¯avotestaceous, tibiae and fem- are conveniently distinguished from all oth-

ers of the sesquipedalis group by the follow- chine printed; QCAZ repository label, white, ing combination of characteristics: elytral in- machine printed; holotype label, red machine tegument stramineous; elytral disc (®g. 70) printed; plastic vial with abdomen and ae- with three faintly indicated white setal fas- deagus.) ciae; pronotum broadly piceous; and mesos- PARATYPES: One specimen from the same cutellum piceous. locality as the holotype (WOPC, 1). DESCRIPTION: Size: Length 5.0±5.5 mm; DIAGNOSIS: These beetles are very similar width 1.5±2.0 mm. Integument: Cranium to those of P. sesquipedalis, new species. light castaneous, densely vested with golden- The males of these two species are most re- yellow setae; pronotum predominantly cas- liably distinguished by the shape of the apex taneous, disc broadly piceous; mesoscutel- of the phallus which is in P. similis n. sp. lum piceous; elytra stramineous, disc with and lobate in P. sesquipedalis, n. sp. Fe- faintly visible ¯avous fascia (®g. 70), vested males, and males, have the eighth antenno- with two patches of white setae; legs ¯avo- mere subrectangulate rather than subovate as testaceous, femora and tibiae slightly infus- is the case in most of the P. sesquipedalis cated. Head: Antenna as in ®gure 51, last specimens. Females of P. similis, from the article prominently sinuous. Thorax: Pronotal more southern latitudes, may be undistin- anterior margin moderately projected at mid- guishable from females of P. sesquipedalis. dle, pronotal collar prominent, discal swell- DESCRIPTION: Size: Length 4.1±4.5 mm; ings prominent; stout elytral bristles partic- width 1.6±1.8 mm. Integument: Cranium cas- ularly prominent; elytral epipleural margin taneous, frons broadly piceous, scape ¯avo- with three conspicuous trichobothria (®g. testaceous, remainder of antenna brunneus; 71); protibial anterior margin with three pronotum light castaneous, disc infuscated; spines (®g. 84); metabasitarsus twice length elytra variegated, anterior two-thirds pre- of metatarsal segment two. Abdomen: Male dominantly brunneus, basal third with spher- pygidium broad-scutiform, truncated (®g. oid macula near sutural margin, middle trans- 98); female pygidium trigonal-scutiform; ae- versely, irregularly infuscated, ¯avous hu- deagus as in ®gure 119, phallic apex con- meral fascia indistinct, three irregular aggre- spicuously elongated. Internal Reproductive gates of white setae, middle aggregate broad, Organs: Male as in ®gure 105, female as in disc also with brown and piceous setae (®g. ®gure 106. 58), elytral epipleural margin with three con- VARIATIONS: The extent of infuscation on the legs varies in intensity. spicuous trichobothria (®g. 59); legs bicolorous, predominantly ¯avotestaceous, pro- NATURAL HISTORY: Specimens were collected from the type locality in October, at metafemora predominantly ¯avotestaceous, 350 m. One of these beetles was taken in a feebly infuscated on anterior surface, meso- Malaise trap. femur entirely ¯avotestaceous, tibia and tar- DISTRIBUTION (map 5): Specimens are sus ¯avotestaceous. Head: Antenna as in ®g- known only from the highlands of Matto ure 158. Thorax: Pronotal anterior margin Grosso, Brazil. projected at middle, disc shallowly tumes- ETYMOLOGY: The Latin adjectival lucis cent, pronotal arch scabrous; elytral epipleur- (light) was chosen to accentuate the strami- al margin feebly serrulate and with eight con- neous coloration of the integument. spicuous trichobothria; protibial anterior margin with three spines. Abdomen: Male and female pygidium broad -scutiform; ae- Plocamocera similis, new species deagus (®g. 177) lanceolate. Figure 58, 59, 158, 177, 189; map 7 VARIATION: The paratype specimen does HOLOTYPE: Male. Ecuador: Pichincha: 18 not vary appreciably from the holotype spec- km S Tinalandia, 28-IV-1978, L. & C. W. imen except for the sexual dimorphic nature O'Brien & Marshall (QCAZ). (Specimen of abdominal color. point mounted, antenna and sex label af®xed NATURAL HISTORY: The O'Brien expedi- to paper point, white, machine printed; sup- tion to Ecuador provided the two available port card, white; locality label, white; ma- specimens collected by beating, during May.

DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type (®g. 52), and shape of the male pygidium locality. (®g. 87). Antennal articles eight and nine ETYMOLOGY: The trivial name similis (re- have the distal margin concave. The last ar- sembling) is a Latin adjectival that is herein ticle of the antennal club is as long as the used to accentuate the close similarity be- combined length of articles eight and nine. tween these beetles and those of P. sesqui- The shades and setal patterns on the elytron pedalis. are as in ®gure 52. The male pygidium is deeply incised at its posterior margin. CASTANEA GROUP DESCRIPTION: Size: Length 7.0±8.0 mm; Plocamocera castanea, new species width 2.4±3.0 mm. Integument: Cranium Figures 40, 52, 53, 75, 87, 100, 101, 110, 144, 187, castaneous, vertex infuscated; pronotum cas- 213; map 1 taneous, disc with central piceous macula; elytral margins piceous, disc pale brunneus, HOLOTYPE: Male. Brazil: Goias: Jatai Goias, X-1972, F. M. Oliveira (MZSP). with setal fascia as in ®gure 52; legs bico- (Specimen point mounted, sex label af®xed lorous, protibia predominantly piceous, me- to paper point, white, machine printed; sup- sotibia ¯avotestaceous, and metatibia ¯avo- port card, white; locality label, white, cur- testaceous in basal half and piceous in distal sive; holotype label, red, machine and hand half; abdomen ¯avous in females. Head: An- printed; plastic vial with aedeagus.) tenna as in ®gure 40. Thorax: Pronotal anterior margin projected at middle, discal PARATYPES: Twenty-®ve specimens; two from the same locality as the holotype swellings prominent; elytral epipleural mar- (WOPC, 2). Trinidad: Saint Andrew County: gin with seven conspicuous trichobothria Guaico (Sangre Grande), W. I., 12-VII-1989, (®g. 53), disc vested with three setal fascia; H. & A. Howden (CMNC, 1; WOPC, 1). protibial anterior margin with two spines (®g. French Guiana: Cayenne: Passoura, II-1907 75). Abdomen: Male pygidium broad-scuti- (MNHN, 1; WOPC, 2); Gourdonville, IX- form, somewhat truncate; aedeagus (®g. 110) 1906, E. Le Moult (MNHN, 1; WOPC, 1); with phallus considerably longer than tegmen Pariacabo, VII, E. Le Moult (BMNH, 1; and with outer margin of tegmen base con- MNHN, 1). Bolivia: Cochabamba: Bolivia siderably angular (®g. 213). Internal Repro- tropica, Region Chapare, 15-VIII-1950, 400 ductive Organs: Male as in ®gure 100, fe- m, R. Zischka leg (FMNH, 1). Ecuador: male as in ®gure 101. Napo: 2 km NE Ahuano, 6±15-IX-2000, F. VARIATIONS: The specimen from Bolivia T. Hovore, (JNRC, 1: WOPC, 1); 25 km NE has a third spine on the anterior margin of Campo Cocha, 16-IV-1999, F. Hovore the protibia. Also, the cranial infuscation (JNRC, 2; WOPC, 1); 25 km E. of Alinahui, varies in intensity as does the general casta- 450 m, I±II-1991, Puerto Napo, Selva, Ed- neous shade of the elytra. ward S. Ross (CASC, 1); Yasuni Res. Sta., NATURAL HISTORY: Specimens were col- 19-30-IX-1998, 250 m, OЊ38ЈS, 6Њ36ЈW, W. lected from Bolivia during August at 400 m, J. Hanson (EMUS, 2; WOPC, 1). Peru: Ama- from Ecuador during February (450 m) and zonas (MNHN, 1) Brazil: Amazon, Bates April, and from Brazil in November. In Ec- (BMNH, 1); Santarem, Acc. No. 2966 uador, at 250 m, Wilford J. Hanson collected (CMNH, 1); Amazones, Manes, Dr. Hahnel three specimens with a Malaise trap draped (MNHN, 1). over recently felled tree trunks (®g. 181). DIAGNOSIS: These beetles may be diag- DISTRIBUTION (map 1): This species is nosed on the basis of the antennal club arti- known from Bolivia and the Amazonian re- cles (®g. 40), elytral shade and setal pattern gion of Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil.

→ Figs. 122±130. Plocamocera pupula. 122. Maxilla. 123. Labium. 124. Mandible. 125. Labrum. 126. Head (ventral view). 127. Prothorax (ventral view). 128. Metathoracic leg. 129. Mesoscutellum. 130. Metathoracic wing.

ETYMOLOGY: Latin, the adjectival castanea VARIATIONS: In some specimens there is an (chestnut). The trivial name refers to the col- indication of a ®fth spine on the anterior or of the dorsal facies of these beetles. margin of the protibia, and the cranium and vertex may be infuscated. The piceous mark- CONFRATER GROUP ings on the elytra vary in intensity. Plocamocera pupula, new species NATURAL HISTORY: The available speci- Figures 41, 54, 55, 76, 86, 88, 89, 111, 122±132, mens were collected from Central Brazil, in 145, 194; map 5 October. DISTRIBUTION (map 5): This species is HOLOTYPE: Male. Brazil: Matto Grosso: known only from central Brazil. Sinop, X±1975, M. Alvarenga (MZSP). ETYMOLOGY: Latin, the noun pupula (pupil (Specimen point mounted, sex label af®xed of the eye). I refer to the piceous macula be- to paper point, white, hand printed, pygidium hind the basal tumescence of the elytra. and eighth abdominal sternum glued to paper point; support card, white; locality label, Plocamocera quadrula, new species white, cursive; plastic vial with aedeagus; holotype label, red, machine and hand print- Figures 146, 188, 179; map 7 ed.) HOLOTYPE: Male. Brazil: Matto Grosso: PARATYPES: Twelve specimens collected Sinop, X-1995, M. Alvarenga (AMNH). from the same locality as the holotype (Specimen point mounted, antenna and ma- (AMNH, 1; BMNH, 1; CASC, 1; CNCI, 1; chine printed sex label af®xed to paper point, FMNH, 1; MCZC, 1; MNHN, 1; USNM, 1; white; locality label, white, hand printed; WFBM, 1; WOPC, 3). AMNH repository label, white machine DIAGNOSIS: Within the confrater species printed; holotype label, red, machine printed; group these beetles are readily identi®ed by plastic vial with abdomen.) pronotal disc with piceous trigonal macula; PARATYPES: None. elytra with piceous macula behind basal tu- DIAGNOSIS: Along with P. pupula, P. mescence (®g. 54); antennal article eight and nine rectangulate (®g. 41); protibia with three quadrula is the only other known species of spines (®g. 76); male pygidium broad-scuti- the confrater group whose specimens do not form (®g. 88) feebly emarginate at posterior have the distal narrowing of antennomere margin, female pygidium trigonal-scutiform eight. Specimens of P. quadrula do not have (®g. 89); and aedeagus sagittate (®g. 111). the distal margin of antennomere eight feebly DESCRIPTION: Size: Length 6.0±8.0 mm; concave (®g. 146), which is the case in P. width 2.3±3.0 mm. Integument: Cranium cas- pupula specimens (®g. 145). Also, in P. pu- taneous; pronotum castaneous, disc with pula specimens the tenth antennomere is large trigonal macula; elytra (®g. 54) with nearly twice as long as antennomere nine. piceous punctiform macula behind basal tu- DESCRIPTION: Size: Length 5.7 mm; width mescence, setal fascia sinuous in posterior 2.0 mm. Integument: Predominantly casta- two-thirds; legs bicolorous, predominantly neous, frons feebly infuscated; pronotum ¯avotestaceous, pro±mesofemur infuscated predominantly castaneous, disc infuscated; anteriorly, metafemur infuscated anteriorly, elytra variegated, with ¯avotestaceous hu- tibia and tarsus predominantly piceous; ab- meral macula oblique, with three irregular domen ¯avous in females, brunneus in aggregates of white setae, golden setae abun- males. Head: Antenna as in ®gure 41. Tho- dant along sutural margin and in piceous re- rax: Pronotal anterior margin projected at gions of disc; legs ¯avotestaceous, metafe- middle; elytral epipleural margin with six mora faintly infuscated on inner distal sur- conspicuous trichobothria (®g. 55), disc vest- face. Head: Antennal club as in ®gure 146. ed with two setal fascia; protibial anterior Thorax: Anterior margin of pronotum boldly margin with four spines (®g. 76). Abdomen: projected at middle; discal swellings promi- Male pygidium broad-scutiform, feebly in- nent; elytral epipleural margin with ®ve con- cised (®g. 88), female pygidium trigonal-scu- spicuous trichobothria; protibial anterior tiform (®g. 89); aedeagus (®g. 111) sagittate. margin with ®ve spines, the second and third

contiguous. Abdomen: Male pygidium broad- NATURAL HISTORY: The holotype specimen scutiform; aedeagus lost. was collected from Surinam, during June, at VARIATION: One specimen studied. 25 m, by fogging, a splintered tree trunk with NATURAL HISTORY: The holotype was col- pyrethrum. lected in October. DISTRIBUTION (map 6): This species is DISTRIBUTION (map 7): Known only from known only from Surinam. the type locality. ETYMOLOGY: The speci®c epithet is a com- ETYMOLOGY: The speci®c epithet quadrula pound noun in apposition. It stems from the is a Latin noun derived from quadrus mascot name of Kansas University (``jay- (square). I refer to the rectangulate shape of hawks'') and the Latin possessive suf®x-alis. the eighth antennal article. The author, a Kansas State ``wildcat'', wishes to extend his appreciation, and a tribute, to Plocamocera jayhawkalis, new species Kansas University for providing Kansas Figure 212; map 8 State University with many years of collegial athletic competition. HOLOTYPE: Sex unknown. Suriname: Sara- macca: west Suriname Road, 178 km WSW Plocamocera specula (Klug) Zanderij Airport, 25 m, 4Њ59Ј6ЉN, 56Њ18Ј48ЉW; Figures 178, 180 13 JUN 1999, Z. H. Falin; SUR 1 F 99 070; Enoplium speculum Klug, 1842: 372. Lectotype Ex: splintered tree trunk (pyrethrum fog- male. Here designated. Brazil (ZMNB). (Spec- ging)(SEMC). (Specimen point mounted, an- imen point mounted; support card, white, sex tenna af®xed to paper point; support card, label af®xed to support card; type label, orange, white; SEMC repository label, white, machine machine printed; ZMNB historical collection printed; locality label, white, machine printed; label; specimen number (58854) label, white, electronic repository label, white, plastic; ho- machine printed; identi®cation/locality label, lotype label, red, machine printed.) turquoise, cursive; ZMHB repository label; lec- PARATYPES: One specimen examined. totype label, red, machine printed; identi®cation label, white machine printed; plastic vial with DIAGNOSIS: These beetles are most closely abdomen and aedeagus.) allied to the members of P. pupula,n.sp. from which they may be distinguished by the PARATYPES: None. shape of the eighth antennomere. In P. jay- DIAGNOSIS: These beetles may be conve- hawkalis, n.sp., the outer angle of the anter- niently distinguished from super®cially sim- odistal margin of the eighth antennomere is ilar specimens of P. quadrula Opitz by the blunt (®g. 212). In P. pupula, n. sp., the outer more slender form of the eighth antennomere angle of the anterodistal margin of the eighth (compare ®gs. 146, 180), and the more rect- antennomere is distinctly acute (®g. 195). angular elytra (compare ®gs. 178, 179). Also, in P. jayhawkalis, n. sp., the ninth an- DESCRIPTION: Size: Length 6.8 mm; width tennomere is abruptly constricted at its pos- 2.0 mm. Integument: Cranium piceous; pro- terior limits, whereas in P. pupula, n. sp., the notum dark castaneous; elytra variegated, apical constriction is gradual. with testaceous humeral macula, with three DESCRIPTION: Size: Length 7.0 mm; width irregularly shaped aggregates of white setae; 3.0 mm. Integument: Predominantly casta- legs dark testaceous. Head: Antennomere neous; anterior disc of pro-mesotibiae infus- eight as in ®gure 180. Thorax: Pronotal an- cated, posterior disc metatibiae infuscated terior margin moderately projected at middle; near femoral apex; elytra variegated, with elytral epipleural trichobothria missing; pro- two dark transverse bands near apex. Head: tibiae missing. Abdomen: Male pygidium Antennal club as in ®gure 212. Thorax: Pro- evenly arcuate in posterior margin; aedeagus notal anterior margin broadly projected at broad lanceolate. middle; elytral epipleural margin with ®ve VARIATION: Not observed. conspicuous trichobothria; protibial anterior NATURAL HISTORY: No information avail- margin with ®ve spines. Abdomen: The ab- able. domen of the holotype specimen is missing. DISTRIBUTION: This holotype specimen was VARIATION: Not studied. collected in Brazil.

Plocamocera baria, new species tions, 1921±1922, W. M. Mann (USNM). Figures 147, 191; map 6 (Specimens point mounted, antenna and sex HOLOTYPE: Female. Venezuela: Amazonas: label af®xed to paper point, white, machine Rio Negro, Rio Baria, 0Њ55ЈN, 66Њ10ЈW, 140 printed; support card, white; locality label, m, 4±11±84, L. J. Joly, A. Chacon (IZAV). white, machine printed, expedition label, (Specimen point mounted, sex label af®xed white, machine printed; USNM repository to paper point, white, machine printed; sup- label, white, machine printed; holotype label, port card, white; locality label, white, ma- red, machine and hand printed.) chine printed; coordinates label, white, ma- PARATYPES: None. chine printed; collectors label, white, ma- DIAGNOSIS: Specimens of this species may chine printed; ownership label, green, ma- be distinguished from other members of the chine printed; IZAV repository label, white, confrater group by the following combina- machine printed; holotype label, red, mation of characteristics: interstitial spaces of chine printed.) elytral disc shiny, eighth antennomere only PARATYPES: None. feebly narrowed distally, and tenth anten- DIAGNOSIS: The deeply concave distal mar- nomere only slightly longer than antenno- gin of antennomeres 8 and 9 will distinguish mere nine. the members of this species from those of the DESCRIPTION: Size: Length 6.1 mm; width super®cially similar specimens of P. confra- 2.1 mm. Integument: Cranium predominantly ter Kuwert. piceous, borders castaneous; pronotum pre- DESCRIPTION: Size: Length 5.5 mm; width dominantly piceous, borders castaneous; el- 2.0 mm. Integument: Cranium predominantly ytra variegated, ¯avotestaceous tripartite hu- castaneous, frons infuscated; pronotum pre- meral macula well developed, mid-discal dominantly castaneous, anterior region of macula obscure, with three irregular patches disc infuscated; elytra variegated, predomi- of white setae, remainder of disc vested with nantly piceous, posthumeral ¯avotestaceous admixture of piceous and golden setae, latter tripartite macula well developed, disc with particularly abundant along sutural margin, short oblique ¯avotestaceous macula at mid- legs bicolorous, promesofemora predomi- dle, patches of pale setae extended to epi- nantly piceous, metafemora ¯avotestaceous pleural margin; legs bicolorous, pro±meso- in proximal half, piceous in remainder, tibia femora piceous ventrally, ¯avotestaceous and tarsus castaneous. Head: Antennal club dorsally, metafemur ¯avotestaceous in basal as in ®gure 161. Thorax: Pronotal anterior half, piceous in distal half; tibia and tarsus margin prominently projected at middle, dis- piceous. Head: Antennal club as in ®gure cal swelling shallow; elytral epipleural mar- 147. Thorax: Pronotal anterior margin mod- gin with ®ve conspicuous trichobothria; pro- erately projected at middle; discal swelling prominent; elytral epipleural margin with tibial anterior margin with four spines. Ab- ®ve conspicuous trichobothria; protibial an- domen: Female pygidium broad-scutiform. terior margin with six spines. Abdomen: Fe- VARIATION: One specimen examined. male pygidium trigonal-scutiform. NATURAL HISTORY: The only available VARIATION: Not observed. specimen was collected from Bolivia, in De- NATURAL HISTORY: The available speci- cember. mens were collected from southern Venezue- DISTRIBUTION (map 7): Known only from la during February, at 140 m. the type locality. DISTRIBUTION (map 6): Southern Venezue- ETYMOLOGY: The trivial name aura (glow) la. is a Latin adjective. I relate the name to the ETYMOLOGY: The trivial name constitutes bright re¯ection from the interstitial spaces a noun in apposition and refers to the type of the elytra. locality. Plocamocera buenavista, new species Plocamocera aura, new species Figures 216, 217; map 11 Figures 161, 218; map 7 HOLOTYPE: Female. Bolivia: La Paz: Tu- HOLOTYPE: (FSCA). Bolivia: Santa Cruz, mupasa, XII, Mulford Biological Explora- 3.7 km SSE Buenavista, Hotel Flora & fau-

na, 405 m, 5±15-XI-2001, 17Њ29.949ЈS, DISTRIBUTION (map 8): This species is 63Њ33.152ЈW, M. C. Thomas & B. K. Dozier, known only from the type locality. tropical transition forest. (Specimen point ETYMOLOGY: The speci®c epithet is a noun mounted, sex label af®xed to paper point, in apposition. It is used as a tribute to the white, cursive; support card, white; locality ®ne Bolivian people of Buena Vista. label, white, machine printed; FSCA repository label, white, machine printed, holotype Plocamocera taruma, new species label, red, machine printed; plastic vial with Figures 162, 173, 195; map 7 abdomen and aedeagus.) PARATYPES: Six specimens from the same HOLOTYPE: Male. Brazil: Amazonas: Ma- locality as the holotype (FSCA, 2; WOPC, naus, 1 km W. Taruma Falls, 19-I-1981, Wes- 4). ton Opitz (MZSP). (Specimen point mount- DIAGNOSIS: The members of this species ed; antenna, pygidium, and machine printed may easily be confused with the super®cially sex label af®xed to paper point; support card, similar specimens of P. aura n. sp., also from white; locality label, white, machine printed; Bolivia. However, the members of this spe- natural history label, white, hand printed; cies are distiguished from those of P. aura, MZSP repository label, white, machine print- n. sp. by the gritty property of the elytral ed; holotype label, red, machine printed; interstitial spaces and by the subtle, but con- plastic vial with aedeagus.) sistent, differences of antennomeres eight PARATYPES: Four specimens, three from and nine (compare ®gs. 217±218). The an- the same locality as the holotype (WOPC, 1). terodistal margin of the eighth antennomere Brazil: Amazons: Paraque, 30 km E of Ma- is much less concave than it is in the holo- naus, Amazon River, 34 km, 17-II-1981, type of P. aura n. sp. The distal, or apical, Chen-wen Young (CMNH, 1). portion of antennomere nine is gradually less DIAGNOSIS: This species belongs to the narrowed in P. buenavista, n. sp., than it is subgroup of P. confrater in which specimens in specimens of P. aura, n. sp. (compare ®gs. have the pronotum predominantly castaneous 217±218). and only faintly infuscated. Within this sub- DESCRIPTION: Size: Length 4.8±5.0 mm; group, P. taruma specimens most closely ap- width 8.0±2.2 mm. Integument: Cranium proximate those of P. confrater, from which castaneous; pronotum castaneous, disc infus- they are distinguished by the proportionally cated; remainder of thorax castaneous except longer 10th antennal article (compare ®gs. promesofemora infuscated on anterior disc, 152, 162). metafemur black in distal half, tibiae vari- DESCRIPTION: Size: Length 5.0±6.5 mm; ously infuscated; elytral color variegated, width 2.1±3.0 mm. Integument: Cranium pre- predominantly dark-cataneous, ¯avotesta- dominantly castaneous, frons and vertex nar- ceous trigonal posthumeral macula well de- rowly piceous; pronotum predominantly veloped. Head: Antenna as in ®gure 217. dark-castaneous, disc faintly piceous; elytra Thorax: Pronotal anterior margin notably variegated, with ¯avotestaceous humeral projected at middle; elytral epipleural margin macula that divides posteriorly, postmedial with ®ve conspicuous trichobothria; protibial fascia indistinct, more vertical than trans- anterior margin with 3 spines. Abdomen: verse; three irregular aggregates of white se- Male pygidium broad scutiform, female py- tae, golden setae prominent only along su- gidium narrow scutiform; aedeagus (®g. 216) tural margin; disc also with copious vestiture lanceolate, phallic struts particularly elongat- of dark setae primarily on piceous regions; ed. legs bicolorous; pro-mesofemora infuscated VARIATION: The elytral disc is consider- on anterior fascies, remainder ¯avotesta- ably more pale than it is in the other speci- ceous, metafemur ¯avotestaceous in basal mens. Otherwise, the available specimens are half, piceous in remainder, tibia, and tarsus quite homogeneous. brunneus. Head: Antennal club as in ®gure NATURAL HISTORY: The available speci- 162. Thorax: Pronotal anterior margin prom- mens were collected during November. In a inently projecting at middle, disc feebly tu- tropical transition forest at 405 m. mescent in front of middle; pronotal arch fee-

bly scabrose; elytral epipleural margin with within the variation range of this species. Cor- ®ve conspicuous trichobothria; protibial an- poraal, 1950: 255. Opitz, 1997: 70±71. terior margin with four spines. Abdomen: DIAGNOSIS: The following combination of Male pygidium broad-scutiform, female py- characteristics distinguishes the members of gidium trigonal-scutiform; pygidia with two this species from congeners: Eighth anten- discal and six marginal stout setae; aedeagus nomere subquadrate (®g. 42), tenth anten- elongated, not broadened at base of tegmen nomere only slightly longer than antenno- (®g. 173). mere 9; male pygidium (®g. 90) feebly emar- VARIATION: The intensity of the cranial ginate at distal margin, female pygidium (®g. and pronotal infuscation varies. 91) trigonal, and aedeagus (®g. 112) sagit- NATURAL HISTORY: The three specimens tate. from Taruma Falls were collected in January DESCRIPTION: Size: Length 4.0±6.5 mm; on freshly felled trunks of Manilkara, a ge- width 1.5±2.8 mm. Integument: Cranium cas- nus of hardwood prominent in riverside hab- taneous, vertex and frons linearly infuscated; itats of the Amazonian Basin. pronotum castaneous; elytra (®g. 56) with DISTRIBUTION (map 7): Known only from two surface macula and three setal fasciae; the Amazonian environs near Manaus and legs bicolorous, promesofemora predomi- Matto Grosso highlands of Brazil. nantly ¯avotestaceous, feebly infuscated on ETYMOLOGY: The speci®c epithet taruma anterior surface, metafemur ¯avotestaceous constitutes a noun in apposition and refers to in basal half, piceous in distal half; tibiae and the type locality. tarsi piceous; abdomen predominantly ¯a- votestaceous in females, brunneus in males. Plocamocera confrater Kuwert Head: Antenna as in ®gure 42. Thorax: Pro- Figures 6, 9±11, 13±18, 20±25, 42, 56, 57, 77, 90, notal anterior margin projected at middle, 91, 102, 103, 112, 134, 152, 181, 193, 215; map 2 discal swellings shallow; epipleural margin Plocamocera confrater Kuwert, 1893: 496. Lec- with ®ve conspicuous and three inconspicu- totype female. Here designated. Peru, Amazon ous trichobothria (®g. 57); protibia anterior (MNHN). (Specimen card mounted, white, sex margin with ®ve spines (®g. 77). Abdomen: label af®xed to paper point, white, support card, Male pygidium broad-scutiform (®g. 90), fe- white; locality label, beige, outlined in black, male pygidium trigonal scutiform (®g. 91): cursive; collection label, beige, outlined in aedeagus saggitate. Internal Reproductive black; lectotype label, red, machine and hand Organs: Male as in ®gure 102, female as in printed.) Chapin, 1927: 5. Corporaal, 1950: ®gure 103. 255. VARIATION: The pronotal disc is feebly in- Plocamocera confrater var. similis Kuwert. Type fuscated in some specimens. locality: Amazonas. NEW SYNONYMY. Type examined. This variety represents intraspeci®c NATURAL HISTORY: Specimens of this spe- color variation. cies were collected from Guyana during Plocamocera confrater var. sericelloides Kuwert. March, Peru during April at about 160 m, Type locality: Amazonas. NEW SYNONYMY. Type Bolivia during December and August at 400 examined. This variety represents intraspeci®c m, and throughout the year from Brazil. color variation. DISTRIBUTION (map 2): I examined 60 Plocamocera impressicollis Pic, 1942: 3. Holo- specimens of this species. Colombia: Ama- type. Male. Examined. Brazil: Matto Grosso: zonas: PNN Amacayacu, Mocagua, 3Њ23ЈS, Corumba (MNHN). (Specimen card mounted, 70Њ6ЈW, 19-VII±31-VII-2000, Malaise, A. sex label glued onto mount card; locality label, Parente (JNRC, 1). Guyana: Bartica: Karta- beige, machine printed; identi®cation label bo, 14±22-V-1924: Kartabo, 6-III-1924. mounted on beige support card, cursive; type label, beige, cursive; MNHN specimen number French Guiana: Kourou: Les Rouches de label (spec. 7), blue-green, bordered in black, Kourou, 1906, Le Moult: Guyane: Rt. D 5, machine and hand printed; MNHN repository 4 km SE Tennegrande jct., 27-28-VIII-1995, label, white, machine printed; holotype label, E, Giesbert & J. Wappes. Ecuador: Napo: 21 red, machine printed; plastic vial with aedea- km E. Atahualpa, Alinahui Lodge, 5-6-IV- gus). NEW SYNONYMY. P. impressicolis Pic falls 1997, F. Hovore; Yasuni Research Station,

Figs. 131±138. Various organs. 131, 132. Plocamocera pupula, ovipositor(131) (ventral view), ovipositor (132) (dorsal view). 133. P. sericella, female internal reproductive organs. 134. P. confrater, spicular fork. 135. P. sericella, alimentary canal. 136. P. coactilis, compound eye. 137. P. lucis, metatibia. 138. P. sesquipedalis, metatibia.

19±30-X-1998, 250 m, W. J. Hanson: 24 km (compare ®gs. 193, 182). Also, the aedeagus E Atahualpa, 450 m, 6±8-IV-1997, E. Gies- is more elongated in the members of this spe- bert & F. Hovore. Peru: Madre de Dios: Rio cies. Tambopata Reserve, 30 air km SW of Puerto DESCRIPTION: Size: Length 6.0 mm; width Maldonado, 1±26±1982, 290 m, Edward S. 2.4 mm. Integument: Cranium castaneous; Ross; Res. Manu. Est. Pakitza, 25-II±1-III- frons and epicranium darker; pronotum cas- 1992, R. Cambra. Bolivia: Cochabamba: 12 taneous, disc feebly infuscated in front of km E Villa Tumari, 10-11-X-1992, E. Gies- subapical depression; remainder of thorax bert. Brazil: Rondonia: 62 km SE Arique- castaneous except pro±mesofemora infuscat- mes, 8±20-XI-1994, 5-16-XI-1996, 23±31- ed on anterior disc, metafemur black in distal X-1997, 1-14-XI-1997, B. Dozier; 62 km half, tibiae variously infuscated; elytral color SW Ariquemes. Nr. Fza. Rancho Grande, 1± variegated, predominantly dark-cataneous, 17-IX-1997, B. K. Dozier; same locality, 8- ¯avotestaceous trigonal posthumeral macula 20-XI-1984, Black light trap, J. E. Eger: well developed. Head: Antennal club as in Para: June, July; same locality, 10-XI-1994, ®gure 182. Thorax: Pronotal anterior margin UV trap, C. O'Brien: Goias: Matto Grosso: notably projected at middle; elytral tricho- Corumba: Sinop, X-1975, M. Alvarenga: bothria not discernible; protibial anterior Amazonas: Chapada: Para: Santarem, VI- margin with 4 spines. Abdomen: Male pygid- 1919, S. M. Klages. I examined 98 speci- ium broad scutiform, aedeagus (®g. 214) lan- mens deposited in AMNH, BMNH, CMNH, ceolate. EMUS, FMNH, FSCA, IZAV, JNRC, MIUP, VARIATION: One specimen examined. MNHN, USNM, WFBC, WOPC, and NATURAL HISTORY: The available speci- ZMAN. men was collected during April with a Mal- aise trap at 150 m. Plocamocera procera, new species DISTRIBUTION (map 9): This species is Figures 182, 214; map 9 known only from the type locality. ETYMOLOGY: The speci®c epithet procera HOLOTYPE: (LACM). Colombia: Amazon- is a Latin adjectival and means slender. I re- as: PNN, Amacayacu, Matamata, 3Њ23ЈS, fer to the extended length of the aedeagus 70Њ6ЈW, 150 m, Malaise, 4/2/01±4/16/01, D. when compared to the aedeagus of males of Chota, leg., M. 1609. (Specimen pin mount- P. confrater Kuwert. ed; paper point with antenna; sex label af- ®xed to white support card; locality label, COACTILIS GROUP white, outlined in black, machine printed; Plocamocera coactilis, new species collection method, date of collection, collec- Figures 6±8, 12, 46, 64, 65, 95, 104, 116, 136, 163, tor label, white, outlined in black; LACM re- 198; map 3 pository label, white, machine printed, holotype label, red, machine printed; plastic HOLOTYPE: Male. Brazil: Matto Grosso: X- vial with abdomen and aedeagus.) 1973, M. Alvarenga (MZSP). (Specimen PARATYPES: None. point amounted, sex label af®xed to paper DIAGNOSIS: Distinguishable from speci- point, white, machine printed; support card, mens of the sister species, P. confrater Ku- white; locality label, white machine and hand wert, by the shape of the 8th antennomere printed; holotype label, red, machine and whose anterodistal margin is not angular hand printed.) Opitz, 1997: 70.

← Figs. 139±169. Antenna or antennal club. 139. Plocamocera salasis. 140. P. manausensis. 141. P. iota. 142. P. aliguantula. 143. P. minima. 144. P. prolixa. 145. P. sesquipedalis. 146. P. lucis. 147. P. confrater. 148. P. castanea. 149. P. aspera. 150. P. pupula. 151. P. bispina. 152. P. quadrula. 153. P. amba. 154. P. baria. 155. P. sericella. 156. P. bolivari. 157. P. striga. 158. P. santa. 159. P. aura. 160. P. taruma. 161. P. coactilis. 162. P. paris. 163. P. onorei. 164. P. auratilis. 165. P. insula. 166. P. sericellopsis. 167. P. similis. 168. P. carnegei. 169. P. selva.

PARATYPES: Forty-three specimens. Sev- ETYMOLOGY: The Latin adjective coactilis enteen specimens from the same locality as (thick). I refer to the robust body of these the holotype (AMNH, 1; BMNH, 1; JNRC, beetles. 1; LACM, 1; OSUC, 1; USNM, 1; WFBM, 1; WOPC, 10). Bolivia: Cochabamba: Cha- Plocamocera aspera, new species pare: 5-X-1949, 400 m, R. Zischlka (FMNH, Figures 153, 199; map 7 1). Brazil: Matto Grosso: Sinop (CASC, 1; HOLOTYPE: Female. Brazil: Amazonas: Pa- CNCI, 1; FMNH, 1; MCZC, 1; WOPC, 3): raque, 30 km east of Manaus, Amazon River, Goias (DEIC, 1; WOPC, 3): Rondonia 18-II-1981, 34 m Chen-wen Young (MZSP). (WOPC, 1): Amazonas: Manaus, 1 km W (Specimen point mounted, antenna and sex Taruma Falls, 19-1-1981, W. Opitz (WOPC, label af®xed to paper point, white, machine 1); 28-II-1981, C.W. Young (CMNH, 1): printed; support card, white; locality label, Amazonas (MNHN, 8; DEIC, 2; ZMHB, 1): white, machine printed; MZSP repository la- Para: 70 km W. Monte Dourado, malaise at bel; holotype label, red machine printed.) edge of natural forest, 27±29-XII-1980, R. PARATYPES: None. Krell (UCAG, 1). DIAGNOSIS: Within the coactilis group DIAGNOSIS: P. coactilis and P. confrater specimens of P. aspera most closely resem- share the tripartite fascia behind the humerus ble those of P. paris. However, only in P. of the elytral disc (compare ®gs. 64 and 56). aspera specimens is the cranium distinctly In P. coactilis specimens, however, the rugose and antennomere eight more ovoid eighth antennomere is rectangulate and not than angulate; also, antennomere nine is subquadrate (compare ®gs. 163 and 152) and more narrowly prolonged distally (compare the aedeagus is considerably more elongate ®gs. 153, 164). (compare ®gs. 112 and 116). DESCRIPTION: Size: Length 6.0 mm; width 2.2 mm. Integument: Cranium piceous; pro- DESCRIPTION: Size: Length 3.5±5.2 mm; width 1.2±2.0 mm. Integument: Cranium pi- notum predominantly piceous, castaneous ceous, castaneous along ocular margins; along margins; elytra variegated, with ¯a- votestaceous humeral macula that extends pronotum castaneous, with broad discal mac- posteriorly, then divides, medialmost ¯avo- ula; elytral coloration variegated as in ®gure testaceous macula prominent; three irregular 64; legs ¯avotestaceous, infuscated or not. patches of light setae that connect to abun- Head: Antenna as in ®gure 46. Thorax: Pro- dance of light setae along sutural margin, se- notal anterior margin moderately projected at tae dark in piceous regions; legs ¯avotesta- middle; anterior margin of protibia with four ceous, metafemora faintly infuscated, tarsus spines (®g. 8); elytral epipleural margin of ¯avotestaceous. Head: Antennal club as in elytra with ®ve conspicuous trichobothria ®gure 153; cranium rugose. Thorax: Pronotal (®g. 65). Abdomen: Male pygidium broad- anterior margin prominently projected at scutiform, very convex in posterior margin middle, discal swelling shallow; epipleural (®g. 95), female pygidium broad-scutiform; margin with ®ve conspicuous trichobothria. aedeagus conspicuously elongate (®g. 116). Abdomen: Female pygidium broad-scuti- Internal Reproductive Organs: Male as in form. ®gure 104. VARIATION: Not observed. VARIATION: The legs vary in color, being NATURAL HISTORY: The holotype was col- entirely ¯avotestaceous in some specimens lected during February, at 34 m. and infuscated in others. DISTRIBUTION (map 7): Known only from NATURAL HISTORY: Brazilian specimens the type locality. were collected from Villa Vera during Oc- ETYMOLOGY: The trivial name stems from tober, from Goias during November, and the Latin adjective aspera (rough). I refer to from the environs of Manaus during January. the rugulose cranium. I collected the Manaus specimen on a recently felled tree of Manilkara. Plocamocera paris, new species DISTRIBUTION (Map 3): Known from the Figures 164, 204; map 7 Matto Grosso highlands and Amazon Basin HOLOTYPE: Female. Brazil: Distrito Fed- of Brazil, and from northern Bolivia. eral: Parque Nacional, III±II±1970, J. M. &

B. Z. Campbell (CNCI). (Specimen point hand printed; FMNH repository label, white, mounted; sex label af®xed to paper point, machine printed.) white, machine printed; support card, white; PARATYPES: None. locality label, white, machine printed; CNCI DIAGNOSIS: Within the coactilis species repository label white, machine printed; ho- group, P. bispina specimens are readily iden- lotype label, red, machine printed; plastic ti®ed by the following combination of char- vial with pygidium and sixth visible ster- acteristics: Cranium piceous, protibial ante- num.) rior margin with two spines. PARATYPES: None. DESCRIPTION: Size: Length 6.0 mm; width DIAGNOSIS: The members of this species 2.0 mm. Integument: Cranium piceous; pro- resemble members of P. confrater, from notum castaneous; elytra variegated, with ¯a- which they may be distinguished by the vous humeral macula that divides posteriorly, shape of the eighth antennomere (compare postmedial fascia angular, transverse, extend- ®gs. 152, 164). Also, in P. paris specimens ed to sutural margin; profemur predominant- the humeral and postmedian maculae are ly ¯avotestaceous, mesofemur predominantly more pronounced. castaneous, metafemur ¯avotestaceous in DESCRIPTION: Size: Length 5.3 mm; width basal half, piceous in remainder; tibiae pro- 2.2 mm. Integument: Cranium piceous; progressively more infuscated from pro-to me- notum piceous; elytra variegated, with ¯a- tatibia. Head: Antennal club as in ®gure 154. vous humeral macula that extends and di- Thorax: Pronotal anterior margin moderately vides posteriorly, mostmedial fascia angu- projected at middle; pronotal discal swelling late, transverse, three irregular aggregates of white and golden setae; legs bicolorous, pro± shallow, pronotal arch feebly scabrous; ely- mesofemur predominantly ¯avotestaceous, tral epipleural margin with ®ve conspicuous boldly infuscated, metafemur ¯avotestaceous trichobothria; protibial anterior margin with in basal half, piceous in remainder. Head: two spines. Abdomen: Female pygidium Antenna as in ®gure 164. Thorax: Pronotal broad-scutiform. anterior margin moderately projected at mid- VARIATION: Not observed. dle, discal swelling shallow, pronotal arch NATURAL HISTORY: The available speci- scabrous; elytral epipleural margin with four men was collected from the type locality dur- conspicuous trichobothria; protibial anterior ing December. margin with four spines. Abdomen: Female DISTRIBUTION (map 7): Known only from pygidium broad-scutiform. the type locality. VARIATION: Not observed. ETYMOLOGY: The speci®c epithet is a com- NATURAL HISTORY: The holotype specimen pound name formulated from the Latin pre®x was collected during March from the type -by (two) and the Latin noun spina (thorn). locality, at 1000 m. I refer to the two spines on the protibia. DISTRIBUTION (map 7): Known only from the type locality. Plocamocera onorei, new species ETYMOLOGY: The trivial name paris is a Figure 165; map 7 Latin adjective that means ``equal''. I refer to the super®cial similarity of this beetle to HOLOTYPE: Female. Ecuador: Napo: Ya- other members of the P. confrater group. suni Research Station, 19±30 Oct. 1998, 250 m, W. J. Hanson (QCAZ). (Specimen point mounted, sex label af®xed to paper point, Plocamocera bispina, new species white, machine printed; locality label, white, Figures 154, 202; map 7 machine printed; QCAZ repository label, HOLOTYPE: Female. Brazil: Matto Grosso: white, machine printed; holotype label, red, Rio Caraguata, 21Њ48Ј,52Њ27Ј, XII-1953, 400 machine printed.) m alt., Fritz Plaumann (FMNH). (Specimen PARATYPES: None. point mounted, sex label af®xed to paper DIAGNOSIS: Within the coactilis species point, white, machine printed; support card, group, these beetles may be conveniently white; locality label, white, machine and identi®ed by the combination of antenno-

mere eight ovate and protibial anterior mar- bers of this species from super®cially similar gin with two spines. specimens of P. paris, n. sp. DESCRIPTION: Size: Length 5.0 mm; width DESCRIPTION: Size: Length 4.0±4.8 mm; 2.0 mm. Integument: Cranium piceous; pro- width 1.2±1.7 mm. Integument: Cranium notum piceous, periphery castaneous; elytra black; pronotum predominantly piceous, variegated, ¯avotestaceous humeral macula dark castaneous near margins; elytra varie- reduced, very faintly connected to more pos- gated, predominantly piceous, posthumeral terior bifurcated macula, postmedial macula ¯avotestaceous tripartite macula well devel- faintly developed proximal to epipleural mar- oped, disc with short oblique ¯avotestaceous gin, three irregular pale setal fascia, anterior macula at middle; patches of white setae setal fascia proximal to sutural margin, with prominent on ¯avotestaceous macula and at admixture of golden-yellow, pale, and pice- preapex; legs bicolorous, pro-mesofemora pi- ous setae; legs bicolorous, profemur predom- ceous ventrally, ¯avotestaceous dorsally; me- inantly ¯avotestaceous, very faintly infuscat- tafemur ¯avotestaceous in basal half, piceous ed on anterior surface, metafemur ¯avotes- in distal half; tibia piceous in basal two- taceous, feebly infuscated near apex. Head: thirds, ¯avotestaceous in remainder; tarsus Antennal club as in ®gure 165. Thorax: Pro- ¯avotestaceous. Head: Antennal club as in notal anterior margin only feebly projected ®gure 160. Thorax: Pronotal anterior margin at middle; discal swelling only faintly tu- strongly projecting at middle; discal swelling mescent, pronotal arch ®nely punctated; ely- prominent; protibial anterior margin with tral epipleural margin with four conspicuous three spines; elytral epipleural margin with trichobothria. Abdomen: Female pygidium four conspicuous trichobothria. Abdomen: broad-trigonal. Female pygidium broad- scutiform. VARIATION: The two available specimens VARIATION: Not observed. do not vary appreciably. NATURAL HISTORY: The only available NATURAL HISTORY: The type specimens specimen was collected from the type-local- were collected from southern Brazil during ity, during October, at 250 m. January. DISTRIBUTION (map 7): Known only from DISTRIBUTION (map 6): Known only from the type locality. southern Brazil. ETYMOLOGY: The trivial name represents a ETYMOLOGY: The speci®c epithet repre- noun in apposition and refers to Professor sents a noun in apposition and refers to the Giovanni Onore, an Ecuadorian Entomolo- type locality. gist very devoted to the advancement of Ec- uadorian insect systematics and to the growth Plocamocera carnegei, new species of the insect collection at the Catholic Pon- Figures 168, 203; map 6 ti®cal University of Quito, in Ecuador. HOLOTYPE: Female. Brazil: Guanabara: Plocamocera santa, new species Rio de Janeiro, July (CMNH). (Specimen Figures 160, 200; map 6 point mounted, sex label and antenna af®xed to paper point, sex label white, machine HOLOTYPE: Female. Brazil: Santa Catarina: printed; support card, white; locality label, Nova Teutonia, 9-I-1957 (IZAN). (Specimen beige, machine printed; month of capture la- card mounted, antenna mounted on mount bel, beige, machine printed; holotype label, card; abdomen mounted on paper point; lo- red, machine printed.) cality label, light green, machine and hand PARATYPES: None. printed; IZAV repository label, white, ma- DIAGNOSIS: Within the coactilis group the chine printed; holotype label, red, machine members of this species may be distin- printed.) guished by the diminutive size of the elytral PARATYPES: One specimen from the same punctations and nearly subovoid shape of an- locality as the holotype (WOPC, 1). tennomere nine. DIAGNOSIS: The subovoid shape of the DESCRIPTION: Size: Length 4.5 mm; width eighth antennomere distinguishes the mem- 1.5 mm. Integument: Cranium predominantly

castaneous, frons infuscated; pronotum pre- thorax, and abdomen castaneous; femur ¯a- dominantly light castaneous, disc slightly in- votestaceous; elytra (®g. 68) brunneus, with fuscated; elytra predominantly dark casta- three silvery setal fascia that are bordered by neous, posthumeral tripartite ¯avotestaceous piceous markings. Head: Antenna as in ®g- macula and short irregular middiscal macula ure 48. Thorax: Pronotal anterior margin well developed; patches of pale setae most moderately projected at middle; elytra with- prominent on middiscal macula and at preap- out trigonal post-humeral macula (®g. 68); ex; legs bicolorous, anterior fascies of pro- elytral epipleural margin with ®ve conspic- femur dark castaneous, posterior fascies of uous trichobothria (®g. 69); anterior margin profemur, mesofemur, and basal half of me- of protibia (®g. 83) with six spines. Abdo- tafemur ¯avotestaceous, tibia and tarsus ¯a- men: Male pygidium broad-scutiform (®g. votestaceous. Head: Antennal club as in ®g- 97), female pygidium broad-scutiform; ae- ure 168. Thorax: Pronotal anterior margin deagus (®g. 118) conspicuously elongated. moderately projected at middle; discal swell- VARIATION: The available specimens are ing prominent; elytral epipleural margin with quite homogeneous. four conspicuous trichobothria; protibial an- NATURAL HISTORY: Specimens were col- terior margin with ®ve spines. Abdomen: Fe- lected from the type locality during Decem- male pygidium trigonal-scutiform. ber, at 450 m. VARIATION: Not observed. DISTRIBUTION (map 5): Known only from NATURAL HISTORY: The holotype was col- the type locality. lected in June. ETYMOLOGY: From the Latin adjective ar- DISTRIBUTION (map 6): Known only from southeastern Brazil. genteus (silvery). I refer to the silvery setal fasciae on the elytra. ETYMOLOGY: The speci®c epithet honors Andrew Carnegie, outstanding philanthropist and benefactor of Carnegie Museum of Nat- Plocamocera auratilis, new species ural History, where I was privileged to serve Figures 49, 66, 67, 74, 81, 166, 172; map 5 as Curator of Entomology from 1980 to HOLOTYPE: Male. Panama: Panama: Pan 1983. American Hwy. 30 km E of Canita, 15±29 June 1992, Jean & Keve Ricardo (AMNH). sERICELLA GROUP (Specimens point mounted, antenna and sex Plocamocera argentea, new species label af®xed to paper point, white machine Figures 48, 68, 69, 83, 97, 118; map 5 printed; support card, white; locality label, white, machine printed; AMNH repository HOLOTYPE: Male. Bolivia: Santa Cruz: label, white, machine printed; holotype label, Prov. del Sara, 450 m, Dec. 1909, J. Stein- red, machine and hand printed.) bach (CMNH). (Specimen pin mounted, lo- PARATYPES: Nine specimens, one from the cality label, beige, machine printed; Carnegie same locality as the holotype (CASC, 1). Museum accession label, beige, Acc. 4552, Costa Rica: Alajuela: 20 km S Upala, 8-XI- machine printed; repository label, white machine printed; sex of specimen indicated on 1990, F. D. Parker (WOPC, 1): El Llano, holotype label; plastic vial with aedeagus.) Carti Rd., 27-VI±9-VII-1997, J. Huether PARATYPES: Fifteen specimens from the (JPHC, 1). Panama: Canal Zone: Cabima, same locality as the holotype (CMNH, 8; 22-IV-1911, August Busek (MCZC, 2; WOPC, 7). WOPC, 1): Colon: N Shore Gatung Lake, DIAGNOSIS: Specimens from Bolivia be- 10±11-IV-1984, E. Giesbert (FSCA, 1); Pan- long to this species if their integument is ama: 10 km N El Llano, 427 m, 28-IV±3- brunneus and the elytra are vested with three VI-1984, E. Giesbert (FSCA, 1; WOPC, 1). silvery setal fascia. These characteristics dis- Bolivia: Santa Cruz: 4±6 km S. Buena Vista, tinguish the members of this species from F. & F. Hotel, 2±12-II-2000, J. E. Wappes congeners. (JEWC, 1). DESCRIPTION: Size: Length 5.0±6.0 mm; DIAGNOSIS: The specimens of this species width 1.5±2.0 mm. Integument: Cranium, are easily distinguishable by the gold-yellow

Figs. 170±180. Various organs. Aedeagi. 170. Plocamocera prolixa. 171. P. salasis, 172. P. auratilis. 173. P. taruma. 174. P. sericellopsis. 175. P. bolivari. 176. P. ambra. 177. P. similis. Elytra. 178. P. specula. 179. P. quadrula. Antennomere. 180. P. specula.

coloration of the elytral setae which are cies. (Neotype specimen point mounted, sex la- unique within the sericella species group. bel af®xed to paper point, white, point, hand DESCRIPTION: Size: Length 4.5±5.0 mm; printed; support card, white; locality label, width 1.5±2.0 mm. Integument: Predomi- white, machine printed; AMNH repository la- nantly light- castaneous, pronotal disc infus- bel, white, machine printed; neotype label, red, machine printed.) Desmarest, 1860: 265. Gor- cated; mesoscutellum piceous; elytral disc in- ham, 1877: 249, 1882: 168, 1886: 341. Jacob, fuscated at sides along epipleural margin and 1840: 216±217. Corporaal, 1950: 255. Opitz, at apex, profusely vested with gold-yellow 1997: 55, 71. setae which are particularly prominent along Epiphloeus byssinus Erichson, 1847: 86. Lecto- sutural margin, with four patches of silvery type. Female. Here selected. Peru (MNHB). setae contiguous with sutural margin (®g. (Specimen point mounted; support card, white; 66); legs predominantly ¯avotestaceous, dis- locality label, blue-green, cursive; lectotype la- tal half of femora and proximal half of tibiae bel, red, cursive; specimen label, white (58855); infuscated, tarsus ¯avotestaceous. Head: An- identi®cation label, white, machine printed.) tenna as in ®gures 49, 166. Thorax: Pronotal NEW SYNONYMY. There are no appreciable dif- anterior margin particularly projected at mid- ferences between the type of this junior synonym and the type specimen of the senior syn- dle, discal swellings prominent; elytra nota- onym. Corporaal, 1950: 253. ble expanded along epipleural margin at bas- Plocamocera latefasciata Pic, 1942: 3. Holotype. al third (®g. 74), elytral epipleural margin Female. Examined. French Guiana: Cayenne: with four conspicuous trichobothria (®g. 67); Nouveau Chantier, Collection Le Moult, Mars anterior margin of protibia (®g. 81) with two (MNHN). (Specimen card mounted; sex label spines. Abdomen: Male pygidium broad-scu- af®xed to mountcard, beige, outlined in black, tiform, truncate, female pygidium trigonal- machine printed; collection date label, beige, scutiform; aedeagus as in ®gure 172. outlined in black, machine printed; identi®ca- VARIATION: The dark regions on the integ- tion label mounted on beige support card, beige, ument are more pronounced in the specimen cursive; type label, beige, cursive; Museum from Costa Rica and in the one from El Lla- Paris specimen number label, light blue, out- no, Panama. lined in black, machine and hand printed; MNHN repository label, white, machine print- NATURAL HISTORY: The available speci- ed; holotype label, red, machine printed.) NEW mens were collected during November from SYNONYMY. There are no appreciable differenc- Costa Rica, during May and June from Pan- es between the type specimen of this junior syn- ama, and during February from Bolivia. onym and the type specimen of the senior syn- DISTRIBUTION (map 5): Known from Costa onym. Corporaal, 1950: 255. Rica and Panama. ETYMOLOGY: From the Latin adjective au- DIAGNOSIS: The pronotal disc is piceous ratilis (gold colored). I refer to the golden and the elytra do not have conspicuous mac- sheen characteristic of the elytral surface so ula, but they do have three irregularly shaped apparent in these beetles. setal fascia that range from white to grey. The elytral humeral macula are more pro- Plocamocera sericella Spinola nounced in South American specimens. These clerids are readily distinguishable Figures 47, 61, 82, 96, 108, 117, 133, 135, 156, 211; map 4 from super®cially similar specimens of P. sericellopsis, by the presence of four spines Plocamocera sericella Spinola, 1844b: 19. Neo- on the protibia. In P. cericellopsis the proti- type: Male. Here selected. Panama: Canal Zone: bia show three spines. Madden Forest, mile 2.5, I±VII±1974, C. & L. DESCRIPTION: Size: Length 3.6±5.1 mm; O'Brien & Marshall (AMNH). The original width 1.2±2.0 mm. Integument: Cranium pi- type locality was ``Carthagene'' (Columbia). I ceous; pronotum castaneous, disc with large did not ®nd Spinola's type specimen in the Spi- nola Collection (Ekis, now Opitz, 1975: 63) nor piceous macula; elytra variegated, predomi- in the collection of the MNHN. However, Spi- nantly light castaneous, disc with two pice- nola's description, and illustration (Spinola ous macula; elytra variegated, predominantly 1844b: 9, plate 38, ®g. 4), provides a clear un- light castaneous, disc with two piceous mac- derstanding about the identi®cation of this spe- ula posterior to transverse bands of white se-

tae, gold-yellow setae prominently distribut- vado, Est. Sirena, 8Њ28±31Ј N83Њ36ЈW, 16- ed along sutural margin, apex piceous, legs III-1981, H. A. Hespenheide: Alahuela: 20 ¯avotestaceous. Head: Antenna as in ®gure km S Upala, 6-XII-1990, 25-XII-1990, 24- 47. Thorax: Pronotum prominently and VI-24-VII-1991, F. D. Parker: Guanacaste: 3 acutely projected at middle, discal swellings km SE Rio Naranjo, 20-IX-1991, F. D. Park- very prominent; elytral epipleural margin er; 20 km S Canas, 26±30-X-1990, F. D. with four conspicuous trichobothria (®g. 61); Parker. Panama: Canal Zone: Fort Sherman, protibia with four spines (®g. 82). Abdomen: 9Њ20Ј N79Њ58Ј W, 3-VIII-1974, 10 day old Male (®g. 96) and female pygidia broad-scu- treefall, Anacardium sp., D. Engleman: Fort tiform, with two discal and six marginal stout Kobbe, 28-IV-1985, H. Stockwell; Coco setae; aedeagus as in ®gure 117. Internal Re- Solo Hospital, 9Њ21Ј N79Њ51Ј W, 9-V-1973, productive Organs: Organs of the male and H. Stockwell: Madden Forest, km 10, 9Њ05Ј female, and of the alimentary canal, are as N79Њ37Ј W, 18-VII-1974: Margarita, 6 km described in Opitz (1997: 71). SW, 18-VII-1974, H. Stockwell: Madden VARIATION: The dark areas of the elytra Forest, km 4, 30-VI-1974, C. & L. O'Brien become more pronounced in specimens from & Marshall: Barro Colorado Island, 9Њ10Ј N South America, especially those from French 79Њ50Ј W, 23-VI-1971, H. Hespeheide: 27- Guiana and Brazil. In some of these beetles VI-1924, N. Banks: Colon: Fort Sherman, the legs are infuscated and the elytra are 9Њ17ЈN79Њ59ЈW, 13-IV-2002, on Brisimun marked with piceous maculae. utile, from dead branches in understory, F. NATURAL HISTORY: These beetles were col- Odegaard; Cerro Viejo Mine Road, 10 km lected throughout the year from altitudes that SW Nombre de Dios, 27-XI-1992, A. R. Gil- range from 150 to 1300 m. Specimens were logly. Colombia: Cundinamarca: Puerto Sal- captured on dry branches of Magnifer indica, gar: Magdalena: Aracataca, Darlington. Ve- others were captured at night by light, on Fi- nezuela: Bolivar: Las Nieves: 24-IV-1969, J. cus. Some specimens were taken in a Malaise & B. Bechyne: El Dorado, Sta. Elena, km trap braced over newly felled tree trunks. 150, 1±300 m, 26-III-1970, J. & B. Bechyne: DISTRIBUTION (map 4): This widely distrib- Aragua: El Limon, 450 m, 8-VIII-1976, en uted species ranges from Mexico to Brazil. ramas secas de Mangifera indica, J. Clavijo: Mexico: Tamaulipas: Bocatoma, 7 km SSE Barinas: 40 km SE Socopo, 150 m, 25-I- Gomes Farias, 5±7-I-1981, E. G. Riley: Nay- 1970, S. L. Wood, 31-7-1938. French Gui- arit: 4 km NE San Blas, 5±7-X-1976, E. ana: Nouvea Chantier: St. Laurent du Mar- Giesbert: Veracruz: Los Tuxtlas, Biological ron, 1909, E Le Moult. Ecuador: Napo: Station, UNAM, 20-IV-1983, C. and L. Yasuni Research Station, 19±30-X-1998, 250 O'Brien and G. Marshall: Oaxaca: 9.6 km W m, W. J. Hanson: Pichincha: 18 km S Tina- Tehuantepec, 6-VII-1971, taken at Light, landia, 28-IV-1998, L. & C. O'Brien & Clark, Murray, Hart, Schaeffner: Chiapas: Marshall. Peru: Lareto: Estiron, Rio Ampi- 12.8 km W Parque Nacional Montebello, 30- yacu, 13-XI±9-XII-1961, B. Malkin: San VII-1974, C. W. O' Brien: Campeche: Cam- Martin: IV±X-1886, M. de. Mathan. Bolivia: pedie, 4-VIII-1974, L. O'Brien. Quintana Santa Cruz: 3.7 km SSE Buena Vista, Hotel Roo, 19 km NW Carillo Puerto, 18-VI-1990, Flora & Fauna, 450 m, 5±15-XI-2001, R. Turnbow. Belize: Belize: Kilometer 44.8 17Њ29.949ЈS, 63Њ33.152 W, M. C. Thomas & Northern road, 11-VIII-1997, C W & L. K. Dozier, Tropical transition forest: Cocha- O'Brien & Marshall: Olancho: 17.6 km NE bamba: 1 km E Villa Tunari, 8-12-X-1992, Catacamas, 366 m, 15-VI-1974, C. Howel & E. Giesbert; 400 m, Zishka. Brazil: Rondon- L. O'Brien, Carajal. Honduras: Comayagua: ia: 62 km SE Arequemes, 17±24-III-1992, 8± 6.4 km SW Comayagua, 488 m, 18-VII- 20-IX-1994, 8±20-XI-1994, 22±31-X-1997, 1974, C. W. & L. O'Brien & Marshall. Costa W. J. Hanson: Matto Grosso: Diamantino, Rica: Limon: Revantazon, Hamburg Farm, Alto Rio Arinos, 13-XII-1981, E. Furtado: on moss on Ficus sp. 16-VII-1924, F. Nev- Amazonas: 1 km W. Taruma Falls, 19-I- ermann: Near Sixoala, 3-IV-1981, B. K. 1981, W. Opitz: Santarem: Goias: Station Is- Dozier: Puntarena: 4 km N Tarcoles, 21±28± abel, Rio Araguata, Isla de Bananal, 27-X± 1979, E. Giesbert: Parque Nacional Coco- 4-XI-1960, B. Malkin. I examined 189 spec-

imens deposited in AMNH, BMNH, CASC, ity, in November, with a Malaise trap CHAH, CMNH, CNCI, CSUC, CMNC, perched over recently felled tree trunks. CUIC, DEIC, EMEC, EMUS, FMNH, DISTRIBUTION (map 7): Known only from FSCA, IMLA, INBC, INHS, INSB, IZAV, the type locality. JEWC, JNRC, JPHC, KSUC, LACM, ETYMOLOGY: The speci®c epithet stems LSUC, MCZC, MEMU, MMEC, MLPA, from the Latin trivial name sericella and the MNHN, MRSN, MSUC, MZSP, NINA, Latin suf®x -opsis (likeness). I refer to the NYSM, OSEC, OSUC, OSUO, PMHN, super®cial similarities between the members PURC, QCAC, RFMC, RHTC, SEAN, of this species and those of P. sericella Spi- SEMC, STRI, TAMU, TUMC, UCAG, nola. UCDC, UMMZ, UMRM, UMSP, USNM, WFBC, WFBM, WOPC, WSUC, ZMAN, Plocamocera bolivari, new species and ZMHB. Figures 148, 175, 206; map 6

Plocamocera sericellopsis, new species HOLOTYPE: Male. Venezuela: Trujillo: La Figures 157, 174; map 7 Guira.er. Betijoque, 9Њ19Ј North, 70Њ24Ј West, 4±9-XII-1996, 500 meters, Entrampa HOLOTYPE: Male. Brazil: Rondonia: 62 km Malaise, J. Clavijo, J. L. Garcia, De Mar- SE Ariquenes, 5±6 Nov. 1996, W. J. Hanson mels, A. Chacon (IZAV). (Specimen point (MZSP). (Specimen point mounted, sex label mounted, sex label af®xed to paper point, af®xed to paper point, white, machine print- white, machine printed; collectors label, ed; support card, white; locality label, white, white, machine printed; collecting technique machine printed; MZSP repository label, label, white, machine printed; ownership la- white, machine printed; holotype label, red, bel, green, machine printed; IZAV repository machine printed; plastic vial with aedeagus.) label, white, machine printed; holotype label, PARATYPES: None. red, machine printed.) DIAGNOSIS: Specimens of this species re- PARATYPES: Five specimens from the same semble very closely members of P. sericella. locality as the holotype (IZAV, 3; WOPC, 2). However, P. sericellopsis specimens differ DIAGNOSIS: This species is closely related by having only three spines on the protibia, to P. auratilis, n. sp. and P. ambra, n. sp. the male pygidium is emarginate, and the ae- However, in P. bolivari specimens the body deagus is shorter and more stout. is shorter and more squat. Further, P. bolivari DESCRIPTION: Size: Length 5.0 mm; width specimens differ from P. auratilis specimens 1.5 mm. Integument: Cranium predominantly by having the pygidium feebly emarginated, piceous, castaneous near eyes; pronotum cas- and the integument is generally more pice- taneous near margins, disc piceous; elytra ous. In P. auratilis beetles the pygidium is variegated, anterior third and postmedial re- truncate and the integument is predominantly gion pale, remainder piceous, light setae con- light castaneous. From P. ambra specimens, centrated in anterior third; legs predominant- P. bolivari specimens differ by having a con- ly ¯avotestaceous, femora feebly infuscated. siderably narrower phallobasic apodeme. Head: Antennal club as in ®gure 157. Tho- DESCRIPTION: Size: Length 4.2±5.2 mm; rax: Pronotal anterior margin moderately width 1.5±2.2 mm. Integument: Cranium cas- projected at middle; disc swellings shallow, taneous, frons piceous; pronotum castaneous pronotal arch subscabrous; no conspicuous near margins, disc piceous; elytra variegated, trichobothria on the elytral epipleural margin anterior third and posterior to middle broadly were found; protibial anterior margin with light castaneous, disc piceous in remainder; ®ve spines; number of elytral trichobothria aggregates of light setae extended from epi- not discernible on holotype specimen. Ab- pleural to sutural margins; legs predominant- domen: Male pygidium broad-scutiform, ly piceous, extremities of legs ¯avotesta- emarginate; aedeagus as in ®gure 174. ceous. Head: Antennal club as in ®gure 148. VARIATION: Not observed. Thorax: Pronotal anterior margin moderately NATURAL HISTORY: The only available projected at middle; discal swellings promi- specimen was collected from the type local- nent; elytral epipleural margin with ®ve con-

spicuous trichobothria; protibial anterior spines. Abdomen: Female pygidium broad margin with three spines. Abdomen: Male scutiform. pygidium broad-scutiform, feebly emargin- VARIATION: Not observed. ate, female pygidium broad-scutiform; ae- NATURAL HISTORY: The available speci- deagus as in ®gure 175. men was collected from the type locality dur- VARIATION: The piceous regions of the el- ing June, ``on dead twig''. ytra vary in intensity. ETYMOLOGY: The trivial name insula is a NATURAL HISTORY: The available speci- Latin noun meaning ``island''. I refer to the mens were collected from the eastern Andes type locality. of Venezuela, at 500 m. in a Malaise trap. DISTRIBUTION (map 6): Known only from Plocamocera ambra, new species the type locality. Figures 155, 176; map 7 ETYMOLOGY: The speci®c epithet is a sur- name patronym and is used to honor General HOLOTYPE: Male. Costa Rica: Puntarenas: Simon Bolivar, a great liberator of the ®ne Est. Agujas. 300 m., 18±24 SET 1996, A. Azo- people of South America. feifa. 2࿞S࿞276750࿞526550 # 8486 (INBC). (Specimen point mounted; antenna and sex label af®xed to paper point, white, machine Plocamocera insula, new species printed; locality label, white, machine printed; Figures 167, 208; map 7 electronic identi®cation label, plastic, white, machine printed; INBC repository label, white, HOLOTYPE: Female. Trinidad: St. George Co: Arima Ward, Simla (N.Y. Zool. Soc. machine printed; holotype label, red, machine printed.) Sta.), 11-VI-77, on dead twig, E. E. Grissell PARATYPES: Three specimens; two from (FSCA). (Specimen point mounted, antenna the type locality (INBC, 1; WOPC, 1). Costa and sex label af®xed to paper point, white, Rica: Alajuela: 20 km S Upala, 8-XI-1990, machine printed; support card, white; locality D. D. Parker (EMUS, 1). label, white, machine printed, collectors la- DIAGNOSIS: The outer angle on antenno- bel, white, machine printed, natural history mere eight (®g. 155) will identify the mem- label, white, machine printed; FSCA reposi- bers of this species within the sericella spe- tory label, white; holotype label, red, ma- cies group. chine printed.) DESCRIPTION: Size: Length 5.0 mm; width PARATYPES: None. 2.0 mm. Integument: Cranium dark casta- DIAGNOSIS: Con®guration of the anten- neous, frons piceous; pronotum dark casta- nomeres distinguishes specimens of this spe- neous, disc piceous; elytra variegated, hu- cies from super®cially similar specimens of merus ¯avotestaceous; pale setae arranged P. sericellopsis;inP. insula beetles, anten- into three irregular fascia; legs bicolorous, nomere eight is abruptly narrowed distally, femora and tibiae infuscated. Head: Antennal whereas in P. sericellopsis specimens anten- club as in ®gure 115. Thorax: Pronotal an- nomere eight narrows gradually. terior margin moderately projected at middle; DESCRIPTION: Size: Length: 5.1 mm; width pronotal swellings feebly developed; elytral 2.0 mm. Integument: Cranium predominantly epipleural margin with six ®lamentous setae; castaneous, frons and vertex narrowly pice- protibial anterior margin with three spines. ous; pronotum castaneous; elytra variegated, Abdomen: Aedeagus as in ®gure 176; male humerus ¯avotestaceous, pale setae arranged and female pygidia broad-scutiform. into three irregular fascia; legs bicolorous, VARIATION: The intensity of the infusca- predominantly ¯avotestaceous, femora and tion on the frons varies. tibiae infuscated. Head: Antennal club as in NATURAL HISTORY: The specimen from Al- ®gure 167. Thorax: Pronotal anterior margin ajuela was collected in November; those moderately projected at middle; pronotal disc from Puntarenas were collected at 300 m. with two prominent swellings; elytral epi- ETYMOLOGY: The speci®c epithet is a Latin pleural margin with six conspicuous tricho- noun that means amber. I refer to the amber- bothria; protibia anterior margin with three like luster emitted by the elytra.

Plocamocera selva, new species and sericella groups in which only a few Figures 121, 169; map 10 structural variations could be credibly eval- uated as being apomorphic or plesiomorphic. HOLOTYPE: Male. Bolivia: Santa Cruz: 5k There are various other groups within ESE Warnes, Hotel Rio Selva, 20-X-200, Cleridae in which integumental variations are blacklight trap, M. C. Thomas (FSCA). minimal. Indeed, ®nding structural diversity (Specimen point mounted, sex label and an- among taxa is no guarantee that such diver- tenna af®xed to paper point, white, machine sity will be useful towards credible, refutable printed; support card, white; locality label, hypotheses of evolution. I have found this a white, machine printed; FSCA repository la- problem among a substantial variety of ge- bel, white, machine printed; holotype label, neric and suprageneric taxa within the fam- red, machine printed; plastic vial with ab- ily; for example, in such genera as Enocle- domen and aedeagus.) rus, Cymatodera, Priocera, Phlogistus, and PARATYPES: None. Eleale, and among the other genera of Epi- DIAGNOSIS: These beetles may be conve- phloeinae. Species of such groups may pre- niently distinguished from super®cially sim- sent observable differences, but in most cas- ilar specimens of P. insula, n. sp. By the uni- es few of such differences prove useful for form curvate margins of the tenth antenno- predictions of relationships. Systematic pro- mere. gress within these dif®cult groups will have DESCRIPTION: Size: Length 5.0 mm; width to await new information from nonintegu- 2.0 mm. Integument: Cranium dark casta- mental characteristics, for example, infor- neous; pronotum castaneous at periphery, mation from internal anatomy, larval struc- dark castaneous at disc; elytra variegated; ture, or perhaps from nuances in nucleic acid legs ¯avotestaceous, femore infuscated dis- research. Promising taxonomic results in- tally. Head: Antenna as in ®gure 169. Tho- volving structural variations of the internal rax: Pronotal anterior margin prominently organs were published by Ekis and Gupta projected at middle, discal swelling very (1971), Crowson (1972), and Ekis (1978). prominent; elytral epipleural margin with Recently, Gerstmeier (2000) has pioneered three conspicuous trichobothria; protibial an- some very exciting research in the Cleridae, terior margin with three spines. Abdomen: setting the stage for innovative studies in- Male pygidium broad-scutiform; aedeagus volving Cleridae DNA. It is hoped that such (®g. 121) lanceolate. information will augment our present inven- VARIATION: One specimen examined. tory of characteristics and contribute to the NATURAL HISTORY: The only available establishment of stable, heuristic classi®ca- specimen was collected with blacklight. tions within Cleridae and Cleroidea. DISTRIBUTION (map 10): This species is only known from the type locality. CHARACTERS SELECTED FOR PHYLOGENETIC ETYMOLOGY: The speci®c epithet constitutes a noun in apposition and refers to the ANALYSIS type locality. Twenty-six characters of Chaetophloeus and Plocamocera were used in the analysis, EVOLUTIONARY CONSIDERATIONS 25 from morphology and one from geograph- The available evidence suggests that ic distribution. Outgroups included represen- Chaetophloeus and Plocamocera are more tatives of the remaining 12 genera of Epi- closely related to each other than either one phloeinae and those of more distant out- is to any other genus taxon within Epiphloei- groups such as genera of the Enopliinae± nae. Moreover, although the monophyly of Korynetinae stock. Character states designat- Plocamocera is readily hypothesized on the ed as ``0'' are considered plesiomorphic basis of uniquely derived characteristics whereas those given a value of ``1'' (or ``2'' (apomorphies), I found it dif®cult to resolve in the case of transformation series) are all evolutionary pathways among its species judged apomorphic. groups and species. The task was impossible Character 0ÐBody size: (0) not diminutive, 5 mm among members of the confrater, coactilis, or longer; (1) diminutive, less than 4 mm

Character 1ÐChaetosomes: (0) sparsely present 111); (1) long, much longer than phallobasic on elytra and pronotum; (1) profusely present apodeme (®g. 110) on dorsum of head, pronotum, and elytra Character 24ÐMale accessory glands: (0) two Character 2ÐIntegumental color: (0) castaneous; pair; (1) one pair (1) stramineous Character 25ÐGeographic distribution: (0) South Character 3ÐCranium color: (0) predominantly America; (1) Central America±South America; castaneous; (1) predominantly black (2) restricted to Central America Character 4ÐSensilla trichodea of antenna: (0) short, much shorter than width of antennal club PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF CHAETOPHLOEUS antennomeres; (1) medium length, about as AND PLOCAMOCERA long or slightly longer than width of antennal club antennomeres; (2) very long, much longer A character matrix was coded for the 13 than width of antennal club antennomeres (®g. taxa listed in table 1 (see p. 63) and encoded 10) into Hennig86. The analysis yielded one Character 5ÐSize of pedicel: (0) small; (1) large phylogenetic tree (®g. 219) with a length in- (®g. 86) dex of 32, consistency index of 84, and re- Character 6ÐShape of antennomere eight: (0) tention index of 85. suboval (®g. 156); (1) subquadrate (®g. 152) Character 7ÐShape of tenth antennomere: (0) lin- PHYLOGENETIC INTERPRETATIONS ear (®g. 42); (1) cycle-shaped Character 8ÐShape of antennal club: (0) greatly During the latter stages of this study I expanded (®g. 144); (1) moderately expanded found among my ¯uid-preserved Cleridae (®g. 153); (2) slender (®g. 140) one specimen of Epiphloeinae whose exter- Character 9ÐShape of pronotum: (0) subquadrate nal features seem to bridge the evolutionary (®g. 38); (1) boldly transverse (habitus) gap between Plocamocera and other Epi- Character 10ÐSize of metacoxa: (0) normal (no. phloeinae genera such as Epiphloeus and 4 in ®g. 19); (1) very robust (no. 1 in ®g. 18) Madoniella. It soon it became clear that this Character 11ÐSize of metafemur: (0) normal (no. 3 in ®g. 19); (1) moderately robust (no. 2 in specimen represented a new genus and spe- ®g. 18); (2) very robust cies most closely related to Plocamocera. Character 12ÐNumber of protibial spines: (0) Also, the serrulate condition of the epipleural more than one; (1) one margin present in all plocamocerans and in Character 13ÐLenght of metabasitarsomere: (0) members of Madoniella californica (Van about as long as metatarsomere two (1) slightly Dyke), M. merkely (Horn), and M. nebulosa longer than metatarsomere two; (2) extensively (Chevrolat) suggest possible close kinships longer than metatarsomere two among the abovementioned genera. Stout Character 14ÐLenght of metatibial spur: (0) nor- elytral bristles (herein de®ned as chaeto- mal (®g. 108); (1) very long (no. 2 in ®g. 20) somes), prominent among plocamoceran bee- Character 15ÐEpipleural margin of elytra; (0) tles and those of the monotypic genus Chae- normal; (1) explanate Character 16ÐFilamentous sensilla trichodea on tophloeus, are also found, albeit in fewer elytral epipleural margin: (0) absent; (1) present numbers, in members of Epiphloeus muco- (no 1 in ®g. 16) reus (Klug) and E. duodecimmaculatus Character 17ÐTripartite elytral humeral macula: (Klug). It remains to be determined whether (0) absent; (1) faintly discernible (®g. 72); (2) some of the abovementioned similarities rep- clearly discernible (®g. 56) resent homoplasy or signify clues of supra- Character 18ÐElytral color: (0) not subroseate; generic relationships. It is hoped that results (1) subroseate from a survey involving structural variations Character 19ÐColor of elytral setae: (0) not gold; of pronotal and elytral trichobothria, as well (1) gold as elytral trichosomes within Epiphloeinae Character 20ÐColor of abdomen: (0) not sexually will contribute to a better understanding of dimorphic; (1) sexually dimorphic Character 21ÐPygidium: (0) not truncated; (1) sister-group relationships within this interest- truncated (®g. 96) ing subfamily. Character 22ÐShape of aedeagus: (0) digitiform; Figure 219 illustrates the extent to which (1) lanceolate (®g. 35); (2) sagittate (®g. 111) my current knowledge of Chaetophloeus and Character 23ÐLenght of phallic struts: (0) short, Plocamocera permits predictions of phylog- not much longer than phallobasic apodeme (®g. eny at generic, species group, and species

TABLE 1 Character Matrix of 25 Morphological Characters and One Geographic Charcter

levels. Table 1 enumerates the data on which to occur in Central America, and only P. ser- the phylogenetic diagram and narrative of re- icella extends from Brazil to southern Mex- lationships are based. The evidence for the ico. Such an extensive distribution of a spe- discussion seems minimal, but it is offered cies is not novel among clerid genera. In- as a beginning to build upon as more infor- deed, widespread distributions of clerid spe- mation becomes available. cies may be more common than has been The ancestral progenitor of the Chaeto- heretofore suspected, in view of the strong phloeus-Plocamocera stock (ancestral spe- ¯ying habits of these beetles. For example, cies A) (see ®g. 219) evolved a very robust the enopliine Apolopha reichei Spinola is pedicel, the metabasitarsus became relatively known to occur from Argentina to Mexico lengthened, the aedeagus narrowed and (Opitz, 1998). Widespread distribution of a lengthened, and the male internal reproduc- single species within a genus is not novel tive organs were modi®ed to the extent that among the Cleridae. only one pair of accessory glands remained. During the evolutionary progression from In time, this progenitor evolved the sister ancestral species A towards Chaetophloeus, genera Chaetophloeus and Plocamocera. chaetosomes became profusely distributed on The indications are that this initial diver- the dorsal integument, and antennal sensilla gence took place in South America during trichodea were moderately lengthened. An- the mid-Tertiary when the southern continent tennal trichodea reached their maximal was disconnected from lower Central Amer- length in ancestral Plocamocera (i.e., ances- ica (Malfait and Dinkelman, 1972), which tral species B), which was also characterized functionally served as a small archipelago. by an extensively transverse pronotum, very Such an island setting would have been very robust metacoxa and metafemur, an epipleur- conducive for speciation events. The mono- al margin that evolved long trichobothria, typic Chaetophloeus and 80% of the extant and an abdominal venter that became sexu- plocamoceran species occur in South Amer- ally dimorphic in color. One of the early off- ica, with most species being distributed with- shoots of the plocamoceran basic stock (an- in the Amazon Basin and central highlands cestral species B) was the stem species of the of Brazil. The conjecture of a South Ameri- P. castanea±confrater±coactilis group (an- can origin for these two genera assumes three cestral species C), which eventually evolved independent northern dispersals involving into 14 known species, 13 of which stem taxa of three species groups. Five are known from ancestral species D being characterized

Figs. 181±195. Antennal clubs. 181. Plocamocera confrater. 182. P. procera. 183. P. manausensis. 184. P. alliguantula. 185. P. iota. 186. P. salasis. 187. P. castanea. 188. P. quadrula. 189. P. similis. 190. P. sesquipedalis. 191. P. baria. 192. P. aura. 193. P. confrater. 194. P. pupula. 195. P. taruma.

Figs. 196±212. Antennal clubs. 196. Plocamocera sesquipedalis. 197. P. similis. 198. P. coactilis. 199. P. aspera. 200. P. santa. 201. P. onorei. 202. P. bispina. 203. P. carnegei. 204. P. paris. 205. P. ambra. 206. P. bolivari. 207. P. auratilis. 208. P. insula. 209. P. selva. 210. P. cericellopsis. 211. P. sericella. 212. P. jayhawkalis.

Figs. 213±218. Aedeagi and antenna. Aedeagi. 213. Plocamocera castanea. 214. P. procera. 215. P. confrater. 216. P. buenavista. Antenna. 217. P. buenavista. 218. P. aura.

by a clearly discernible tripartite humeral genitor E, there evolved a stem species (an- macula and an abundance of gold-colored se- cestral species F) that passed to its descen- tae. Ancestor D eventually diverged to pro- dants (P. lucis and P. sesquipedalis) a sub- duce the P. confrater (six species) and P. stantially lengthened metatibial spur. During coactilis (seven species) species groups. Dur- the evolutionary divergence of ancestral spe- ing the evolutionary progression from pro- cies E, there became established in its de-

Fig. 219. Hypothesized phylogeny of Chaetophloeus and Plocamocera based on the Henig86 computer program. Letters at nodes represent ancestral species and numbers refer to apomorphic character states listed on page 92. High-set marks on numbers indicate a transformation series of a particular character, with the double marks representing the most derived condition.

scendants a trend towards a reduction of the Grupo sesquipedalis width of the antennal club, and there was a El segmento basal del metatarso es ex- continuance of the lengthening of the meta- traordinariamente largo en estas especies (®g. basitarsomere, which reached its highest de- 109); la mancha apical tripartita falta; y el gree of development in P. lucis, P. sesqui- aedeagus (®g. 120) es particularmente largo. pedalis, and P. prolixa. Subsequent evolution En dos de las especies (P. sesquipedalis, es- of ancestral species G led to P. prolixa and pecie nueva, y P. lucis, especie nueva), el to the complementary stock that produced color paÂlido de los eÂlitros acentua la abun- ancestral species H. The latter proceeded to- dancia de gruesas escamas oscuras. La com- wards a secondary reduction of metabasitar- binacioÂn de las distribuciones de las tres es- sal length evident in P. minima, P. aliguan- pecies se extiende desde el centro de Costa tula, P. manausensis, and P. iota. Rica hasta las selvas de Matto Grosso en From the aspect of paleogeography, one Brasil. may conclude that part of the evolutionary history of ancestral species G was a north- Grupo castanea ward expansion from southern ancestral grounds during which populations of incipi- Las especies de este grupo presentan an- ent species must have localized on the then- tenas con maza muy desarrollada (®g. 144); disjointed Central American archipelago. la super®cie de los eÂlitros es un poco ondu- During this time, ancestral species H pro- lada; y el margen sutural estaÂ cubierto con duced two major lineages, the P. sericella escamas particularmente robustas. La distri- (seven species) group and its complementary bucioÂn del grupo va desde la selva pluvial de stock (ancestral species I), in which there de- Napo en Eucador hasta las planicies del sur veloped a considerable reduction of body de Goias en Brasil. length, the cranium became predominantly piceous, the antennal club reached its most Grupo confrater slender form, and the tripartite elytral hu- Los miembros de este grupo presentan meral macula became faintly visible. One poca variacioÂn externa. Se deben examinar y stock from ancestral species I became an ex- correlacionar las variaciones del aedeago y clusively Central American progenitor (an- de las antenas para poder apreciar totalmente cestral species J) that yielded P. minima and lo util de las diferencias externas. En los es- P. aliguantula. The complementary stock pecimen de P. confrater el octavo segmento evolved ancestral species K, which remained antenal es subcuadrado (®g. 145); el aedeago in South America and evolved three species, es delgado (®g. 173) o acampanado en su P. salasis, P. manausensis, and P. iota, base (®g. 112); el pigidio de la hembra es whose sister-group relationships cannot be trõÂgono-escutiforme (®g. 91) o escutiforme postulated at present. ancho (®g. 88) ; y la mancha humeral tripartita (®g. 56) estaÂ bien desarrollada. Este gru- LOS GRUPOS DE ESPECIES DE po de especies suramericanas ha sido repor- PLOCAMOCERA tado de Guayana, Ecuador, PeruÂ, Bolivia, y Grupo manausensis Brasil. Los miembros de este grupo de especies Grupo coactilis son diminutos, miden alrededor de 3 mm de largo; el craÂneo es usualmente negro, con la En estos Plocamocera el artejo basal de la uÂnica excepcioÂn de P. salaris, especie nueva, maza de las antenas es maÂs a menudo estre- en la cual el craneo es parcialmente castanÄo; cho, raras veces ovalado ancho (®g. 153); el y los dos primeros artejos de la maza de las pronoto es principalmente cafeÂ amarillento; antenas son ovoides (®g. 149), siendo parti- la mancha humeral triparita es muy desar- cularmente delgados en P. manausensis, es- rollada; y el pigidio de la hembra es escuti- pecie nueva. Ademas, la distribucioÂn del gru- forme ancho. El rango de distribucioÂn de las po de la especie va desde Guatemala hasta especies de este grupo va desde Ecuador has- la cuenca del Amazona en Brasil. ta Brasil.

Grupo sericella del grupo sericella. TambieÂn, los especõÂ- menes que deberõÂan salir de la clave como La forma ovalada estrecha del octavo ar- ocho prima no tienen el margen distal del tejo de las antenas; la ausencia de mancha artejo ocho coÂncavo (el grado de concavidad humeral tripartita; y la presencia de agrega- varõÂa con las especies, siendo sutilmente coÂn- dos enmaranados de setas blancas sobre el cavo en algunas y muy evidente en otros). disco elitral caracterizan los miembros de En el paso nueve, uno tiene que distinguir este grupo de especies. En este grupo encon- entre formas subcuadradas y ovoides del oc- tramos P. sericella Spinola, la especie de tavo artejo de la antena. En la mayorõÂa de los Plocamocera de mas amplia distribucioÂn; se casos es faÂcil separar las especies, pero en P. han reportado especimen desde Mexico hasta amba, especie nueva, el artejo ocho es lev- Brasil. emente angular y posiblemente se podrõÂa in- terpretar como subcuadrado. Sin embargo, en CLAVES DE LAS ESPECIES DE especõÂmenes de P. ambra,eleÂlitro no pre- PLOCAMOCERA senta la mancha post±humeral tripartita, Algunas de las especies maÂs relacionadas como en el caso de todos los especõÂmenes en este geÂnero son muy similares externa- del grupo sericella. mente, las diferencias sutiles entre las anten- Por uÂltimo, el grado de ``estrechez'' de la as o entre los elitros generalmente corrobor- extremidad distal del artejo ocho de la antena an diferencias maÂs obvias en los genitales del es usado, con algunas di®cultades, para se- macho. Cuando se trata de espeÂcimen de los parar los especõÂmenes de algunas especies grupos confrater o sericella, se debe exami- del grupo confrater (paso 22 y 22Ј). La ``es- nar los aedeagos de todos los machos dis- trechez'' puede ser muy notable o decepcion- ponibles y comparar con las ilustraciones. ademente corta. Un aumento de por lo menos TambieÂn se debe remover las antenas del craÂ- 90ϫ debe ser usado para reconocer algunas neo y examinarlas sumergidas en agua o gli- de las mas utiles diferencias en las caracter- cerina al mayor aumento posible, para obte- isticas de las antenas. ner una resolucioÂn clara de la con®guracioÂn 1. Diminutos, menos de 4 mm; craneo usual- de los artejos de las antenas. mente negro; eÂlitro moderadamente seto- La interpretacioÂn del tamanÄo del cuerpo so, con una mancha bien de®nida cafeÂ puede ocasionalmente ser un obstaÂculo al amarillenta (®g. 62) (grupo manausensis) usar esta clave. Todos los miembros del gru- ...... 2 po manausensis son uniformemente diminu- 1Ј.MaÂs grandes, 5±7 mm; cuando menos de 5 tos, mientras que los espeÂcimen de otros gru- mm eÂlitros, con parches densos de setas pos de especies son superiores a cuatro mil- claras y oscuras, raras veces con manchas imetros y, por consiguiente, no diminutos cafeÂ marillentas ...... 6 como estaÂ de®nido en laclave; todos estos 2(1). CraÂneo bicolor, con orilla cafeÂ (Brasil: Amazonas . . . P. salasis, especie nueva especõÂmenes pasaraÂn correctamente el primer 2Ј. CraÂneo negro ...... 3 paso de la clave. Sin embargo, peguenÄos es- 3(2). Artejos antenales ocho y nueve muy del- pecõÂmenes de P sericella Spinola se acercan gados, casi digitiformes (®g. 183) (Brasil: a los cuatro milimetros del grupo manausen- Amazonas ...... sis. Cuando se estudia estos especõÂmenes, ...... P. manausensis, especie nueva seraÂ necesario una medida exacta antes de 3Ј. Artejos antenales ocho y nueve ovalados poder pasar con toda seguridad el primer (®g. 149) ...... 4 paso de la clave. 4(3Ј). Artejo antenal 10 robusto, tan soÂlo un poco La siguiente di®cultad potencial estaÂenel maÂs largo que el artejo nueve (®g. 103) paso ocho. En este caso, la forma de los ar- (Brasil: Matto Grosso) ...... P. iota, especie nueva tejos de las antenas puede presentar algunas 4Ј. Artejo antenal 10 maÂs delgado, mucho maÂs di®cultades de interpretacioÂn, especialmente largo que el artejo nueve (®g. 186) . . 5 con los espeÂcimens de P. aspera, especie 5(4Ј). Margen anterior del protibia con una espina nueva. En estos coleoÂpteros, el artejo ocho (®g. 78); apodema del falobase corta y de la antena es algo ovalado, pero consider- obtusa (®g. 113) (Costa Rica: LimoÂn) ablemente maÂs ancho que el de los miembros ...... P. aliguantula, especie nueva

5Ј. Margen anterior del protibia multiespinoso; tejos ocho y nueve (grupo confrater) apodema del falobase larga y delgada ...... 2 (®g. 114) (Panama: Zona del Canal) . . . 12(11Ј). Margen distal del artejo noveno no coÂn- ...... P. minima, especie nueva cavo (®gs. 146, 180, 188) ...... 13 6(1). Metabasitarso el doble maÂs largo que el se- 12Ј. Margen distal del artejo noveno poco gundo segmento metatarsal (®g. 109) concavo (®g. 161) o muy concavo (®g. (grupo sesquipedalis) ...... 7 147) ...... 15 6Ј. Metabasitarso no el doble maÂs larga que el 13(12). Margen epipleural enarcado (®g.179) . . segundo segmento metatarsal (®g. 108) ...... 14 ...... 10 13Ј. Margen epipleural lineal (®g. 178) (Bra- 7(6). Espuela metatibal mucho maÂs larga que la zil) ...... specula, especie nueva anchura de la margen distal del metatibia 14(13). Tripartita mancha humeral muy de®niti- (®g. 137); eÂlytro preeminente strami- do (Brazil: Matto Grosso) ...... neous (Brasil: Matto Grosso) ...... P. quadrula especie nueva ...... P. lucis, especie nueva 14Ј. Tripartita mancha humeral ausente (Su- 7Ј. Espuela metatibial poquito maÂs larga que rinam: Saramacca) ...... la auchura de la margen distal del me- ...... P. jayhawkalis, especie nueva tatibia (®g. 138); eÂlytro con regiones ob- 15(12Ј). Margen del artejo noveno muy coÂncavo scuras y alumbradas ...... 8 (®g. 191) (Venezuela: Amazonas) . . . 8(7Ј). EÂ lytro con muchas setas amarillo-oro (Cos- ...... P. baria, especie nueva ta Rica: Alajuela) ...... 15Ј. Margen del artejo noveno poco concavo ...... P. prolixa, especie nueva (®g. 122) ...... 16 8Ј. EÂ lytro con setas obscuras alumbradas . . 9 16(15Ј). Noveno artejo con una extensioÂn distal 9(8Ј). Mediodistal parte del artejo nueve estrecho, muy estrecha (®g. 150) ...... 17 16 . Noveno artejo con una corta extension angosto (®g. 190); artejo antenal ocho Ј distal ...... 18 angosto-ovado (®g. 196); apices del faÂl- 17(16). Octavo y noveno artejo poco estrechado ico lobado (Guyana: Demerara: Bartica. distalmente (®g. 175); regiones inter- PeruÂ: Loreto. Brasil: Rondonia) .... sticiales de los eÂlitros arenosus (Boliv- ...... P. sesquipedalis, especie nueva. ia: Santa Cruz) ...... 9Ј. Mediodistal parte del artejo nueve no muy ...... P. aura, especie nueva estrecho, no tan angosto (®g. 196); artejo 17Ј. Octavo y noveno artejo mas estrachado antenal ocho ancho-ovado, subrectangu- distalmente (®g. 218); regiones inter- lar (®g. 158); aÂpice del faÂlico triangular sticiales de los eÂlitros maÂs brillantes (Ecuador: Pinchincha) ...... (Bolivia: La Paz) ...... P. similis, especie nueva ...... P. aura, especie nueva 10(6Ј). Artejo basal de la maza antenal subcuad- 18(16Ј). Decimo artejo antenal solamente un rado (®g. 144), siempre con un aÂngulo poco maÂs largo que el noveno (®g. externo (®g. 144); eÂlitros subovoides, 215); tegmen corto; anterodistaÂl mar- disco siempre con mancha humeral tri- gen del artejo nueve redondo . . . 19 partita (®g. 56), margen epipleural dis- 18Ј. DeÂcimo artejo antenal casi dos veces tintamente ensanchado ...... 11 maÂs largo que el noveno (®g. 162); an- 10Ј. Artejo basal de la maza antenal ovalada terodistaÂl margen del artejo nueve an- (®g. 163), raras veces con un aÂngulo ex- gular (®g. 194) ...... 20 terno; eÂlitros subrectangulares, disco sin 19(18). AnterodistaÂl angulo del artejo ocho poco o con mancha humeral tripartita; mar- angualar (®g. 42); tegmen corta, muy gen epipleural no o muy poco ensan- ancho a la base (®g. 112) (Guayan: chado ...... 21 Bartica. Giana Francais: Cayenne. Ec- 11(10). Artejo antenal 10 falciforme (®g. 187) y uador: Napo. PeruÂ: Madre de Dios. considerablemente maÂs largo que la Bolivia: Beni. Brasil: Rondonia; Para; suma de largo de los artejos ocho y Matto Grosso; Jatai, Amazonas) .... nueve (Guiana Francia: Cayenne; Ec- ...... P. confrater, especie nueva uador: Napo; Bolivia: Cochabamba; 19Ј. Anterodistal angulo del artejo ocho re- PeruÂ: Amazonas; Brasil: Goias) (grupo dondo (®g. 217); tegmen largo, del- castanea) ...... gado (®g. 214) (Coilombia: Amazon- ...... P. castanea, especie nueva as)...... P. procera, especie nueva 11Ј. Artejo antenal 10 no falciforme y no maÂs 20(18Ј). Noveno artejo subrectangular (®g. 194); largo que la suma del largo de los ar- maza antenal robusta; la base del eÂlitro

con un punto negro (Brasil: Matto enas; Alahuela) ...... Grosso) . . . P. pupula, especie nueva ...... P. ambra, especie nueva 20Ј. Noveno artejo mas cuadrado; maza an- 30Ј. Octavo artejo antenal sin aÂngulo externo tenal no robusta; la base del eÂlitro sin (®g. 206) ...... 31 punto negro (Brasil: Amazonas) .... 31(30Ј). Margen epipleural obscuro; metafemora ...... P. taruma, especie nueva muy obscura (Venezuela: Trujillo) . . 21(10Ј). Mancha humeral tripartita del eÂlitro pre- ...... P. bolivari, especie nueva. sente (®g. 64) (grupo coactilis)..22 31Ј. Margen epipleural castanÄo claro; meta- 21Ј. Mancha humeral tripartita del eÂlitro au- feÂmor maÂs castanÄo clara que obscura sente (grupo sericella) ...... 28 (Costa Rica: Alajuela; Panama: Pana- 22(21). DeÂcimo artejo antenal dos veces mas ma)...... largo que el noveno (®g. 163) (Bra- ...... P. auratilis, especie nueva sil: Matto Grosso; Goias; Amazonas; 32(29Ј). Noveno artejo antenal abruptamente maÂs Para) ....P. coactilis, especie nueva delgado distantemente (®g. 208) .... 22Ј. Decimo artejo antenal un poco mas largo ...... 33 que el noveno (®g. 199) ...... 23 32Ј. Noveno artejo antenal gradualmente maÂs 23(22Ј). Artejo antenal ocho globoso (®g. 200) delgado distantemente (®g. 211) ...... 24 ...... 34 23Ј. Artejo antenal ocho ovado (®g. 154) . . 33(32). Margen del decimo artejo sinuoso (®g...... 25 167) (Tinidad) ...... 24(23). Noveno artejo antenal estrechado distan- ...... P. insula, especies nueva temente (®g. 199) (Brasil: Amazonas) 33Ј. Margen del decimo artejo no sinuoso ...... P. aspera, especie nueva (®g. 169) (Bolivia: Santa Cruz) . . P. 24Ј. Noveno artejo antenal no estrechado dis- selva, especie nueva tantemente (®g. 200) (Brasil: Santa 34(32Ј). Porciones claras del eÂlitro castanÄo; teg- Catarina) . . . P. santa, especie nueva men largo, no esanchado en su base 25(23Ј). Margen anterior protibial con dos espi- (®g. 117) (Mejico hasta Brasil) ..... nas (Ecuador: Napo) ...... P. sericella Spinola ...... P. onorei, especie nueva 34Ј. Porciones claras del eÂlitro casi reseado; 22Ј. Margen anterior protibial con maÂs de dos tegmen corto, ensanchado en su base espinas ...... 26 (®g. 174) (Brasil: Rondonia) ..... 26(25Ј). DeÂcimo artejo antenal acuminado (®g...... P. sericellopsis, especie nueva 202) (Brasil: Matto Grosso) ...... P. bispina, especie nueva 26Ј.DeÂcimo artejo antenal no acuminado, ACKNOWLEDGMENTS maÂs lobado (®g. 203) ...... 27 27(26Ј). Octavo artejo antenal angostado distan- I express my gratitude to Fred G. Andrews temente rapidamente (®g. 203) (Brasil: (CDAE), Lee Herman (AMNH), and Edward Guanabara) ...... G. Riley (TAMU) for their review of the ...... P. carnegei, especie nueva manuscript. I am particularly grateful to Con- 27Ј. Octavo artejo antenal angostado grad- suelo Diaz (Kansas Wesleyan University) ualmente (®g. 204) (Brasil: Distrito and Jean-Michel Maes (SEAN) for improv- Federal) . . . P. paris, especie nueva ing the Spanish translations, and to Alison E. 28(21Ј). Vestidura eÂlitral, toÂracica y craneal prin- Schroeer for her skillful illustration of P. cipalmente blanca; integumento uni- castanea, n.sp. formamente castanÄo paÂlido (Bolivia: Santa Cruz) ...... P. argentea, especie nueva REFERENCES 28Ј. Vestidura eÂlitral, toracica y craneal mez- Arnett, Jr., R.H., G.A. Samuelson, and G.M. Nish- clada de setas claras y oscuras; inte- ida. 1993. The insects and spider collections of gumento variado ...... 29 the world. Flora and fauna handbook no. 11., 29(28Ј). Margen epipleural abruptamente explan- 2nd ed. Gainsville, FL: Sandhill Crane Press. ado en el cuarto basal del eÂlitro (®g. Barr, W.F. 1950. Contributions toward a knowl- 74) ...... 30 edge of the insect fauna of lower California. 29Ј. Margen epipleural no explanado en el (Coleoptera: Cleridae). Proceedings of the Cal- cuarto basal del eÂlitro ...... 32 ifornia Academy of Sciences 24(12): 483±519. 30(29). Octavo artejo antenal con aÂngulo externo Barth, F.G., and A. Holler. 1999. Dynamics of ar- distinto (®g. 155) (Costa Rica: Puntar- thropods ®liform hairs. V. The response of spi-

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Maps 1±3. (1) Distribution of Plocamocera castanea; (2) Distribution of Plocamocera confrater; (3) Distribution of P. coactilis.

Map 4. Distribution of Plocamocera sericella.

Map 5. Distribution of Plocamocera sesquipedalis, P. lucis, P. argentea, P. auratilis, P. aliguantula, P. pupula, P. minima, and P. selva.

Map 6. Distribution of Plocamocera salasis, P. iota, P. carnegei, P. santa, P. bolivari, P. manausensis, P. baria.

Map 7. Distribution of Plocamocera bispina, P. onorei, P. sericellopsis, P. aspera, P. aura, P. prolixa, P. quadrula, P. paris, P. ambra, P. taruma, P. similis, and P. insula.

Maps 8±11. Distribution of Plocamocera jayhawkalis, P. procera, P.selva, P. buenavista.

Map 12. Distribution of Chaetophloeus hispidus.