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Predators and Parasites of the Douglas-Fir Beetle: Description and Identification of the Immature Stages

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TECHNICAL BULLETIN 79 OCTOBER 1964 Predators and Parasites of the Douglas-fir Beetle: Description and Identification of the Immature Stages DEC 1964 LIBRARY ION STATE NNiVOSTV . Agricultural Experiment Station Oregon State University Corvallis CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 3 LITERATURE REVIEW . 4 IDENTIFICATION OF THE INSECT ENEMIES OF DENDROCTONUS PSEUDOTSUGAE . 5 Methods and Procedures of Study 5 Known and Possible Predators and Parasites . 7 Field Keyto the Insect Larvae of the Known Predators and Parasites Description and Illustration of the Egg,Larva,and Pupa of the Known Predators and Parasites . 9 Cleridae: Enoclcrus sphegeus Fabricus . 9 Cleridae: Enoclcrus lecontei Wolcott . 19 Cleridae:Thanasimus undatulus Say 25 Ostomatidae:Temnochila virescens chlorodia Mannerheim 32 Dolichopodidae:NVcdetcra spp 37 Lonchaeidae: Lonchaca spp 44 Braconidae:Coeloides brunneri Viereck . 46 Pteromalidae:Roptrocerus eccoptogasteri Ratz, Cecidostiba burkciCraw.,and C dendroctoni Ash 49 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . 50 REFERENCES CITED. 50 AUTHORS :L. N. Kline is a former research assistantand J. A. Rudinsky is a professor of forest entomology, Department of Ento- mology, Oregon StateUniversity.This bulletin is based on the senior author's Master's thesis submitted to OSU. Predators and Parasites of the Douglas-fir Beetle: Description and Identification of the Immature Stages L. N. KLINE AND J. A. RUDINSKY INTRODUCTION The Douglas-fir beetle,Dendroctonus pseudotsugaeHopkins (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), is the most destructive insect enemy of Douglas-fir,Pseudotsuga menziesii(Mirb.) Franco, throughout the range of this important tree species. During the epidemic of 1951- 1954, for instance, it killed over three billion board feet of green timber in western Oregon and Washington alone. The beetle is native to North America, and is preyed upon by a number of important predators and parasites. Some of these undoubtedly play a significant role in reducing the epidemic popula- tion of the beetle or in preventing its increase to destructive numbers. Making a prognosis of the trend of the Douglas-fir beetle popu- lationin the field or forecasting the economic damage requires sampling not only Douglas-fir beetles, but also numbers and species of the immature stages of predators and parasites present under the bark. Past studies have been concerned more with the biology of the Douglas-fir beetle than with its natural enemies. The biology and identification, especially of the immature stages of the predators and parasites, are incomplete or in some instances virtually unknown. This bulletin presents identifications, descriptions, and drawings of the immature stages of the main predators and parasites of the Douglas-fir beetle in the Intermountain and Pacific Northwest regions of the United States. Brief notes on the life histories of the preda- tors and parasites, and a key separating the larvae are also included. Emphasis is placed on the following species :Enoclerus sphegeus, E. lecontei, Thanasimus undatulus,andTemnochila virescens.The re- maining species,Medeteraspp.,Lonchaeaspp.,Coeloides brunneri, and the pteromalids, are treated in a more general manner. Three instars exist for the clerids, with five to six for the ostomatid. LITERATURE REVIEW A review of the literature shows that only limited studies have been made of the biology, habits, and identification of a few of the insect enemies of the Douglas-fir beetle. In northern Idaho and Montana, Bedard (1, pp. 27-61) worked briefly on the biology, habits, and identification ofEnoclerus sphegeus Fab. (Coleoptera :Cleridae) ;E. leconteiWolc. (Coleoptera :Cleri- dae) ;T hanasivnus dubius(Fab.) (Coleoptera: Cleridae), a mistaken identity forT undatulus Say; Teznnochila virescens chlorodiaMann. (Coleoptera :Ostomatidae) ;Medetera aldrichiiWh. (Diptera :Doli- chopodidae);Lonchaea corticisTay. (Diptera: Lonchaeidae);Coe- loides brunneriVier. ('Hymenoptera; Braconidae);Roptrocerus ec- co ptogasteriRatz. (Hymenoptera :Pteromalidae) ;andCecidostiba dendroctoniAshm. (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Bedard'sde- scriptions and drawings of the larvae were only of the mature instars. Roving, Craighead, and Champlain(4, 5, 6)published on the identification of the mature larval instars of E.sphegeus, E. lecontei, andT. virescens.Only a few drawings were made forT. virescens. These workers also included brief notes on the biology of some of the clerids preying on bark beetles in general. Habits of the adults and larvae and identification of four instars of E.sphegeusin rela- tion toIps pini(Say) andIps perrottiSw. on lodgepole pine slash in Alberta, Canada, have been reported by Reid (20). Person(17) worked on the life history, habits, importance as a natural control factor, and possibilities of increasing the effectiveness of E.lecontei in association with western pine beetle,Dendroctonus brevicosnis Lec., in California. Some work has been done by Struble and Car- pelan on the identification, biology, habits, and laboratory propaga- tion of E.sphegeusandT. virescensin an attempt to rear these predators for liberation in the field as control agents of bark beetles (24, 25, 26). A fairly complete study was made by DeLeon (8) on the biology, habits, and internal and external morphology of the larva ofMedetera aldrichiiWh. in relation to mountain pine beetle,D. nionticolaeHopk., in Montana and northeastern Washington. Also, several notes were made by Hopping (9) on the seasonal develop- ment ofM. aldrichiias a predator ofD pseudotsugaein British Columbia. Recently, Johnsey(10)studied the biology ofM. aldrichiiand Lonchaeasp. associated with the Douglas-fir beetle in westernOregon and Washington. Ryan and Rudinsky (22) published on the biology, habits, and descriptions of the five larval instars, development of the immature stadia at various temperatures, and factors contributing to the effec- tiveness ofCoeloides brunneriVier., a parasite of the Douglas-fir beetle in western Oregon. IDENTIFICATION OF THE INSECT ENEMIES OF DENDROCTONUS PSEUDOTSUGAE As just noted, previous studies, with the exception of those by DeLeon (8, pp. 62-67), Reid (20), and Ryan (21), were concerned only with the identification of the mature larval stage. Past and present biological appraisals or population sampling of bark beetles have been based on immature stages found under the bark. There- fore, in this type of sampling, since all stages of the insect concerned may be encountered, all should be easily identified. Discussed here are the methods and procedures used in rearing certain species in order to obtain specimens for study, and also the methods of measurement and drawing. To facilitate future identifica- tions, a field key, descriptions, and illustrations of the immature stages of the most important species are included. The general biology, geographical distribution, and relative importance of each species are given, based on general observation. Methods and Procedures of Study Because of the scant taxonomical knowledge of the adults of the hymenopterous parasites and dipterous predators, it was possible in this study to identify the immature stages only to the family and generic levels. Available literature was used for the descriptions whenever possible, and other characters and material were included from personal observation. The taxonomy of the adult coleopterous predators has been worked on more intensively but still presents a problem in associating adults with their immature forms. Therefore, each species was reared in order to obtain known specimens of each stage for study. These rearings were conducted in a manner similar to those reared by Struble (25). Briefly, the method of rearing was as follows : Known identified adults ofEnoclerus sphegeus, E lecontei, Thanasirnus undatulus,and Temnochila virescenswere collected in the field on the bark and around Douglas-fir trees infested byDendroctonus pseudotsugae.The sex of the adults was determined whenever possible, using the sex characters described by Struble and Carpelan (26). The submental pit present only on the males ofT. virescenswas easy to observe with a 10x hand lens and was very dependable. However, the sex character suggested by the same workers for Esphegeuswas not easy to ob- serve even under a microscope. It was found that the large size of the abdomen of certain clerids usually indicated the condition of a gravid female This character, although not too dependable at times, was used for E.sphegeus, E. lecontei,andT. undatulus.No other secondary sex characteristic could be found. The adults of each species were originally placed in pint jars, and later in clear, plastic boxes, measuring 1 by 2.5 by 3.5 inches. A coarse piece of paper wasglued to the bottom of the box to provide traction for the adults. Usually there was only one pair of each species per container, but occasionally more. This increased the probability of obtaining eggs in instances where sex determinations were not definite; however, there was the disadvantage of increasing mortality since the adults, as well as the larvae, are cannibalistic, especially under crowded conditions. A spiral of blotting paper was made by rolling a triangular piece one to two inches wide at the base. One spiral was placed in each container. It served fairly well as an oviposition site when rolled to about one-quarter inch diameter, and most of the eggs were deposited between the overlapping layers. At times, especially with T virescens,the eggs were laid around the edges of the paper bot- tom of the box, but these eggs were usually
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  • Part III. the Genera Parvochaetus, N. Gen., Amboakis, N

    Part III. the Genera Parvochaetus, N. Gen., Amboakis, N

    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Center for Systematic Entomology, Gainesville, Insecta Mundi Florida September 2006 Classification, natural history, and evolution of the Epiphloeinae (Coleoptera: Cleridae). Part III. The genera Parvochaetus, n. gen., Amboakis, n. gen., and Ellipotoma Spinola Weston Opitz Kansas Wesleyan University, Salina, Kansas Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/insectamundi Part of the Entomology Commons Opitz, Weston, "Classification, natural history, and evolution of the Epiphloeinae (Coleoptera: Cleridae). Part III. The genera Parvochaetus, n. gen., Amboakis, n. gen., and Ellipotoma Spinola" (2006). Insecta Mundi. 106. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/insectamundi/106 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Center for Systematic Entomology, Gainesville, Florida at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Insecta Mundi by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. INSECTA MUNDI, Vol. 20, No. 3-4, September-December, 2006 97 Classification, natural history, and evolution of the Epiphloeinae (Coleoptera: Cleridae). Part III. The genera Parvochaetus, n. gen., Amboakis, n. gen., and Ellipotoma Spinola. Weston Opitz Kansas Wesleyan University, Department of Biology, 100 East Claflin Avenue, Salina, Kansas 67401-6196 [email protected] Abstract. The checkered beetle genera Parvochaetus, n. gen. and Amboakis, n. gen. are described and the genus Ellipotoma Spinola is reviewed. Four new species plus P.linearis (Gorham), which represents a new combination, comprise Parvochaetus: P. albicornis, P. froeschneri, P. fucolatus, and P. sandaracus. Amboakis, a replacement name for the junior homonym Teutonia Opitz, involves four previously described species and 20 new species.