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FHC Human Anatomy & Physiology FHC Human Anatomy & Physiology Cat Dissection - Deep Within the Thoracic Cavity Introduction By now, you wish you had selected a skinny cat for your dissection. Fattier cats show adipose deposited around blood vessels and upon membrane surfaces and it's a time-consuming task to pull the fat gobs off the surface of vessels so that you may identify them. As fat is separated and fat cells are broken, "grease" (melted fat) is left behind. Its reflectivity may blind you and interfere with your ability to distinguish detail, and its lubricative qualities increase the likelihood of slippage while handling dissecting instruments. In spite of these formidable physical obstacles that confront you, be strong (like a Ranger) and persevere. Make excellent use of the drawings attached at the end of this guide (and The Pictorial Anatomy guide) that reveal the venous and arterial systems of the cat’s thoracic region. Color the vessels of the arterial system RED (10 pts.) and the venous system BLUE (10 pts.) on pages 3 and 4 of this handout before you begin this phase of the dissection, and show your well-fed instructor for dissection points. “Coloring points” will NOT be awarded once you begin to identify “Deep Within the Thoracic Cavity” structures. Major Veins (BLUE!) of the Upper Thoracic Cavity The precava (or superior vena cava) returns deoxygenated blood from the head and the forelimbs to the right atrium. As it passes forward in the thoracic cavity, it breaks into a "Y" to form the right and left brachiocephalic veins (which we will identify in a few minutes). Push the heart towards the cat's left side and you will find the azygos vein that arches over the root of the right lung and joins the precava near the right atrium. The azygos vein lies along the right side of the vertebral column in the thorax and receives the intercostal veins as well as tributaries from the muscles of the dorsal abdominal wall, the esophagus, and the bronchi. Returning to the precava, it branches (in a "Y") to form the very short right and left brachiocephalic veins (sometimes less than 1/4" long!). Each brachiocephalic vein quickly forms its own "Y" with one major branch arising anteriorly (toward the head) to become the external jugular vein. The “other half of the Y” that is directed sideways toward the forelimb is the subclavian vein . The subclavian vein {like the brachiocephalic vein} is a short (1/4” to 1/2”) vessel that branches into two more vessels. The branch that extends into the foreleg and lays aside the axillary artery is named, cleverly, the axillary vein. The axillary vein extends into the foreleg, draining it of deoxygenated blood. In the foreleg (where you should identify it), it is called the brachial vein. Tracing the course of the external jugular vein upward from the brachiocephalic vein, a major branch found in the cat's shoulder region is the subscapular vein. Identify the right and left subscapular veins in your unhappy cat. The subscapular vein disappears underneath the biceps brachii. And finally, another major branch of the ventral precava is the internal thoracic vein (AKA the mammary vein). In many FHC specimens it has been torn away during the removal of the sternum, but a short trunk is still usually visible, with its torn end a bitter reminder of the struggle that ensued when you successfully opened the thoracic cavity. Major Arteries (RED!) of the Upper Thoracic Cavity The brachiocephalic artery (AKA the innominate artery) is the larger of the two vessels arising from the crest of the aortic arch. The brachiocephalic artery gives rise to the right and left common carotid arteries and the right subclavian artery. The common carotid arteries extend forward toward the head on either side of the trachea until, at the junction of the jaw and neck, they branch into a "Y". The larger of the two branches -2- disappears as it plunges downward toward the ear, deep into the muscles controlling the movements of the jaw. This is the external carotid artery. The other branch, the lingual artery, is usually the smaller of the two branches and extends into the underside of the chin to aid in control of the movements of the tongue. Returning to the right subclavian artery, its first major anterior branch is the right thyrocervical artery, a major vessel that supplies the shoulder muscles. The right thyrocervical artery branches from the right subclavian artery at the same site where the right internal mammary artery arises from the ventral surface of the subclavian. The right internal mammary artery might have severed when you pulled the sternum back to view the thoracic cavity. Returning once again to the right subclavian artery, this vessel becomes (changes names to) the axillary artery in the axillary (legpit) region, and its main trunk continues to become the brachial artery in the right upper foreleg (identify the brachial artery IN THE FORELEG). The vessels branching away from this main line serve the mammary glands and the muscles of the chest, the shoulder and the right forelimb. The largest branch of the brachial artery is the subscapular artery. You will find that it disappears between the long head of the triceps and the latissimus dorsi to supply the dorsal shoulder muscles with blood. Meanwhile, back at the aortic arch, the second major branch directing arterial (red) blood away from the aorta is the left subclavian artery. This artery, like the right subclavian artery, becomes the axillary artery and continues into the arm as the brachial artery (no need to identify these again!). Branching from the left subclavian artery is the left internal mammary artery (likely severed when the sternum was pulled back). Even farther down along the length of the aortic arch, the intercostal arteries (a series of arteries branching away from the thoracic aorta) serve the intercostal muscles found between the ribs. Further Dissection of the Thorax Remove the left lung (show your meticulously-groomed instructor), leaving behind the branches of the left bronchus (as they lead to each of the lung lobes) and as many of the branches of the pulmonary artery and vein as possible. You may also remove the lateral left 1' of the thoracic wall (rib & muscle) to make your inspection of the underlying tissues easier. Remove any additional connective tissue and pleura so that you may easily view the thoracic aorta as it descends downward toward the diaphragm and, ultimately, the abdominal cavity. An inspection of the inside of the cat's ribcage will reveal more paired intercostal arteries corresponding to the interspaces between the last eleven ribs. The thoracic aorta also gives off paired bronchial arteries to the bronchi and several esophageal arteries of varying origin. Finally, if fully revealed, the aorta passes through the diaphragm at the level of the second lumbar vertebra. -3- Right Thyrocervical The Arterial System of the Cat Thorax (color red) -4- The Venous System of the Cat Thorax (color blue) . -5- Left Subscapular Vein Left Axillary Vein External Jugular Vein Left Subclavian Vein Internal Jugular Vein Brachiocephalic Veins Internal Mammary Vein Precava Right Subclavian Vein Axillary Vein Right Subscapular Vein Veins of the Thorax and Forelimbs -6- Common Carotid Arteries Left Sublavian Artery Aortic Arch Left Axillary Artery Brachiocephalic Artery Right Subclavian Artery Right Right Subscapular Thyrocervical Artery Artery Arteries of the Thorax and Forelimbs.
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