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Vessels and Circulation
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM OUTLINE 23.1 Anatomy of Blood Vessels 684 23.1a Blood Vessel Tunics 684 23.1b Arteries 685 23.1c Capillaries 688 23 23.1d Veins 689 23.2 Blood Pressure 691 23.3 Systemic Circulation 692 Vessels and 23.3a General Arterial Flow Out of the Heart 693 23.3b General Venous Return to the Heart 693 23.3c Blood Flow Through the Head and Neck 693 23.3d Blood Flow Through the Thoracic and Abdominal Walls 697 23.3e Blood Flow Through the Thoracic Organs 700 Circulation 23.3f Blood Flow Through the Gastrointestinal Tract 701 23.3g Blood Flow Through the Posterior Abdominal Organs, Pelvis, and Perineum 705 23.3h Blood Flow Through the Upper Limb 705 23.3i Blood Flow Through the Lower Limb 709 23.4 Pulmonary Circulation 712 23.5 Review of Heart, Systemic, and Pulmonary Circulation 714 23.6 Aging and the Cardiovascular System 715 23.7 Blood Vessel Development 716 23.7a Artery Development 716 23.7b Vein Development 717 23.7c Comparison of Fetal and Postnatal Circulation 718 MODULE 9: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM mck78097_ch23_683-723.indd 683 2/14/11 4:31 PM 684 Chapter Twenty-Three Vessels and Circulation lood vessels are analogous to highways—they are an efficient larger as they merge and come closer to the heart. The site where B mode of transport for oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hor- two or more arteries (or two or more veins) converge to supply the mones, and waste products to and from body tissues. The heart is same body region is called an anastomosis (ă-nas ′tō -mō′ sis; pl., the mechanical pump that propels the blood through the vessels. -
Inverted Nipple Repair Revisited: a 7-Year Experience
Breast Surgery Aesthetic Surgery Journal 2015, Vol 35(2) 156–164 Inverted Nipple Repair Revisited: A 7-Year © 2015 The American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, Inc. Reprints and permission: Experience [email protected] DOI: 10.1093/asj/sju113 www.aestheticsurgeryjournal.com Daniel J. Gould, MD, PhD; Meghan H. Nadeau, MD; Luis H. Macias, MD; and W. Grant Stevens, MD Abstract Background: Nipple inversion in females can be congenital or acquired. Women who desire treatment for this condition often report difficulty with breastfeeding and interference with their sexuality. However, data are limited on the demographics of patients who undergo surgery to repair inverted nipples and the associated recurrence rates and complications. Objectives: The authors assessed outcomes of a 7-year experience with an integrated approach to the correction of nipple inversion that minimizes ductal disruption. Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed for 103 consecutive patients who underwent correction of nipple inversion. (The correction tech- nique was initially reported in 2004 and entailed an integrated approach.) Complication rates, breastfeeding status, and patient demographics were docu- mented. Results: Among the 103 patients, 191 nipple corrections were performed. Nine patients had undergone previous nipple-correction surgery. Recurrence was experienced by 12.6% of patients, 3 of whom had bilateral recurrence. Other complications were partial nipple necrosis (1.05%), breast cellulitis (1.57%), and delayed healing (0.5%). The overall complication rate was 15.74%. Fifty-seven percent of the patients had a B-cup breast size, and 59% were 21 to 30 years of age. Conclusions: Results of the authors’ 7-year experience demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of their technique to correct inverted nipples. -
GROSS ANATOMY Lecture Syllabus 2008
GROSS ANATOMY Lecture Syllabus 2008 ANAT 6010 - Gross Anatomy Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy University of Utah School of Medicine David A. Morton K. Bo Foreman Kurt H. Albertine Andrew S. Weyrich Kimberly Moyle 1 GROSS ANATOMY (ANAT 6010) ORIENTATION, FALL 2008 Welcome to Human Gross Anatomy! Course Director David A. Morton, Ph.D. Offi ce: 223 Health Professions Education Building; Phone: 581-3385; Email: [email protected] Faculty • Kurt H. Albertine, Ph.D., (Assistant Dean for Faculty Administration) ([email protected]) • K. Bo Foreman, PT, Ph.D, (Gross and Neuro Anatomy Course Director in Dept. of Physical Therapy) (bo. [email protected]) • David A. Morton, Ph.D. (Gross Anatomy Course Director, School of Medicine) ([email protected]. edu) • Andrew S. Weyrich, Ph.D. (Professor of Human Molecular Biology and Genetics) (andrew.weyrich@hmbg. utah.edu) • Kerry D. Peterson, L.F.P. (Body Donor Program Director) Cadaver Laboratory staff Jordan Barker, Blake Dowdle, Christine Eckel, MS (Ph.D.), Nick Gibbons, Richard Homer, Heather Homer, Nick Livdahl, Kim Moyle, Neal Tolley, MS, Rick Webster Course Objectives The study of anatomy is akin to the study of language. Literally thousands of new words will be taught through- out the course. Success in anatomy comes from knowing the terminology, the three-dimensional visualization of the structure(s) and using that knowledge in solving problems. The discipline of anatomy is usually studied in a dual approach: • Regional approach - description of structures regionally -
Agenesis of Lactiferous Duct of Breast – a Case Presentation
Agenesis of Lactiferous Duct of Breast – A Case Presentation Daniel Burchette*, Robert Mcgovern*, K Hemalatha**, M Paul Korath***, K Mohandass****, K Jagadeesan+ Introduction the presence of numerous macrophages and neutrophils on a thick eosinophilic background, galactocoele is a benign breast lesion consistent with the an infected cystic lesion. The Aconsisting of a cyst containing thick, patient had no past medical history of mastitis. On milky fluid with a high fat content, most closer examination of the nipples, duct openings were commonly seen in a young lactating women.1 absent from the 9 o’clock to 11 o’clock positions on A blocked lactiferous duct, generally as a the right side, consistent with the positioning of the galactocoele. Pits in this region were explored using a result of fibrosis from previous infection, is 3-0 lacrimal duct probe (Fig. 1), but all were blind normally the cause. Patients usually present ending. Cranio caudal and medio lateral oblique views with a painless palpable lump in the breast on mammography demonstrated lactating breast with which is freely mobile. Treatment is complete galactocoele in right breast and significant right aspiration, which is generally successful. axillary lymphadenopathy – BI-RADS category II and Recurrence is common following successive agenesis of ducts in the right upper outer quadrant (Fig. 2A,2B). Imaging of the lactiferous ductal systems pregnancies. We present a young primiparous of both breasts using high resolution ultrasound woman with a galactocoele caused by an identified an absence of lactiferous ducts in the upper agenesis or atresia of lactiferous ducts. segment of the right breast (Fig. -
Thymectomy with an Endoscopic Approach
Review Article on Thoracic Surgery Page 1 of 6 Thymectomy with an endoscopic approach Takashi Suda Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan Correspondence to: Takashi Suda, MD. Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, 1-98 Dengakugakubo Kutsukake, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan. Email: [email protected]. Abstract: Various surgical approaches, including endoscopic surgery, are used when operating on tumors of the anterior mediastinum. Accordingly, surgical approaches for anterior mediastinal tumors include conventional median sternotomy, transcervical thymectomy from the cervical region, lateral thoracic intercostal approach, and the subxiphoid approach. Recently, robot-assisted surgery and single-port surgery are now performed as new forms of endoscopic surgery in the field of thoracic surgery and are now being adapted for anterior mediastinal tumors. We review current endoscopic surgical approaches for anterior mediastinal tumors and describe surgical techniques for thymectomy by a lateral thoracic intercostal approach, which is currently widely performed, as well as thymectomy by a subxiphoid approach. Keywords: Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS); subxiphoid approach; thymectomy; robotic thymectomy; uniportal; single-port Received: 17 February 2019; Published: 07 March 2019; Published: 15 March 2019. doi: 10.21037/jovs.2019.03.09 View this article at: http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/jovs.2019.03.09 Introduction Median sternotomy Various surgical approaches, including endoscopic surgery, Median sternotomy is a classic method that was first reported are used when operating on tumors of the anterior by Milton et al. in 1897. This technique is still the standard mediastinum. Surgical methods involving an anterior surgical approach for anterior mediastinal tumors (8). -
Inflammatory Breast Disease
Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging (2015) 96, 1045—1064 CONTINUING EDUCATION PROGRAM: FOCUS. Inflammatory breast disease: The radiologist’s role D. Lepori Réseau lausannois du sein et imagerie du Flon, rue de la Vigie 5, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland KEYWORDS Abstract Mastitis is the inflammation of breast tissue. From a pathophysiological point of view, Breast; mastitis reflects a variety of underlying etiologies. It can be due to non-infectious inflamma- Mammography; tion, infection (generally of bacterial origin) but can also be caused by inflammation resulting Ultrasound; from malignant tumor growth. Mastitis always manifests clinically by three cardinal signs of MRI; inflammation, which are redness, heat and pain. Breast specialists examining women with mas- Inflammation titis should proceed as follows: first, it is important to distinguish between cancer-related and non-cancer-related breast inflammation, since their clinical presentation can be misleading. Cancer-related mastitis reflecting the presence of aggressive cancer is less commonly observed than other forms of mastitis but its diagnosis, which can sometimes be difficult, needs to be made, or excluded, without delay. Once cancer-related mastitis has been excluded, the causes of inflammation should be elucidated to enable rapid treatment and patient recovery. © 2015 Éditions franc¸aises de radiologie. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved. Radiological presentation of inflammation The breast is a superficial organ. The clinical signs of breast inflammation are therefore obvious. They include redness, heat and pain. The patient should be questioned as to how inflammation appeared, and notably whether it occurred suddenly or not. Any cases of inflammation that occurred progressively should be regarded as atypical. -
Anatomy of the Breast Doctors Notes Notes/Extra Explanation Please View Our Editing File Before Studying This Lecture to Check for Any Changes
Color Code Important Anatomy of the Breast Doctors Notes Notes/Extra explanation Please view our Editing File before studying this lecture to check for any changes. Objectives By the end of the lecture, the student should be able to: ✓ Describe the shape and position of the female breast. ✓ Describe the structure of the mammary gland. ✓ List the blood supply of the female breast. ✓ Describe the lymphatic drainage of the female breast. ✓ Describe the applied anatomy in the female breast. Highly recommended Introduction 06:26 Overview of the breast: • The breast (consists of mammary glands + associated skin & Extra connective tissue) is a gland made up of lobes arranged radially .around the nipple (شعاعيا) • Each lobe is further divided into lobules. Between the lobes and lobules we have fat & ligaments called ligaments of cooper • These ligaments attach the skin to the muscle (beneath the breast) to give support to the breast. in shape (مخروطي) *o Shape: it is conical o Position: It lies in superficial fascia of the front of chest. * o Parts: It has a: 1. Base lies on muscles, (حلمة الثدي) Apex nipple .2 3. Tail extend into axilla Extra Position of Female Breast (حلقة ملونة) Base Nipple Areola o Extends from 2nd to 6th ribs. o It extends from the lateral margin of sternum medially to the midaxillary line laterally. o It has no capsule. o It lies on 3 muscles: • 2/3 of its base on (1) pectoralis major* Extra muscle, • inferolateral 1/3 on (2) Serratus anterior & (3) External oblique muscles (muscle of anterior abdominal wall). o Its superolateral part sends a process into the axilla called the axillary tail or axillary process. -
Blood Vessels and Circulation
19 Blood Vessels and Circulation Lecture Presentation by Lori Garrett © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1: Functional Anatomy of Blood Vessels Learning Outcomes 19.1 Distinguish between the pulmonary and systemic circuits, and identify afferent and efferent blood vessels. 19.2 Distinguish among the types of blood vessels on the basis of their structure and function. 19.3 Describe the structures of capillaries and their functions in the exchange of dissolved materials between blood and interstitial fluid. 19.4 Describe the venous system, and indicate the distribution of blood within the cardiovascular system. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Module 19.1: The heart pumps blood, in sequence, through the arteries, capillaries, and veins of the pulmonary and systemic circuits Blood vessels . Blood vessels conduct blood between the heart and peripheral tissues . Arteries (carry blood away from the heart) • Also called efferent vessels . Veins (carry blood to the heart) • Also called afferent vessels . Capillaries (exchange substances between blood and tissues) • Interconnect smallest arteries and smallest veins © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Module 19.1: Blood vessels and circuits Two circuits 1. Pulmonary circuit • To and from gas exchange surfaces in the lungs 2. Systemic circuit • To and from rest of body © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Module 19.1: Blood vessels and circuits Circulation pathway through circuits 1. Right atrium (entry chamber) • Collects blood from systemic circuit • To right ventricle to pulmonary circuit 2. Pulmonary circuit • Pulmonary arteries to pulmonary capillaries to pulmonary veins © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Module 19.1: Blood vessels and circuits Circulation pathway through circuits (continued) 3. Left atrium • Receives blood from pulmonary circuit • To left ventricle to systemic circuit 4. -
MEANING:Production of Milk in the Mammary Glands
MEANING:Production of milk in the mammary glands. PERIOD:The female mammary glands undergo differentiation during pregnancy and star producing milk towards the end of pregnancy and after the birth of the young one. MAMMARY GLANDS It is modified sweat gland These are situated in the front of the thorax on pectoral muscles. Each mammary gland has 15-20 tubulo- alveolar lobules contained in its connective tissue. The space b/w the lobules is filled with fatty tissue. The lobules contain milk glands in the form of bunches of grapes,which secrete milk. Numerous small ductules arise from each lobule,combine to form a lactiferous duct. Such lactiferous ducts open independently in the nipple. A nipple is a pigmented structure which is a elevated knob like structure at the apical part of mammary glands. The area adjacent to the nipples is also deeply pigmented,which is known as areola mammae. Composition of Milk: Human milk consists of water and organic and inorganic substances. Its main constituents are fat (fat droplets),Casein(milk protein),Lactose(milk sugar),mineral salts (sodium, calcium,potassium,phosphorous,etc.)and vitamins .Milk is poor in iron content. Vitamin C is present in very small quantity in milK. A nursing woman secretes 1 to 2 litres of milk per day. Milk production is stimulated largely by the hormone prolactin secreted by anterior lobe and the ejection of milk is stimulated by the hormone oxytocin,released from posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. During pregnancy ,pituitary prolactin may be substituted by placental lactogen. Milk synthesis begins in the 2nd half of pregnancy.It is supported by prolactin and cortisol,which directly act on enzyme activities and processes of differentiation of the alveolar cells. -
A Case of the Bilateral Superior Venae Cavae with Some Other Anomalous Veins
Okaiimas Fol. anat. jap., 48: 413-426, 1972 A Case of the Bilateral Superior Venae Cavae With Some Other Anomalous Veins By Yasumichi Fujimoto, Hitoshi Okuda and Mihoko Yamamoto Department of Anatomy, Osaka Dental University, Osaka (Director : Prof. Y. Ohta) With 8 Figures in 2 Plates and 2 Tables -Received for Publication, July 24, 1971- A case of the so-called bilateral superior venae cavae after the persistence of the left superior vena cava has appeared relatively frequent. The present authors would like to make a report on such a persistence of the left superior vena cava, which was found in a routine dissection cadaver of their school. This case is accompanied by other anomalies on the venous system ; a complete pair of the azygos veins, the double subclavian veins of the right side and the ring-formation in the left external iliac vein. Findings Cadaver : Mediiim nourished male (Japanese), about 157 cm in stature. No other anomaly in the heart as well as in the great arteries is recognized. The extracted heart is about 350 gm in weight and about 380 ml in volume. A. Bilateral superior venae cavae 1) Right superior vena cava (figs. 1, 2, 4) It measures about 23 mm in width at origin, about 25 mm at the pericardiac end, and about 31 mm at the opening to the right atrium ; about 55 mm in length up to the pericardium and about 80 mm to the opening. The vein is formed in the usual way by the union of the right This report was announced at the forty-sixth meeting of Kinki-district of the Japanese Association of Anatomists, February, 1971,Kyoto. -
The Surgical Anatomy of the Mammary Gland. Vascularisation, Innervation, Lymphatic Drainage, the Structure of the Axillary Fossa (Part 2.)
NOWOTWORY Journal of Oncology 2021, volume 71, number 1, 62–69 DOI: 10.5603/NJO.2021.0011 © Polskie Towarzystwo Onkologiczne ISSN 0029–540X Varia www.nowotwory.edu.pl The surgical anatomy of the mammary gland. Vascularisation, innervation, lymphatic drainage, the structure of the axillary fossa (part 2.) Sławomir Cieśla1, Mateusz Wichtowski1, 2, Róża Poźniak-Balicka3, 4, Dawid Murawa1, 2 1Department of General and Oncological Surgery, K. Marcinkowski University Hospital, Zielona Gora, Poland 2Department of Surgery and Oncology, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Gora, Poland 3Department of Radiotherapy, K. Marcinkowski University Hospital, Zielona Gora, Poland 4Department of Urology and Oncological Urology, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Gora, Poland Dynamically developing oncoplasty, i.e. the application of plastic surgery methods in oncological breast surgeries, requires excellent knowledge of mammary gland anatomy. This article presents the details of arterial blood supply and venous blood outflow as well as breast innervation with a special focus on the nipple-areolar complex, and the lymphatic system with lymphatic outflow routes. Additionally, it provides an extensive description of the axillary fossa anatomy. Key words: anatomy of the mammary gland The large-scale introduction of oncoplasty to everyday on- axillary artery subclavian artery cological surgery practice of partial mammary gland resec- internal thoracic artery thoracic-acromial artery tions, partial or total breast reconstructions with the use of branches to the mammary gland the patient’s own tissue as well as an artificial material such as implants has significantly changed the paradigm of surgi- cal procedures. A thorough knowledge of mammary gland lateral thoracic artery superficial anatomy has taken on a new meaning. -
Fennel (Foeniculum Vulgare) Leaf Infusion Effect on Mammary Gland Activity and Kidney Function of Lactating Rats
NUSANTARA BIOSCIENCE ISSN: 2087-3948 Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 101-105 E-ISSN: 2087-3956 May 2019 DOI: 10.13057/nusbiosci/n110117 Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) leaf infusion effect on mammary gland activity and kidney function of lactating rats NAJDA RIFQIYATI, ANA WAHYUNI Program of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga. Jl. Marsda Adisucipto No.1, Sleman 55281, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Tel.: +62-274-519739, Fax.: +62-274-540971, email: [email protected]. Manuscript received: 29 October 2018. Revision accepted: 18 April 2019. Abstract. Rifqiyati N, Wahyuni A. 2019. Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) leaf infusion effect on mammary gland activity and kidney function of lactating rats. Nusantara Bioscience 11: 101-105. Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill) leaf, traditionally, is believed to have a potential in increasing and smoothing breast milk production. This study aimed to determine the effect of fennel leaf infusion on milk production and to know the side effects of its use. The material used in the research was infusion of fennel leaves (Foeniculum vulgare Mill) collected from Kopeng, Central Java. The research utilized 12 female rats each with 5 newborns off springs. The experiment was designed in Completed Random Design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 3 replications. Histological preparation of mammary glands was set using paraffin method with HE staining. Kidney function was observed through uric acid level in the blood. The results showed that the diameter of lactiferous ducts and of its lumen diameter were significantly influenced by 15 days fennel leaf infusion treatment. The largest lactiferous duct diameter observed was on P3 treatment group (452.97 ± 75.033 µm) and the smallest was observed in control groups (273.17 ± 38.746 µm).