CHAPTER 8 • SECTION 2 from each state would be based on the state’s population or its wealth. The legislature would have the power to make laws “in all cases to which the separate states are incompetent [unable].” As well as having its own distinct powers, each branch could check More About . . . the powers of the other branches in certain circumstances. This system of “checks and balances” is a way of controlling the power of government. As Roger Sherman and James Madison said, “All power in human hands is liable to be abused.” The the Great Compromise Founders designed the new government to limit that abuse. Delegates from the small states strongly objected to the Virginia Plan Some historians suggest that we might because it gave more power to states with larger populations. In response not have had our Constitution without the to the Virginia Plan, New Jersey delegate William Paterson presented an proposal of Sherman and his committee alternative. Like the Articles, the New Jersey Plan called for a single-house (also called the Connecticut Compromise). congress in which each state had an equal vote. Small states supported the Sherman first proposed his plan on June 11, New Jersey Plan. 1787, but it was rejected on July 2. It was The Great Compromise Emotions ran high as the delegates struggled to reconsidered on July 5 and accepted on July Answer: The form of solve the problem of representation in the legislature. In early July, a com- new government; need 16. Even then, the Great Compromise barely to keep order as well as mittee led by Roger Sherman and other delegates from Connecticut offered passed—by just one vote. protect people’s rights. a deal known as the Great Compromise . Sherman proposed: Unit 3 Resource Book PRIMARY SOURCE Slave Population 1790 MAINE • American Literature, pp. 182–184 (Mass.) That the proportion of suffrage in the first “branch should be according to the respective ATLANTIC N.H. numbers of free inhabitants, and that in the N.Y. OCEAN MASS. Slave Population 1790 second branch or Senate, each State should have R.I. one vote and no more. CONN. Connect Geography History PA. N.J. —Roger Sherman,” June 11, 1787 DEL. NORTHWEST MD. DRAW CONCLUSIONS Ask students TERR. In other words, to satisfy the smaller states, each state would have an equal number of votes how the information on the map reveals the R. VA. Ohio Number of Slaves in the Senate. To satisfy the larger states, repre- significance of the disagreement over slavery. sentation in the House of Representatives was (Possible Answer: It shows that Southern states N.C. 300,000 . set according to state populations. On July 16, R would benefit politically and economically if i p 1787, the convention passed the plan. p S.C. i 100,000 s s slaves were counted for representation, but i s PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS Describe the s GA. i TERR. SOUTH 25,000 not for taxation.) M OF OHIO RIVER major challenges of the Convention in creating a 10,000 stronger national government. ANSWERS 1,000 100 See margin. 1. Place Virginia Challenges Over Slavery 2. Clarify Possible Answer: The North had Connect Geography History KEY QUESTION How did the Constitutional few slaves, while the South had many 1. Place Which state would have the greatest interest in Convention compromise over slavery? slaves. having slaves counted as part of their population for purposes of representation? Because representation in the House of Represen- 2. Clarify Why did the North and the South have differing tatives would be based on the population of each opinions on whether or not slaves should be counted as state, the delegates had to decide who would be part of a state’s population? counted in that population. For example, were Teach slaves to be counted as part of the population?

Challenges Over Slavery 246 Chapter 8

Talk About It DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION: TIERED ACTIVITIES • What was the Three-Fifths Compromise? (Three-fifths of the slave population would be counted for both representation and taxation.) OBJECTIVE Create biographies of the Founding Fathers. • Under what condition did Southern states agree to consider a ban on the slave trade? Basic On Level Challenge (that a plan to ban the slave trade not take Assign each student a Going beyond the Basic level Going beyond the Basic effect until 1808) delegate to the Constitutional activity, biographies should and On Level activities, • Summarize Through compromise, what main Convention. Have students • be based on at least three biographies should goal did the Convention achieve? (Possible research biographical reliable sources, including • summarize the person’s Answer: the creation and passage of a plan information on their delegate. one library book views on the Great Students’ biographies should for a stronger national government—the U.S. • explain what role the Compromise and Three- include dates of birth and Constitution) person played at the Fifths Compromise death, the state represented Convention overall and • explain why the person at the Convention, and a provide supporting details voted the way he did on statement about why the to help explain that role each compromise person is important. 246 • Chapter 8 The Three-Fifths Compromise Representation based on population raised CHAPTER 8 • SECTION 2 the question of whether slaves should be counted as people. The Southern states had many more slaves than the Northern states. Southerners wanted the slaves to be counted as part of the population for representation but not for taxation. Northerners, whose states had few slaves, argued that slaves CONNECT to the Essential Question were not citizens and should not be counted for representation but should be counted for taxation. The delegates reached an agreement, known as the Three-Fifths Compromise. Connecting History How did Americans create a national Three-fifths of the slave population would be counted for both purposes: government that respected both the representation in the legislature and taxation. Individual Rights vs Majority Rule independence of states and the rights The delegates had another point of disagreement. Slavery had already been Congress decided to end of individuals? outlawed in several Northern states. Many Northerners wanted to see this the importation of Africans ban extended to the rest of the nation. But Southern slaveholders disagreed. after 1808. However, the Ask students what they have learned so far The delegates from South Carolina and Georgia stated that they would never slave trade continued in the that can help them answer this question. slave states. accept any plan “unless their right to import slaves be untouched.” Again, the Students might mention: delegates settled on a compromise. On August 29, they agreed that Congress • A meeting to promote trade among states could not ban the slave trade until 1808. Answer: Three-fi fths of led to the call to amend the Articles. On September 17, 1787, the delegates passed the Constitution. All but the slave population would be counted for • Delegates debated issues related to three of the 42 delegates present signed the Constitution. It was then sent both representation to each state for approval. in the legislature and representation and slavery. taxation. Congress could ANALYZE POINT OF VIEW Explain how the Constitutional Convention not ban the slave trade • Important compromises led to the compromised on the issue of slavery. until 1808. passage of the U.S. Constitution.

ONLINE QUIZ 2 Section Assessment For test practice, go to Interactive Review @ ClassZone.com 4 Assess & Reteach TERMS & NAMES KEY IDEAS Assess Have students complete the Section 1. Explain the importance of 3. What was the relationship between the Annapolis Assessment. • Constitutional • checks and balances Convention and the Constitutional Convention? Convention • New Jersey Plan 4. Why did the Virginia delegates insist that the new Unit 3 Resource Book • Founders • Great Compromise government have three branches? • James Madison • executive branch 5. Under the Three-Fifths Compromise, how would each • Section Quiz, p. 186 state’s population be decided? • legislative branch • judicial branch Interactive Review • Virginia Plan • Three-Fifths Compromise CRITICAL THINKING @ ClassZone.com USING YOUR READING NOTES 6. Analyze Point of View Why did supporters of the 2. Summarize Summarize the important Virginia Plan believe their plan was the best way to Power Presentations achievements of the Constitution. create a new government? 7. Connect to Today What American political Test Generator promote trade traditions can be traced back to the Constitutional among the states Convention? Reteach Begin a 3-column chart of Issues,

Creating the 8. Art Think about the Three-Fifths Compromise. Viewpoints, and Compromises. Have students Constitution Draw a political cartoon that expresses your views use the text to locate ideas. Discuss the issues on the issue. that divided delegates, their viewpoints, how compromises were reached and what they were.

Unit 3 Resource Book • Reteaching Activity, p. 189 Confederation to Constitution 247

SECTION 2 ASSESSMENT ANSWERS

Terms & Names 4. They wanted a government strong enough to 1. Constitutional Convention, p. 244; Founders, protect people’s rights, but not so strong that it Cartoon Rubric p. 244; James Madison, p. 244; legislative oppressed the people. Each of the three branches branch, p. 245; Virginia Plan, p. 245; checks would limit, or check, the power of the others. Content Accuracy and balances, p. 246; New Jersey Plan, p. 246; 5. by counting the total of the free population 4 excellent; expresses no errors Great Compromise, p. 246; executive branch, plus three-fi fths of the slave population several clear views on p. 245; judicial branch, p. 245; Three-Fifths Critical Thinking the issue Compromise, p. 247 6. Possible Answer: They believed that in their 3 good; expresses some few/minor errors Using Your Reading Notes plan the government protected the rights of clear views on the issue 2. Constitutional Convention; Great Compromise; states and individuals, yet also functioned as 2 fair; expresses a few several errors Three-Fifths Compromise; no ban on slave a strong national government. views on the issue trade until 1808 7. Possible Answer: use of compromise as a means of resolving disputes 1 poor; expresses no clear many errors Key Ideas views on the issue 3. Delegates at the Annapolis Convention wanted 8. Cartoons should show an understanding of the to create national trade laws, which led to the compromise as well as the student’s view of it. call for a national convention. Teacher’s Edition • 247