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Mediated Homestyle: Congressional Strategy and Local Press Relations in the 111Th House of Representatives

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Mediated Homestyle: Congressional Strategy and Local Press Relations in the 111Th House of Representatives Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Dissertations Graduate College 8-2014 Mediated Homestyle: Congressional Strategy and Local Press Relations in the 111th House of Representatives Michael K. Romano [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations Part of the American Politics Commons, and the Journalism Studies Commons Recommended Citation Romano, Michael K., "Mediated Homestyle: Congressional Strategy and Local Press Relations in the 111th House of Representatives" (2014). Dissertations. 314. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations/314 This Dissertation-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. MEDIATED HOMESTYLE: CONGRESSIONAL STRATEGY AND LOCAL PRESS RELATIONS IN THE 111TH HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES by Michael K. Romano A dissertation submitted to the Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Political Science Western Michigan University August 2014 Doctoral Committee: John A. Clark, Ph.D., Chair J. Kevin Corder, Ph.D. Emily Hauptmann, Ph.D. Brian F. Schaffner, Ph.D. MEDIATED HOMESTYLE: CONGRESSIONAL STRATEGY AND LOCAL PRESS RELATIONS IN THE 111TH HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Michael K. Romano, Ph.D. Western Michigan University, 2014 For over thirty years, research on Congressional behavior has provided evidence of a link between constituent opinions and the ways in which members publically conduct themselves. Homestyle (Fenno, 1978: pg. 32), the way members “cultivate their constituencies,” has emphasized that personal encounters between members and their constituents is an effective strategy for decreasing the level of uncertainty members have about their approval. Homestyle, however, overlooks the fact that members of Congress cannot directly interact with their constituents on a daily basis. The mass media, specifically local media outlets, help legislators by transmitting relevant information about political events and legislators’ actions to the communities that those representatives serve. Representatives involve themselves in strategic interactions with journalists in order to influence the media’s capacity to influence public opinion by deciding what does and does not become news. Members attempt to present themselves in a manner consistent with the interests of their constituents in order to promote a sense of trust with citizens. Representatives can influence media reports on their behavior through the release of press statements specifically designed to bolster their activities in the legislature. These statements create an “image” or brand around a particular member, which can be easily consumed by the electorate and influence their preconceived notions and beliefs about the representativeness of a legislator to their interests. This dissertation examines the way members influence the local media’s ability to report the news through the use of press statements. I argue that the frequency and themes of these releases have a significant effect on the news that is created by local newspaper outlets. Furthermore, these interactions have a significant and positive effect on constituent perceptions about their representative. Copyright by Michael K. Romano 2014 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The completion of this dissertation would not have been possible without the support of several individuals, all of whom deserve recognition for their help in keeping me on track and motivated to succeed. More than anyone, I would like to thank my parents, Desiree and Kenneth Romano, for their endless love and support throughout my life and for pushing me to stay focused on achieving my goals, both inside and outside academia. Since childhood, they made academics the top priority, and instilled in me not only a desire to continue learning, but the drive and motivation to understand and think critically about the world in which we lived and the culture I surrounded myself in. They both taught me what it means to push forward and to persevere even through difficult situations, and insured that I would always have the opportunity to reach my goals. More than anything, they both encouraged my imagination and pushed me to examine and investigate the world around me. Thank you for grounding me, for teaching me respect—even if it does not always seem like I show it—and for indulging my creativity and my interests. I would also like to briefly recognize and thank my friends for providing me with an outlet for all the frustrations that occur during any graduate school career, and for providing me with opportunities to talk through ideas, problems, and setbacks that have occurred during the process of writing this dissertation. Sometimes the thing we need most is someone to listen until we have figured out the solution to the problem at hand, and it is important to have people around you that can listen. I would especially like to ii Acknowledgments—Continued thank those individuals who have opened their homes and lives to me and allowed me to do the same. There is an extensive list of names I could add here, but they will likely know who they are. Lastly, I would like to thank those individuals who took time to mentor me and discuss with me their perceptions about the topics pertaining to this dissertation. Their contributions and suggestions have been invaluable in getting this project completed. Specifically, I thank the members of my committee, Dr. John A. Clark, Dr. J Kevin Corder, Dr. Emily Hauptmann, and Dr. Brian F. Schaffner, for their critiques and suggestions about the various chapters herein. I would also like to thank Dr. Justin Grimmer for his support and assistance with the coding phase of this project. Finally, thank you to the Graduate College at Western Michigan University for their hard work and for granting me the 2013-2014 Dissertation Completion Fellowship, which allowed me the time to focus on my research and complete this project on time. Michael K. Romano Michael K. Romano iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................ ii LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................. viii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 1 Mediated Homestyle and the Local Press ................................................. 7 Outline of Chapters ................................................................................... 16 2. MEDIA NARRATIVES AND THE WORK OF REPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS ............................................................................................ 24 Representation and Audience Perception ................................................. 30 Political Representation and Mediated Perception ................................... 41 Patronage, Antagonism, and Exchange between Representatives and the Press .................................................................................................... 44 A New Phase of the Press Institution ....................................................... 56 Conclusions .............................................................................................. 60 3. THE RELATIONAL DETERMINANTS OF CONGRESSIONAL PRESS COVERAGE .................................................................................... 64 The Changing Relationship between Congress and the Media ................ 66 Valence and Tone of Coverage in the Local Media ................................. 71 Data .................................................................................................. 75 Independent Variables and Bivariate Analysis ......................................... 81 iv Table of Contents—Continued CHAPTER Frequency of Congressional News Coverage ........................................... 95 Valence Media Approval in Congressional News Coverage ................... 104 Conclusion ................................................................................................ 112 4. CONGRESSIONAL PRESS STRATEGY AND LOCAL NEWS COVERAGE ................................................................................................. 115 Congressional Tactics and Local News Coverage ................................... 118 Who Is Using Press Releases? .................................................................. 124 Press Release Frequency and News Attention ......................................... 137 Impact of Election Years on Representatives’ Media Strategy ................ 144 The Impact of Press Release Strategies on the Frequency and Tone of News Coverage .................................................................. 148 Conclusions—Does Press Release Frequency Matter? ............................ 153 5. VENTRILOQUISM OR AN ECHO CHAMBER? MEASURING THE PRESENCE OF HOUSE MEMBERS’ RHETORIC IN LOCAL NEWSPAPERS ............................................................................................. 157 Who Sets the Agenda in the Local News? ............................................... 160 Legislative Strategy and the Media Agenda ............................................
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