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“The Art of Printing Shall Endure”: Journalism, Community, and Identity in New York City, 1800-1810

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“The Art of Printing Shall Endure”: Journalism, Community, and Identity in New York City, 1800-1810 “THE ART OF PRINTING SHALL ENDURE”: JOURNALISM, COMMUNITY, AND IDENTITY IN NEW YORK CITY, 1800-1810 A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School University of Missouri-Columbia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts By STEVEN C. SMITH Dr. Jeffrey L. Pasley, Thesis Supervisor AUGUST 2007 © Copyright by Steven Carl Smith 2007 All Rights Reserved The undersigned, appointed by the Dean of the Graduate School, have examined the thesis entitled “THE ART OF PRINTING SHALL ENDURE”: JOURNALISM, COMMUNITY, AND IDENTITY IN NEW YORK CITY, 1800-1810 Presented by Steven C. Smith In candidacy for the degree of Master of Arts And hereby certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance. Professor Jeffrey L. Pasley Professor John L. Bullion Professor Betty Houchin Winfield For Mary Lou Evilsizor and Dorothy Rhoads And in Loving Memory of Carl Rhoads Emogean Rhoads Raymond Smith May your examples always shine through in me. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, the guidance of my advisor Jeffrey L. Pasley has been invaluable. He has been an outstanding mentor who showed interest in this work from the very beginning, encouraging me to always put myself out there. His insistence that I find my own voice while continuing to think about “what does this say” and “what is the significance of this” has been an important step in my slow evolution as a graduate student. He has become a good friend and someone I can rely on for quick advice, even in the stickiest of situations. His scholarship laid a great deal of the interpretive groundwork for me to pursue this project, so to say that this project owes a great deal to Jeff Pasley is a gross understatement. Moreover, John L. Bullion of the Department of History and Betty Houchin Winfield of the Missouri School of Journalism are also deserving of thanks for kindly taking time out of their busy schedules to serve on my committee. Both showed a great deal of patience with me during this process, and always seemed to have an open mind and sound advice. Moreover, Professor Bullion deserves special thanks for jumping aboard this train wreck right before it reached the final destination. Professors Bullion and Winfield deserve a great deal of recognition for inspiring my thinking about how to conclude this thesis. Although they may never fully know, Professor Bullion and Professor Winfield impacted this project greatly, and I am grateful for their help. Nancy Taube deserves any and all recognition that comes her way for being the central nervous center for the graduate program. I know I have approached her with about one thousand questions, and she always has an answer (or two) for me. Patty, Sandy, and Melinda also deserve notice for keeping the department above water and for ii helping out in so many ways. I would also like to point out John H. Wigger, the Director of Graduate Studies for the Department of History. Professor Wigger agreed in the Winter Semester 2006 to read my thesis, but due to scheduling conflicts, was unable to serve on the committee. Although his name does not grace the signature page, Professor Wigger—through personal or seminar talks—greatly influenced this project, and I would like to thank him for his generosity and patience. As far as the nuts and bolts, Kerby A. Miller contributed to the development of the second chapter, and I want to thank him for allowing me access to his collection of Irish-American letters. Theodore Koditschek offered me advice on how to investigate the Constitutional Society of Manchester and modern British radicalism. Moreover, Michael Durey of Murdoch University, Australia offered some useful insight on the career of James Cheetham and Anglo-radicalism more generally. Lastly, I want to thank Harvey M. Wachtell of Wright State University for overseeing some of the research that served as a foundation for this thesis and helping to refine my writing style with his critical eye. Parts of this project were presented in embryonic form at conferences both stateside and abroad. I read versions of chapter three at the Fifth Annual Graduate Student Conference on History at the University of Missouri in April 2006 and later at the Annual Conference of the British Group of Early American Historians in September 2006 at St. Anne’s College, University of Oxford. I owe a great deal of thanks to the scholars I met at the latter meeting. Attending the conference broadened my own original thinking on early American history, thus allowing the project to grow in exponential ways. First, I want to thank Peter Thompson of the University of Oxford for allowing me the opportunity to present at the conference and for helping me understand his theory of iii “public space” versus “public sphere” over a glass of wine. I would also like to thank Simon Middleton, Frederika J. Teute, Christopher Grasso, Warren Hofstra, Julie Atkinson, Kenneth Owen, Andrew Beaumont, and Frazer McGlinchey for their critical questions, insightful comments, and instructive suggestions. Simon Middleton and Frederika J. Teute deserve special notice for offering me advice in the months following the gathering in England. Furthermore, an early draft of chapter one was presented at the Twenty-Eight Annual Conference on New York State History in June 2007 in Cooperstown, New York, and I am grateful that the organizers Field Horne and Edward Knoblauch included my work in their program. Also, I am thankful for the thoughtful and gracious comments offered by Donald Roper of the State University of New York at New Paltz and Michael Lipton of the State University of New York at Oneonta. My family deserves my deepest thanks. Throughout this entire ordeal, Mom, Dad, and Jess remained by my side with unfailing love and constant reassurance when times were rough. They always seemed to have something positive to say, even at my lowest of lows. They may not realize it, but all three of them influenced this thesis in more ways than one, and I will always be eternally grateful for their support during the process of research and writing. Thanks for hanging in there with me. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………………………….ii LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………...……………………………….vi INTRODUCTION The Contours of Community………………………...............................................1 CHAPTER 1. Before the Giants Ruled: The Art of Printing in Early National New York……………………………………………………………………………...12 2. Working Class Hero: James Cheetham, the Rise of Republican Journalism, and the Making of Transatlantic Identities………………….………………………..74 3. “A Man of Education and Talents”: The Strange Career of Dr. Peter Irving, Editor of the New York Morning Chronicle…..…………………..……………………139 CONCLUSION Communities and Identities…………………………………………………….167 APPENDIX 1. Graphs and Tables…………………...…………………………………………173 2. List of Printers, Booksellers, and Bookbinders in New York City, 1800- 1810…………………………………………………………………………….182 3. List of Newspapers Published in New York City, 1790- 1820…………………………………………………………………………….206 BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………………...212 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Population of New York City, 1790-1820…………………………………………..16 1.2: Population of Manhattan Wards, 1800-1820………………………………………..17 1.3: Total Number of Printers, Booksellers, and Bookbinders Compared with Total Number of Other Trades in New York City, 1800-1810……………………………18 1.4: Total Number of Printers, Booksellers, and Bookbinders Compared with Total Number of Other Trades in New York City, 1800-1810……………………………19 1.5: Number of Newspapers Established in New York City per Decade, 1790-1820……………………………………………………………...22 1.6: Print Shops and Newspapers in New York City, 1800-1810……………………….23 1.7: Map of New York City, ca. 1808………..……………………………………….....25 1.8: Percentage of Printers, Booksellers, and Bookbinders in the Old East Ward…………………………………………………………….26-27 1.9: Master Printers in New York City, 1805……………………………………………28 1.10: Percentage of Newspapers Published in the Old East, 1800-1810………………...29 1.11: Printers, Booksellers, and Bookbinders on Pearl Street, 1800-1810........................33 1.12: Percentage of Printers, Booksellers, and Bookbinders Residing Between 102 and 189 Pearl Street, 1800-1810……………………………………………………......34 1.13: Printers, Booksellers, and Bookbinders Listed at Water Street Addresses, 1800-1810………………………………………………..45 1.14: David and George Bruce, ca. 1799………………………………………………...60 2.1: Occupational Status of New Tammany Members, 1797-1801……………………...97 2.2: Number of Irish-related pieces in the American Citizen, 1801-1810……………...107 vi Introduction The Contours of Community In an address to the New-York Typographical Society in July 1816, Adoniram Chandler praised “the art of PRINTING; an art truly divine.”1 Indeed, Chandler noted the societal improvements aided by the growth of printing industry in New York, namely the “arts and sciences, and the general diffusion of knowledge; the induction of the rising generation to virtue, and the suppression of vice; the extension of benevolence, and the promotion of harmony,” all of which appeared to be “objects” that would certainly “ensure its permanency.”2 Reflecting on the brief history of the Society, Chandler reminded his fellow printers of their particular place within the growing city and its literary and political circles, stating that the seventh anniversary of the Society’s founding “affords the greatest satisfaction, when we reflect that its members have so long happily united in endeavoring to promote the objects for which it was intended.”3 Chandler echoed the sentiments espoused fourteen years earlier by Thomas Ringwood at a meeting of the society’s predecessor, the Franklin Typographical Association of New York. Praising the efforts of printers such as Thomas and James Swords, George Hopkins, James Oram, and Isaac Collins in creating public dialogue through newspapers, pamphlets, and books, Ringwood declared that “the art of printing will shortly arrive to a degree of eminence in America, equal (at least comparatively) to 1 Adoniram Chandler, An Oration Delivered Before the New-York Typographical Society on Their Seventh Anniversary, July 4, 1816 (New York: Printed for the Society by J.
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