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Christian Fundamentalism, Authoritarianism, and Attitudes Toward Rape Victims

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Christian Fundamentalism, Authoritarianism, and Attitudes Toward Rape Victims East Tennessee State University Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University Electronic Theses and Dissertations Student Works 5-2006 Christian Fundamentalism, Authoritarianism, and Attitudes toward Rape Victims. Christie Arine Carr East Tennessee State University Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.etsu.edu/etd Part of the Social Control, Law, Crime, and Deviance Commons, and the Sociology of Culture Commons Recommended Citation Carr, Christie Arine, "Christian Fundamentalism, Authoritarianism, and Attitudes toward Rape Victims." (2006). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 2206. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2206 This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Works at Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Christian Fundamentalism, Authoritarianism, and Attitudes Toward Rape Victims _________________________________ A thesis presented to the faculty of the Department of Psychology East Tennessee State University _________________________________ In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts in Psychology _________________________________ by Christie Arine Carr May 2006 _________________________________ Chris Dula, Ph.D., Chair Peggy Cantrell, Ph.D. Wallace Dixon, Ph.D. Keywords: Christian Fundamentalism, Authoritarianism, Rape Myths, Sex Roles ABSTRACT Christian Fundamentalism, Authoritarianism, and Attitudes Toward Rape Victims by Christie Arine Carr This study focused on the relationship of five variables: rape myth acceptance, attitudes toward rape victims, sex roles, authoritarianism, and Christian fundamentalism. Also, differences between men and women were compared. The study was conducted at East Tennessee State University, and 100 people participated. Contrary to past research, Christian fundamentalism was not a significant predictor of rape myth acceptance or attitudes towards rape victims, but there were significant relationships between all of the other variables. Men were found to be more accepting of rape myths and had a more negative view of rape victims than did women. Implications of these findings, future research ideas, and possible rape-awareness educational programs are discussed. 2 DEDICATION I want to dedicate this to my brothers and sister, Scottie, Julie, and Cody. 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I want to offer my sincere thanks to everyone who has helped me in the completion of this project. First of all I want to thank my chair, Dr. Chris Dula. His kind help and support has made this a richer learning experience. His encouragement and enthusiasm are sincerely appreciated. I want to thank Dr. Peggy Cantrell for her input and guidance. She has been a source of knowledge throughout my entire graduate career, and I can’t thank her enough for all she has taught me. I would like to thank Dr. Wallace Dixon for his support throughout this experience. His suggestions have no doubt made this project more thorough and of a higher quality. Finally, I want to thank Dr. Steve Smith, Dr. Theresa Lloyd, Alice Terrell, and Fran Chumney for their advice and expertise. 4 CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………....... 2 DEDICATION………………………………………………………….. 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………….. 4 LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………............. 7 Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION…………………………………………… 8 Background………………………………………………. 8 Rape Myths………………………………………………. 10 Christian Fundamentalism………………………………... 12 Authoritarianism…………………………………………. 14 Rape Myths and Religiosity…………………………….... 15 Sex, Gender Roles, and Attitudes Towards Rape Victims.. 17 Attribution Theory……………………………………….. 19 Cultural Spillover Theory………………………………… 20 Statement of the Problem………………………………… 20 2. METHODS…………………………………………………... 24 Participants………………………………………………. 24 Measures…………………………………………………. 24 Procedure………………………………………………… 26 Experimental Design…………………………………….. 26 5 Chapter Page 3. RESULTS……………………………………………………. 28 4. DISCUSSION………………………………………………... 35 Future Research………………………………………….. 37 REFERENCES….………………………………………………………... 39 APPENDICES……………………………………………………………. 44 Appendix A: Demographic Questionnaire………………………. 44 Appendix B: Fundamentalism Scale…………………………….. 46 Appendix C: Rape Myth Acceptance Scale (RMAS)…….……… 47 Appendix D: Sex Role Ideology Scale (SRIS)…………………… 48 Appendix E: Attitudes Toward Rape Victims Scale (ATRVS)…... 50 Appendix F: Right-Wing Authoritarianism Scale (RWAS)……… 51 VITA……………………………………………………………………… 53 6 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Demographic Information…………………………………………………. 24 2. Summary of Hypotheses…………………………………………………… 28 3. Means and Standard Deviations for Measures…………………………….. 29 4. Correlations among Predictor/Outcome Measures ....................................... 30 5. Correlations among Predictor/Outcome Measures for Women …………… 31 6. Correlations among Predictor/Outcome Measures for Men ………………. 31 7. Test of Mean Differences as a Function of Sex ..………………………….. 32 8. Spearman Rho Correlations between Measures and Year in College ……… 33 7 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Background “Unto the woman He said, I will greatly multiply thy sorrow and thy conception; in sorrow thou shalt bring forth children; and thy desire shall be to thy husband, and he shall rule over thee” (Genesis 3:16). Rape is a major problem in our society. Both men and women are victims of rape, but females make up the majority of rape victims. This study will focus on women as victims, recognizing that men are also victims of rape and suffer both physically and psychologically. The Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) agency of the FBI reported that 2002 marked the third consecutive year in which there was an increase in reported numbers of forcible rapes. In 2002, 95,136 forcible rapes were reported compared to 90,863 in 2001, a 4.7% increase (Federal Bureau of Investigation, FBI, 2003). This is in contrast to an overall decrease in other violent crimes. The 1990s saw a decline of crime not seen since the 1960s (Blumstein & Wallman, 2000). Forcible rape is one of the four crimes the FBI uses to create its violent-crime index, but because police officers have been consistently insensitive to rape victims’ emotions, rape is the lowest crime reported (Blumstein & Wallman). According to Freymeyer (1997), 30% of all women may be raped in their lifetime. Compared with an estimated 30% lifetime prevalence rate, rape is apparently more prevalent on college campuses. According to Anspaugh and Ezell (1990), college students appear to be at a higher risk than the general public for rape. In a study conducted by Szymanski, Devlin, Chrisler, and Vyse (1993), 25% of 374 women surveyed on college campuses reported 8 being a victim of rape or attempted rape. However, this number may actually be a low estimate. Koss, Dinero, Seibel, and Cox (1988) found that rapes committed by acquaintances of the victim were less likely to be viewed as rape than those committed by strangers, thus leading to fewer rapes being reported. According to Byers, Eastman, Nilson, and Roehl (1977), 86% to 99% of sexual assaults are perpetrated by an acquaintance, not a stranger. Also, Warshaw (1988) found that 73% of 3187 women whose experiences met the legal definition of rape did not view themselves as rape victims. Rape is likely the most underreported personal crime in our society (Federal Bureau of Investigation, 1981). This may be due to at least two reasons. First, there is a very low conviction rate for reported rapes. According to one study, the conviction rate for reported rapes is lower than 10% (Frazier, Candell, Arikian, & Tofteland, 1994). Second, it is commonplace for negative stigmas to be placed on victims of rapes, such that victims may feel reporting their assault might lead to more suffering. Social stereotypes surround sexual violence, and oftentimes the victim is portrayed as “asking for it,” or as lying (Buddie, 2001). If a victim feels stereotypes such as these or others are going to be placed on her, rarely will she report the crime (Buddie). Researchers have been studying the underlying causes of rape to further understand this social concern. Understanding attitudes towards rape victims helps to shed light on why rape remains such a problem (Golge, Yavuz, Muderrisoglu, & Yavuz, 2003). One major factor appears to be that negative attitudes towards victims perpetuate rape. Research by Dean and Malamuth (1997) suggested that rape-tolerant attitudes may be one of the most common contributors to the high prevalence of rape among college students. Beliefs in popular rape myths may add to negative attitudes towards victims and also enable a rapist to justify his or her actions. 9 Rape Myths According to Lonsway and Fitzgerald (1994), rape myths are false beliefs about rape that are widely held, and are used to justify male sexual aggression against women. Rape myths have also been defined as “prejudicial, stereotyped, or false beliefs about rape, rape victims, and rapists” (Burt, 1980, p. 217). Rape myths are culturally based, just as is any myth (Lonsway & Fitzgerald, 1994). Myths are used to “… explain some important cultural phenomenon; and they serve to justify existing cultural arrangements” (Lonsway & Fitzgerald, 1994, p. 134). Although, there is no reliably consistent definition of what exactly constitutes a rape myth in the current literature, some common examples of rape myths are that women
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